Meitei literature (Manipuri literature) | |
---|---|
![]() The Numit Kappa, a Classical Meitei epic text written during the 1st century, based on ancient Meitei mythology and religion (Sanamahism) | |
Stylistic origins | Meitei culture |
Cultural origins | Meitei culture |
Subgenres | |
Related topics | |
Puya (Meitei texts) Puya Meithaba (Libricide of the PuYas) |
Part of a series on |
Meitei people |
---|
![]() |
Indian literature |
---|
Ancient |
Early Medieval |
Medieval to early Modern |
Meitei literature, also known as Manipuri literature (British English: Meithei literature[b]), refers to the literature written in Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri language), one of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India and the sole official language of Manipur state. An ancient institution of learning named the Luwang Nonghumsang, later known as the Pandit Loishang, collected the sources of indigenous Meitei knowledge and philosophy until the 18th century.[3] The presence of writing among the Meiteis is assumed to go back to the Kangleipak state under king Loiyumba in the early 12th century.[4] The Meitei script is a Brahmic abugida. It is known only from the Puya manuscripts discovered in the first half of the 20th century. Manuscripts of the 18th and 19th century used the Bengali alphabet. The existence of the Meitei script in the 15th-century hinges on the authenticity of an inscription dated to the reign of Senbi Kiyamba.[5]
Puyas
Meitei Puya manuscripts have been discovered by scholars, beginning in the 1930s.[6][7] These are chronicles, and evidence that Hindus arrived from the Indian subcontinent with royal marriages at least by the 14th century, and in centuries thereafter, from what is now modern Assam, Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Dravidian kingdoms, and other regions.[7] Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century, from what is now Bangladesh, during the reign of Meidingu Khagemba.[7] Meitei literature documents the persistent and devastating Manipur–Burma wars.[8]
Suppression of Meitei Literature
After the adoption of Hinduism as state religion under Gharib Nawaz (1717), it appears that the Puyas were "burnt completely" at Kangla Uttra under royal orders, in either 1729[9] or in 1732.[10]
The Puya manuscripts discovered in the 20th century at best have a tenuous connection with the texts burned under Gharib Nawaz.[10] Like the Hindu and Jain Puranas, the extant Puyas contain cosmology, genealogies of gods and goddesses, and royal chronicles.[10]
Epics
The Numit Kappa ("Shooting the Sun") is a mythological text in narrative verse. It was published in English translation by T.C. Hodson (1908).[11] A translation into modern Meitei was published in 1908.[12]
Ougri (also known as Leiroi Ngongloi Eshei) is a poem written in archaic Meitei.[13]
The sagas of the seven epic cycles of incarnations of the two divine lovers were originated from Moirang kingdom near the shores of the Loktak lake in Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). Among them, Khamba Thoibi is regarded as the last and the greatest epic.[14]
Translations of other-language works
The Tirukkural, an ancient Tamil work on secular ethics, was translated into Meitei for the first time in 2012 by Soibam Rebika Devi.[15][16] It is considered the first ever translation of a Tamil work into the Meitei language.[17]
Chronicles
The Ningthourol Shingkak is a work written under Gharib Nawaz (Meitei: Pamheiba), written in the mode of "predictions" made during the rule of Khagemba (r. 1597–1652) and thus foretelling the birth and reign of Gharib Nawaz and his religious reforms. The Cheitharol Kumbaba or "Royal Chronicle" is a text written down in the early 19th century, under Jai Singh, the puppet king installed after the Burmese invasion, purportedly based on an older copy which was no longer available. It contains day-to-day transactions and occurrences the state.[18]
Literary awards
Sahitya Akademi awards
- Sahitya Akademi Award for Meitei
- Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize for Meitei
- Yuva Puraskar for Meitei
Patriotic Writers' Forum awards
- Pacha Meetei Literary Award
- R Kathing Tangkhul Literary Award
- Dr Saroj Nalini Parratt Literary Award
See also
- Aribam Syam Sharma
- Heisnam Kanhailal
- History of Manipur
- Meitei mythology
- Khwairakpam Chaoba
- M. K. Binodini Devi
- Meitei inscriptions
- Rajkumar Singhajit Singh
- Ratan Thiyam
- List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Meitei
Notes
- ^ Most British scholars including Thomas Callan Hodson use the term "Meit(h)ei" instead of "Meitei".[1]
- ^ Most British scholars including Thomas Callan Hodson use the term "Meit(h)ei" instead of "Meitei".[2]
References
- ^ Folk-Lore/Volume 23/Meithei Literature
- ^ Folk-Lore/Volume 23/Meithei Literature
- ^ "Akademi | Hasta in Manipuri – Part 1". Akademi. 2 June 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
Individual authors of these traditions were not named, as movement was a product of, by, and for the collective.
- ^ Naorem Sanajaoba, Manipur Treaties and Documents-Vol I,1993, New Delhi. Book I: "Twelfth Century Meetei Constitution To Pemberton Report".
- ^ According to K.B. Singh, The Meiteis of Manipur (1989 [1962]), p. 157, an archaic form of the script had developed by the 11th century, and it was in use until the early 18th century, when it was replaced by the Bengali script. By contrast, O.Tomba, The Need to rewrite Manipuri History, Imphal, 1993, claims that the script is a development of c. 1930, with all supposedly older documents being deliberate forgeries (Frans Welman, Out of Isolation – Exploring a Forgotten World (2011), 468f.)
- ^ FS Downs (1979). Indian Church History Review: Missionaries and Manuscripts. Vol. 13. Church History Association. pp. 159–163, 167–168.
- ^ a b c Naorem Sanajaoba (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. pp. 12–14. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.
- ^ Naorem Sanajaoba (1988). Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization. Mittal Publications. pp. 3–6, 11–12, 15–18. ISBN 978-81-7099-853-2.
- ^ Singha, Komol (2012). "Nexus between Conflict and Development in India: A Case of Manipur" (PDF). International Journal of Humanities and Applied Sciences. 1 (5): 142–143. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
Further, as an effort to popularise Hinduism and to make it as a state religion, on a full moon day of October (Wakching in Meitei), in 1729 AD, he collected all the Holy books (Puya) related to Sanna-Mahi religion and burnt them completely, devastated the ancient Meitei scriptures and cultural history.
- ^ a b c Soibam Birajit (2014). Meeyamgi Kholao: Sprout of Consciousness. ARECOM Publishers. pp. 120–121. GGKEY:3Z4QYHH8K7K.
- ^ T.C. Hodson, The Meitheis, 1908, London. Appendix II, page 180.
- ^ Chanam Hemchandra, Numit Kappa, translated and rendered into modern Meeteilon, 2008, Imphal, Manipur.
- ^ Ningthoujongjam Khelchandra, History of Ancient Manipuri Literature, Pub-Manipuri Sahitya Parishad, 1969.
- ^ Oinam, Bhagat; Sadokpam, Dhiren A. (11 May 2018). Northeast India: A Reader. Taylor & Francis. pp. 236, 237. ISBN 978-0-429-95320-0.
The epics of the seven incarnations Apart from several other works based on the theme of love, mention may be made of the literature coming from the Moirang region of Manipur. A civilization situated on the magnificent Loktak Lake, the culture of the Moirang clan has been noted. Numerous manuscripts of the Moirang region dwell on the theme of love. One of the most popular stories refers to the seven pairs of lovers who are regarded as incarnations of the same souls in different generations or ages. The seven cycles are Akongjamba (hero) and Phouoibi (heroine): Henjunaha (hero) and Leima Lairuklembi (heroine); Khuyol Haoba (hero) and Yaithing Konu (heroine); Kadeng Thangjahanba (hero) and Tonu Laijinglembi (heroine); Ura Naha Khongjomba (hero) and Pidonnu (heroine); Wanglen Pungdingheiba (hero) and Sappa Chanu Silheibi (heroine); Khamba (hero) and Thoibi (heroine).
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ "திருக்குறளை மணிப்பூர் மொழியில் மொழி பெயர்த்து வெளியிட்ட மணிப்பூர் மங்கை ரேபிகா தேவி". Valai Tamil.com (in Tamil). ValaiTamil.com. 15 March 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
- ^ Krishnamachari, Suganthy (20 November 2014). "Under the spell of the Kural". The Hindu. Chennai: Kasturi & Sons. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
- ^ Khan, Tariq (2017). "From the Scholars' Desk" (PDF). The Translation Bulletin. Mysuru: National Translation Mission, Central Institute of Indian Languages (18): 41. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
- ^ "The manuscripts collected by W. Yumjao Singh consist of literary, historical, astronomical, astrological and miscellaneous other works of which mention may be made of Cheitharon Kumbaba, the Ningthourol Shingkak, the Poireiton Khunthokpa, Dharani Samhita, Srimat Bhagabat. The Cheitharol Kumbaba or the royal chronicle has been the most valuable for historical investigations, as it professes to record all the important daily transactions and occurrences of the State.... By orders of Jai Singh this book was rewritten as the former copy was no more available then". "The Nigthourol Shingkak is a work written in the way of prediction. It professes to predict all important events that would happen from the time of Khagemba downward. It, therefore, professes to be a work of the early 17th century. It is an anonymous work, and in this book, we see for the first time Gharib Niwaz's having had some Naga connection in his childhood." Jyotirmoy Roy, History of Manipur, 1958, p. 8.