![](https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031721im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Katta_Lemur_catta.jpg/220px-Katta_Lemur_catta.jpg)
Lemurs are strepsirrhine primates, and all species of which are endemic to Madagascar. They include the smallest primates in the world, Madame Berthe's Mouse Lemur, which weighs only 30 g (1.1 oz), and range up to the size of the Indri at 6–9.5 kg (13–21 lb). However, recently extinct species grew much larger. As of 2008, 5 families, 15 genera, and 99 species of lemur are formally recognized.[1] Of the 99 species, the IUCN has classified 8 as Critically Endangered, 18 as Endangered, 14 as Vulnerable, 5 as Near Threatened, 8 as Least Concern, 43 as Data Deficient, and 3 have yet to be evaluated. Between 2000 and 2008, 39 new species were described and 9 other taxa resurrected.[1]
The number of lemur species is likely to continue growing in the coming years, as field studies, cytogenetic and molecular genetic research continues.[1] There is not complete agreement over the latest revisions to lemur taxonomy, and the debates are likely to continue. In many cases, classifications will ultimately depend upon which species concept is used. The conservation movement favors splitting subspecies into separate species in order to gain added environmental protection for genetically distinct populations. In the case of the lemurs of Madagascar, which have suffered extensively from deforestation and habitat fragmentation, nearly 25% of all species are either Endangered or Critically Endangered, and nearly all populations are in decline. For some species, extinction may prove to be inevitable.
At least 16 species and 8 genera are believed to have become extinct in the 2,000 years since humans first arrived in Madagascar. All known extinct species were large, ranging in weight from 10 to 160 kg (22 to 353 lb). The largest known subfossil lemur was Archaeoindris fontoynonti, a giant Sloth lemur, which was larger than a modern female gorilla. The extinction of the largest lemurs is often attributed to either predation by humans and habitat destruction.[2] Since all extinct lemurs were not only large (and thus ideal prey species), but also slow-moving (and thus more vulnerable to human predation), their presumably slow-reproducing and low-density populations were least likely to survive the introduction of humans.[2] Gradual changes in climate have also been blamed, and may also have played a minor role; however since the largest lemurs also survived the climatic changes from previous ice ages and only disappeared following the arrival of humans, it is unlikely that climatic change was largely responsible.[2]
There is strong evidence of extensive declines in extant populations since the introductions of humans, particularly among the larger and more specialized lemurs.[2] As long as habitats continue to shrink, degrade and fragment, extinctions are likely to continue.
Taxonomic classification
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031721im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Silky_Sifaka.jpg/220px-Silky_Sifaka.jpg)
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031721im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Microcebus_myoxinus.jpg/220px-Microcebus_myoxinus.jpg)
- Suborder: Strepsirrhini
- Infraorder: Lemuriformes
- Superfamily: Cheirogaleoidea
- Family: Cheirogaleidae
- Genus: Allocebus (1 extant species)
- Genus: Cheirogaleus (7 extant species)
- Genus: Microcebus (16 extant species)
- Genus: Mirza (2 extant species)
- Genus: Phaner (4 extant species)
- Family: Cheirogaleidae
- Superfamily: Lemuroidea
- Family: †Archaeolemuridae
- Genus: †Archaeolemur (2 extinct species)
- Genus: †Hadropithecus (1 extinct species)
- Family: Lemuridae
- Family: Lepilemuridae
- Genus: Lepilemur (25 extant species)
- Family: Indriidae
- Genus: Avahi (9 extant species)
- Genus: Indri (1 extant species)
- Genus: Propithecus (9 extant species)
- Family: †Megaladapidae
- Genus: †Megaladapis (3 extinct species)
- Family: †Palaeopropithecidae
- Genus: †Archaeoindris (1 extinct species)
- Genus: †Babakoia (1 extinct species)
- Genus: †Mesopropithecus (3 extinct species)
- Genus: †Palaeopropithecus (2 extinct species)
- Family: †Archaeolemuridae
- Superfamily: Cheirogaleoidea
- Infraorder: Chiromyiformes
- Family: Daubentoniidae
- Genus: Daubentonia (1 extant species, 1 extinct species)
- Family: Daubentoniidae
- Infraorder: Lemuriformes
Key
Scientific Name | Latin binomial name, or Latin name, of the species |
Common Name | Common name of the species, per Wilson, et al. Mammal Species of the World (2005) |
Family | Family within the Suborder Strepsirrhini to which the species belongs |
Classified | Date in which the species was formally described and classified |
Average Size | Average size of adult members of the species, in metric and english weight units |
Estimated Size | Estimated average size of adult members of the extinct species |
Conservation Status | Conservation status of the species, per IUCN as of 2008 |
Extinction Date | Year of extinction or estimated date range for subfossil species, in BCE/CE |
Extant species
All lemurs belong to the suborder Strepsirrhini within the order Primates. The 99 extant species are divided among 5 families and 15 genera. They range in size from 30 g (1.1 oz) (Madame Berthe's Mouse Lemur) to 6–9.5 kg (13–21 lb) (Indri). Most are highly arboreal and activity patterns range widely from nocturnal to diurnal to cathemeral. Having diversified over millions of years to fill every ecological niche, diets also vary widely, though fruit, leaves, and insects make up the majority of the diet for most species.
Family: Cheirogaleidae
Family Cheirogaleidae consists of the Mouse lemurs (smallest of all primates), the Dwarf lemurs, the Fork-marked lemurs and their allies. There are 30 extant species in all.
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031721im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Katzenmaki_%28Chirogaleus_furcifer%29.png/220px-Katzenmaki_%28Chirogaleus_furcifer%29.png)
Family: Lemuridae
Family Lemuridae consists of the Ring-tailed Lemur, the Brown lemurs, the Bamboo lemurs and the Ruffed lemurs. There are 22 extant species and 3 subspecies in all.
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031721im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Eulemur_rufifrons_Kirindy_Madagascar.jpg/220px-Eulemur_rufifrons_Kirindy_Madagascar.jpg)
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031721im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Lemur_catta_group.jpg/220px-Lemur_catta_group.jpg)
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031721im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Varecia_variegata_suspensory_posture1.jpg/220px-Varecia_variegata_suspensory_posture1.jpg)
Family: Lepilemuridae
Family Lepilemuridae consists solely of the Sportive lemurs. There are currently 25 extant species in all.
Family: Indriidae
Family Indriidae consists of the Indri (the largest extant lemur), the Woolly lemurs and the Sifakas. There are 19 extant species in all.
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031721im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Sifaka.jpg/220px-Sifaka.jpg)
Family: Daubentoniidae
Family Daubentoniidae contains only one surviving species, of the Aye-aye. It is sometimes debated whether or not the Aye-aye should be considered a lemur.
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20210615031721im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Aye-aye_%28Daubentonia_madagascariensis%29_2.jpg/220px-Aye-aye_%28Daubentonia_madagascariensis%29_2.jpg)
Scientific Name | Common Name | Classified | Average Size | Conservation Status | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Daubentonia madagascariensis | Aye-aye | 1788 | 2.5 kg (5.5 lb) | Near Threatened | [1][244][245][246] |
Extinct species
All known extinct lemurs from Madagascar are known from recent, subfossil remains. Conditions for fossilization are not ideal on the island, so little is known about ancestral lemur populations. All known extinct lemurs are thought to have died out after the arrival of humans.
Footnotes
- a In 2008, the Red Lemur, Eulemur rufus, was split into two species, Eulemur rufus (Red Lemur) and Eulemur rufifrons (Red-fronted Lemur). Also, Eulemur rufus was previously known as the Red-fronted lemur, but was renamed the Red Lemur, while Eulemur rufifrons assumed its former name.[1]
- b Formerly referred to as Eulemur albocollaris or White-collared Brown Lemur, but was changed in 2008.[1]
- c This extinction date for Babakoia radofilai is based on a single radiocarbon date from one specimen. For this reason, it is hard to tell when this species became extinct or how it is related to other lemur species.[250]
- d Average weights reported for this species are based on very small sample sizes or are general ranges for its genus and thus require further research.
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz Mittermeier, R., Ganzhorn, J., Konstant, W., Glander, K., Tattersall, I., Groves, C., Rylands, A., Hapke, A., Ratsimbazafy, J., Mayor, M., Louis, E., Rumpler, Y., Schwitzer, C. & Rasoloarison, R. (December 2008). "Lemur Diversity in Madagascar". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (6): 1607–1656. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9317-y. Cite has empty unknown parameter:
|1=
(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ a b c d Mittermeier, pp. 50–51
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 104–107
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. Microcebus murinus. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 120–123
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 108–110
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 101–103
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 111–113
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 98–100
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 114–116
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 117–119
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 124–125
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 140–143
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 144–145
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 130–135
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 160–163
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 155–157
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 164–165
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 158–159
- ^ Garbutt, pp. 103–104
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 168
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 167
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 166
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 112. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 174–175
- ^ a b c Garbutt, pp. 111–114
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 178–180
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 181–182
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 181–182
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 246–249
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 117. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 272–274
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008 Listed as Near Threatened (NT v3.1)
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 285–287
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 282–284
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 275–277
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- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 280–281
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 288–290
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 291–293
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 297–299
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 294–296
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 300–302
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 115. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Template:IUCN2008 Cite error: The named reference "iucn_044" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 216–219
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 226–227
- ^ Garbutt, pp. 140
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 222–225
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 220–221
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 234–236
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 117. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 315–316
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 317–318
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 319–320
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 321–323
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 117. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 192–193
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 118–119. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Template:IUCN2008
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 194–195
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 196–197
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 198–199
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 119. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Template:IUCN2008 Cite error: The named reference "iucn_059" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 200–201
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 202–203
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 206–207
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 120. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b Template:IUCN2008 Cite error: The named reference "iucn_098" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 373–375
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 410–415
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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- ^ a b c d e Mittermeier, pp. 43
- ^ a b Nowak, pp. 77
- ^ a b c Nowak, pp. 91–92
- ^ a b c d e f g h Mittermeier, pp. 44–46
- ^ a b c d e f g Nowak, pp. 89–91
- ^ a b c Mittermeier, pp. 46–49
- ^ a b c Nowak, pp. 83
- ^ Mittermeier, pp. 50
- ^ Nowak, pp. 92
References
- Garbutt, N. (2007). Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide. A&C Black Publishers. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
- Mittermeier, R.A. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (2nd ed.). Conservation International. ISBN 1-881173-88-7. Unknown parameter
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suggested) (help) - Nowak, Ronald M. (1999). Walker's Primates of the World. John Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6251-5.