This is a timeline of reproductive rights legislation, a chronological list of laws and legal decisions affecting human reproductive rights. Reproductive rights are a sub-set of human rights[1] pertaining to issues of reproduction and reproductive health.[2] These rights may include some or all of the following: the right to legal or safe abortion, the right to birth control, the right to access quality reproductive healthcare, and the right to education and access in order to make reproductive choices free from coercion, discrimination, and violence.[3] Reproductive rights may also include the right to receive education about contraception and sexually transmitted infections, and freedom from coerced sterilization, abortion, and contraception, and protection from gender-based practices such as female genital mutilation (FGM) and male genital mutilation (MGM).[1][2][3][4]
17th century–19th century
- End of 16th century – Sir Edward Coke formulates the "born alive rule", in common law, which holds that various criminal laws, such as homicide and assault, apply only to a child that is "born alive".
- 1765 – Post-quickening abortion is no longer considered homicide in England, but William Blackstone confirms the "born alive rule" and calls it "a very heinous misdemeanor".[5][6]
- 1778 – In Sweden, the first Infanticide Act granted mothers the right and the means for an anonymous birth.
- 1793 – In the French First Republic, Article 326 of the Code Civil legalized both anonymous and confidential births.
- 1803 – The United Kingdom enacts Lord Ellenborough's Act, making abortion after quickening a capital crime, and providing lesser penalties for the felony of abortion before quickening.[7][8]
- 1810 – The 1810 Napoleonic Code of the First French Empire punished any person who procured an abortion with imprisonment.[9]
- 1821 – A law was enacted in Connecticut that targeted apothecaries who sold "poisons" to women for purposes of inducing an abortion.
- 1827 – An Illinois law prohibited the sale of drugs that could induce abortions.[10] The law classed these medications as a "poison".[11] The 1827 law was the first in the nation to impose criminal penalties in connection with abortion before quickening.[12]
- 1829 – New York made post-quickening abortions a felony and pre-quickening abortions a misdemeanor.
- 1842 – The Tokugawa shogunate in Japan bans induced abortion in Edo. The law does not affect the rest of the country.[13]
- 1856 – In Sweden, an amendment to the 1778 Infanticide Act restricted the right to give birth anonymously to a mere confidential birth.
- 1867 – Illinois passed a bill that made abortion and attempted abortion a criminal offense.[14][10]
- 1869 – The Parliament of Canada unifies criminal law in all provinces, banning abortion.[15]
- Circa 1870 – Illinois passed another law banning the sale of drugs that could cause induced abortions. The law is notable because it allowed an exception for "the written prescription of some well-known and respectable practicing physician".[11]
- 1873 – The passage of the Comstock Act in the United States makes it illegal to send any "obscene, lewd, and/or lascivious" materials through the mail, including contraceptive devices and information on contraception or abortion and how to obtain them. (see also advertisement of abortion services).[16]
- 1820–1900 – Primarily through the efforts of physicians in the American Medical Association and legislators, most abortions in the U.S. were outlawed.[17]
20th century
1910s
- 1918 – In the United States, Margaret Sanger was charged under the New York law against disseminating contraceptive information. On appeal, her conviction was reversed on the grounds that contraceptive devices could legally be promoted for the cure and prevention of disease.[18]
1920s
- 1920 – In France, a law forbidding all forms of contraception and information about it was enacted.
- 1920 – Under Vladimir Lenin, the Soviet Union legalized abortion on request, becoming the first country to do so.[19] The law was first introduced in the Russian SFSR, and then the rest of the country in 1922.[20]
- 1921 – The law legalizing abortion on request in the Soviet Union was introduced in the Ukrainian SSR in July, and then the rest of the country.[20]
1930s
- 1931 – Mexico legalized abortion in cases of rape.[21]
- 1932 – Poland was the first country in Europe outside the Soviet Union to legalize abortion in cases of rape and threat to maternal health.[22]
- 1935 – Iceland became the first Western country to legalize therapeutic abortion under limited circumstances.[23]
- 1935 – Nazi Germany amended its eugenics law, to promote abortion for women who have hereditary disorders.[24] The law allowed abortion if a woman gave her permission, and if the fetus was not yet viable,[25][26][27] and for purposes of so-called racial hygiene.[28][29]
- 1935 – Contraception in Ireland was made illegal in 1935 under the 1935 Criminal Law (Amendment) Act.[30]
- 1936 – Joseph Stalin reversed most parts of Lenin's legalization of abortion in the Soviet Union to increase population growth.[31]
- 1936 – A US federal appeals court ruled in United States v. One Package of Japanese Pessaries that the federal government could not interfere with doctors providing contraception to their patients.[18]
- 1936 – The Government of Catalonia legalised free abortion during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy.[32][33][34]
- 1938 – In Britain, Dr. Aleck Bourne aborted the pregnancy of a young girl who had been raped by British soldiers. Bourne was acquitted after turning himself in to authorities. The legal precedent of allowing abortion in order to avoid mental or physical damage was picked up by other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations.
- 1938 – Abortion legalized on a limited basis in Sweden.
- 1939 – The French Penal Code was altered to permit an abortion that would save the pregnant woman's life.[9]
1940s
- 1948 – The Eugenic Protection Act in Japan expanded the circumstances in which abortion is allowed.[35]
1950s
- 1955 – The government of South Korea criminalized abortion in the 1953 Criminal Code in all circumstances.
- 1955 – Abortion legalized again in the Soviet Union under De-Stalinization.[31]
- 1959 – The American Law Institute (ALI) drafts a model state abortion law to make legal abortions accessible.
1960s
- 1964 – The first law to legalize abortion in Norway was passed in 1964. It allowed abortion in cases of danger to the mother, and the abortion decision was taken by two doctors.
- 1965 – Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects the liberty of married couples to buy and use contraceptives without government restriction.[36] The case involved a Connecticut "Comstock law" that prohibited any person from using "any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception". The court held that the statute was unconstitutional, and that its effect was "to deny disadvantaged citizens ... access to medical assistance and up-to-date information in respect to proper methods of birth control". By a vote of 7–2, the Supreme Court invalidated the law on the grounds that it violated the "right to marital privacy", establishing the basis for the right to privacy with respect to intimate practices. This and other cases view the right to privacy as "protected from governmental intrusion".[37]
- 1966 – The Ceauşescu regime in Romania, in an attempt to boost the country's population, enacted Decree 770 which banned all abortion and contraception, except in very limited cases.[38]
- 1966 – Mississippi reformed its abortion law and became the first U.S. state to allow abortion in cases of rape.
- 1967 – The Neuwirth Law is a French law which lifted the ban on birth control methods on December 28, 1967, including oral contraception.
- 1967 – The Abortion Act (effective 1968) legalized abortion in the United Kingdom under certain grounds (except in Northern Ireland).
- 1967 – Colorado became the first state to decriminalize abortion in cases of rape, incest, or in which pregnancy would lead to permanent physical disability of the woman, and similar laws were passed in California, Oregon, and North Carolina.
- 1968 – Georgia and Maryland reformed their abortion laws based on the American Law Institute Model Penal Code.
- 1968 – President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Committee on The Status of Women releases a report calling for a repeal of all abortion laws.
- 1969 – Arkansas, Delaware, Kansas, New Mexico and Oregon reformed their abortion laws based on the American Law Institute Model Penal Code.
- 1969 – Canada passed the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69, which began to allow abortion for selective reasons.
- 1969 – The ruling in the Victorian case of R v Davidson defined for the first time which abortions were lawful in Australia.[39]
- 1969 – Singapore passed The Abortion Act 1969 (effective 1970) which legalised abortion in Singapore. It was then replaced by the Termination of Pregnancy Act 1974. This allowed all women to abort the unborn child "on request" before 24 weeks of the pregnancy, unless the treatment is immediately necessary to save the life or to prevent grave permanent injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman.
- 1969 – In 1969, the California Supreme Court ruled in favor of abortion rights, after hearing an appeal launched by Dr. Leon Belous, who had been convicted of referring a woman to someone who could provide her with an illegal abortion;[40] California's abortion law was declared unconstitutional in People v. Belous because it was vague and denied people due process.[41]
1970s
- 1970 – Hawaii, New York, Alaska and Washington repealed their abortion laws. Hawaii became the first state to legalize abortions on the request of the woman,[42] New York repealed its 1830 law and allowed abortions up to the 24th week of pregnancy, and Washington held a referendum on legalizing early pregnancy abortions, becoming the first state to legalize abortion through a vote of the people.[43]
- 1970 – South Carolina and Virginia reformed their abortion laws based on the American Law Institute Model Penal Code.
- 1970 – Family Planning Services and Population Research Act of 1970 Pub.L. 91–572, which established the Public Health Service Title X program in the United States, providing family planning services for those in need.[44][45]
- 1970 – The U.S. Congress removed references to contraception from federal anti-obscenity laws.[46]
- 1971 – Alaska repealed its statute that said inducing an abortion was a criminal offense.[47]
- 1971 – The Indian Parliament, under the Prime Ministership of Indira Gandhi, passes Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971 (MTP Act 1971), which was authored by Sripati Chandrasekhar.[48][49] India thus becomes one of the earliest nations to pass this Act. The Act gains importance, considering India had traditionally been a very conservative country in these matters. Most notably, there was no similar Act in several US states around the same time.[50]
- 1972 – Florida reformed its abortion law based on the American Law Institute Model Penal Code.
- 1972 – The U.S. Supreme Court, in Eisenstadt v. Baird, extends Griswold v. Connecticut birth control rights to unmarried couples.
- 1972 – In Abele v. Markle, 351 F. Supp. 224 (D. Conn. 1972) it was ruled that a Connecticut statute prohibiting abortions, except to save the life of the mother, was unconstitutional.
- 1973 – The U.S. Supreme Court, in Roe v. Wade, declared all the individual state bans on abortion during the first trimester to be unconstitutional, allowed states to regulate but not proscribe abortion during the second trimester, and allowed states to proscribe abortion during the third trimester unless abortion is in the best interest of the woman's physical or mental health. The Court legalized abortion in all trimesters when a woman's doctor believes the abortion is necessary for her physical or mental health, and held that only a "compelling state interest" justified regulations limiting the individual right to privacy.
- 1973 – Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973), was a decision of the United States Supreme Court overturning the abortion law of Georgia. The Supreme Court's decision was released on January 22, 1973, the same day as the decision in the better-known case of Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). Doe v. Bolton challenged Georgia's much more liberal abortion statute.
- 1973 –Denmark granted its permanent residents the right to legal abortion up to the end of the 12th week of gestation.[51]
- 1973 – The South Korean abortion law was amended by the Maternal and Child Health Law of 1973, which permitted a physician to perform an abortion if the pregnant woman or her spouse suffered from certain hereditary or communicable diseases, if the pregnancy resulted from rape or incest, or if continuing the pregnancy would jeopardize the woman's health. Any physician who violated the law was punished by two years' imprisonment. Self-induced abortions were illegal, and punishable by a fine or imprisonment.[52][53]
- 1974 – McGee v. The Attorney General [1974] IR 284 was a case in the Irish Supreme Court in 1974 that referenced Article 41 of the Irish Constitution.[54][55] It concerned Mary McGee, whose condition was such that she was advised by her physician that if she would become pregnant again, her life would be endangered. She was then instructed to use a diaphragm and spermicidal jelly that was prescribed to her.[56] However, Section 17 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1935 prohibited her from acquiring the prescription. The Supreme Court ruled by a 4 to 1 majority in favor of her, after determining that married couples have the constitutional right to make private decisions on family planning.[56] Emergency legislation passed by the House of Lords to allow medical staff station on SBAs on Cyprus to perform emergency abortiona of raped women and girls following Turkish invasion of Cyprus .No 383 of 21 October 1974-SBA Administration Ordinance.
- 1974 – Kentucky adopted a law preventing public hospitals from performing abortion procedures except to protect the life of the mother.[57]
- 1975–1980 – France (1975), West Germany (1976), New Zealand (1977), Italy (1978), and the Netherlands (1980) legalized abortion in limited circumstances. (France: no elective–for non-medical reasons–abortion allowed after 10–12 weeks gestation)
- 1975 – the 79th General Assembly enacted the Illinois Abortion Law, which included a trigger law that provided that if Roe v. Wade was overturned or repealed, "the former policy of this State to prohibit abortions unless necessary for the preservation of the mother's life shall be reinstated."[58]
- 1975 – On February 19, 1975, the Texas Supreme Court's ruling in the case Jacobs v. Theimer made Texas the first state in America to declare a woman could sue her doctor for a wrongful birth.[59][60][61] That case involved Dortha Jean Jacobs (later Dortha Biggs), who caught rubella while pregnant and gave birth to Lesli, who was severely disabled.[61][59] Dortha and her husband sued her doctor, saying he did not diagnose the rubella or warn them how it would affect the pregnancy.[61]
- 1976–1977 – Representative Henry Hyde of Illinois sponsors the Hyde Amendment, which passes, allows U.S. states to prohibit the use of Medicaid funding for abortions.
- 1978 – US Federal Pregnancy Discrimination Act was passed, prohibiting employment discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions.[62]
- 1978 – In spring 1978, the law on free access to abortion in Norway was passed.
- 1979 – The People's Republic of China enacted a one-child policy, to alleviate social, economic, and environmental problems in China,[63] encouraging many couples to have at most one child, and in some cases imposing penalties for violating the policy.
- 1979 – Ireland, Health (Family Planning) Act, 1979 allowed sale of contraceptives, upon presentation of a prescription.
1980s
- 1980 – In 1974, Kentucky adopted a law preventing public hospitals from performing abortion procedures except to protect the life of the mother.[57] The law was later ruled unconstitutional by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, but the state legislature passed a new version of the law in 1980.[57]
- 1980 – In William v. Zbaraz, the United States Supreme Court upheld that states could constitutionally make their own versions of the anti-abortion Hyde Amendment, and that states/the federal government have no statutory or constitutional obligation to fund medically necessary abortions.
- 1982 – Since 1982, much of the costs of abortions in France are taken in charge by the French social security system.[64]
- 1983 – The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, which recognized "the unborn" as having a right to life equal to that of "the mother",[65] was passed.[66]
- 1983 – The 1981 unlawful abortion conviction of a Wayne County, Kentucky, man put the issue of abortion before the Kentucky Supreme Court.[67] In 1983, the court ruled that the seven-month-old fetus killed by the man during an attack on his wife could not be defined as a person under the Model Penal Code.[67]
- 1984 – In July the California Courts of Appeal overturned Superior Court of Los Angeles County judge Eli Chernow, ruling that fetuses could not be buried as human remains in the Los Angeles fetus disposal scandal, which was a win for pro-choice groups and feminists.
- 1985 – Abortion became completely illegal in Honduras.[68]
- 1985 – Ireland, Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act, 1985 allowed sale of condoms and spermicides to people over 18 without having to present a prescription.
- 1985 – United Kingdom, Prohibition of Female Circumcision Act 1985 made female genital mutilation a crime throughout the UK. The Act was replaced by the Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003 and the Prohibition of Female Genital Mutilation (Scotland) Act 2005 respectively, both of which extend the legislation to cover acts committed by UK nationals outside the UK's borders.
- 1986 – The 1986 Kentucky General Assembly passed legislation requiring parental consent for minors seeking abortions.[69] The law required the consent of only the custodial parent if the parents did not live together, and also allowed the minor to petition a district or circuit court for permission.[70]
- 1988 – France legalized the "abortion pill" mifepristone (RU-486).
- 1988 – In R. v. Morgentaler, the Supreme Court of Canada struck down the abortion regulation which allowed abortions in some circumstances but required approval of a committee of doctors for violating a woman's constitutional "security of person"; Canadian law has not regulated abortion ever since.
- 1989 – Webster v. Reproductive Health Services in the United States reinforces the state's right to prevent all publicly funded facilities from providing or assisting with abortion services.
1990s
- 1990 – The Abortion Act in the UK was amended so that abortion is legal only up to 24 weeks, rather than 28, except in unusual cases.
- 1992 – In Planned Parenthood v. Casey, the Supreme Court overturned the trimester framework in Roe v. Wade, making it legal for states to proscribe abortion after the point of fetal viability, excepting instances that would risk the woman's health.
- 1992 – The Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was passed, specifying that the protection of the right to life of the unborn does not limit freedom of travel in and out of the state.
- 1992 – The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was passed, specifying that the protection of the right to life of the unborn does not limit the right to distribute information about services in foreign countries.
- 1992 – Attorney General v. X (the "X case"), [1992] IESC 1; [1992] 1 IR 1, was a landmark Irish Supreme Court case which established the right of Irish women to an abortion if a pregnant woman's life was at risk because of pregnancy, including the risk of suicide. However, Supreme Court Justice Hugh O'Flaherty, now retired, said in an interview with the Irish Times that the X Case was "peculiar to its own particular facts", since X miscarried and did not have an abortion, and this renders the case moot in Irish law.[71] (See below events in 2012/2013).
- 1993 – Ireland – Health (Family Planning) (Amendment) Act, 1992 allowed sale of contraceptives without prescription.
- 1993 – Poland banned abortion, except in cases of rape, incest, severe congenital disorders, or threat to the life of the pregnant woman.
- 1993 – R v Morgentaler[72] was a 1993 decision by the Supreme Court of Canada invalidating a provincial attempt to regulate abortion in Canada. In this decision, the provincial regulations were ruled to be a criminal law, which would violate the Constitution Act, 1867. That Act assigns criminal law exclusively to the federal Parliament of Canada.
- 1994 – Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc., 512 U.S. 753 (1994), is a United States Supreme Court case where Petitioners challenged the constitutionality of an injunction entered by a Florida state court which prohibits antiabortion protesters from demonstrating in certain places and in various ways outside a health clinic that performs abortions.[73] The Madsen majority sustained the constitutionality of the Clinic's thirty-six foot buffer zone and the noise-level provision, finding that they burdened no more speech than necessary to serve the injunction's goals. However, the Court struck down the thirty-six foot buffer zone as applied to the private property north and west of the Clinic, .the 'images observable' provision, the three hundred foot no-approach zone around the Clinic, and the three hundred foot buffer zone around residences. The Court found that these provisions "[swept] more broadly than necessary" to protect the state's interests. Thus, the judgment of the Florida Supreme Court was affirmed in part and reversed in part.[74]
- 1994 – Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act is passed by the United States Congress to forbid the use of force or obstruction to prevent someone from providing or receiving reproductive health services.
- 1995 – In 1995, the 89th Illinois General Assembly enacted the Parental Notice of Abortion Act, a parental notification law. The Act required physicians to give 48 hours' notice to the parent, grandparent or guardian of a minor seeking an abortion.[75] However, the law was enjoined by the courts for more than two decades.[76]
- 1997 – In 1997, the Kansas legislature passed the Woman's Right to Know Act, which required, except in the case of a medical emergency, a 24-hour period between the time that the woman is informed in writing of legally-required information and the abortion.[77]
- 1997 – In South Africa, the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1996 comes into effect, allowing abortion on demand. The Abortion and Sterilization Act, 1975, which only allowed abortions in very limited circumstances, is repealed.
- 1997 – In 1997 Honduras established a penalty from three to six years in prison for women who obtain an abortion and for medical staff who are involved in the process.[78]
- 1998 – In Christian Lawyers Association and Others v Minister of Health and Others, the Transvaal Provincial Division of the High Court of South Africa upholds the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act, holding that the Constitution of South Africa does not forbid abortions.[79]
- 1998 – In Portugal, legalization of abortion until 10 weeks of pregnancy is rejected by voters in a referendum. A second referendum was eventually held nine years later, in which voters approved legalization of abortion with the same time restrictions.
- 1998 – The Kentucky General Assembly passed legislation that required clinics to have an Abortion Clinic License if they wanted to operate. Part of this was a requirement for a transfer agreement between the clinic and a hospital and ambulance.[80]
- 1999 – In the United States, Congress passed a ban on intact dilation and extraction, which President Bill Clinton vetoed.
21st century
2000s
- 2000 – In Stenberg v. Carhart, the Supreme Court of the United States overturned a Nebraska state law that banned intact dilation and extraction.
- 2000 – The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ruled that companies that provided insurance for prescription drugs to their employees but excluded birth control were violating the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[81]
- 2001 – The ten-week limit on abortion in France was extended to the twelfth week in 2001.[82]
- 2001 – Minor girls no longer need mandatory parental consent for abortion in France. A pregnant girl in France under the age of 18 may ask for an abortion without consulting her parents first if she is accompanied to the clinic by an adult of her choice, who must not tell her parents or any third party about the abortion.[83][84][85]
- 2002 – In 2002, the California State Legislature passed a law that said: "The state may not deny or interfere with a woman's right to choose or obtain an abortion prior to viability of the fetus, or when the abortion is necessary to protect the life or health of the woman."[86][87]
- 2003 – The U.S. enacted the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, and President George W. Bush signed it into law. After the law was challenged in three appeals courts, the U.S. Supreme Court held that it was constitutional because, unlike the earlier Nebraska state law, it was not vague or overly broad. The court also held that banning the procedure did not constitute an "undue burden", even without a health exception. (see also: Gonzales v. Carhart)
- 2003 – Scheidler v. National Organization for Women, 537 U.S. 393 (2003), is a United States Supreme Court case involving whether abortion providers could receive damages from protesters under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act.[88] National Organization for Women (NOW) obtained class status for women seeking the use of women's health clinics and began its court battle against Joseph Scheidler and PLAN et al. in 1986. In this particular case, the court's opinion was that extortion did not apply to the defendants' actions because they did not obtain any property from the respondents (NOW and the class of women).
- 2003 – The Indiana Supreme Court recognized the medical malpractice tort of "wrongful pregnancy" when a woman became pregnant after a failed sterilization procedure. The court decided that the damages may include the cost of the pregnancy but may not include the ordinary cost of raising the child, as the benefits of rearing the child could not be calculated.[89]
- 2005 – The U.S. Deficit Reduction Act of 2005 (implemented in January 2007) prevented college health centers and many health care providers from participating in the drug pricing discount program, which formerly allowed contraceptives to be sold to students and women of low income in the United States at low cost.
- 2006 – Governor Kathleen Blanco of Louisiana signed into law a ban on most forms of abortion (unless the life of the mother was in danger or her health would be permanently damaged) once it passed the Louisiana State Legislature. The bill would only go into effect if the United States Supreme Court reversed Roe v. Wade. Louisiana's measure would allow the prosecution of any person who performed or aided in an abortion. The penalties include up to 10 years in prison and a maximum fine of $100,000.[90]
- 2007 – The Parliament of Portugal voted to legalize abortion during the first ten weeks of pregnancy. This followed a referendum that, while revealing that a majority of Portuguese voters favored legalization of early-stage abortions, failed due to low voter turnout.[91] The second referendum passed, however, and President Cavaco Silva signed the measure into effect in April 2007.[92][93]
- 2007 – The government of Mexico City legalizes abortion during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, and offers free abortions. On August 28, 2008, the Mexican Supreme Court upholds the law.[94]
- 2007 – The U.S. Supreme Court upholds the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003.[95]
- 2008 – The Australian state of Victoria passes a bill which decriminalizes abortion, making it legally accessible to women in the first 24 weeks of the pregnancy.[96]
- 2009 – In Spain, a bill decriminalizes abortion, making it legally accessible to women in the first 14 weeks of the pregnancy.[97]
2010s
- 2010 – In Chile, there came into force the Morning After Pill Law, which set the rules on information, advice and services relating to fertility regulation, allowing the free distribution of the pill in all country public clinics.[98]
- 2011 – The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services established the policy, effective 2012, that all private insurance plans are required to provide contraceptive coverage to women without a co-pay or deductible.[99][100]
- 2012 – Arizona Governor Jan Brewer signed into law in April 2012 abortion restrictions that prohibited the procedure after 20 weeks.[101][102] The U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned this law in January 2015, but it remains on the books.[101][102][103]
- 2012 – In the Philippines, the Congress of the Philippines passed the Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 which guarantees universal access to contraception, fertility control and maternal care. The bill also mandates the teaching of sexual education in schools.[104][105]
- 2012 – Uruguay legalizes abortion in the first trimester, making it legally accessible to women.[106]
- 2013 – United States, Kansas lawmakers approved sweeping anti-abortion legislation (HB 2253) on April 6, 2013, that says life begins at fertilization, forbids abortion based on gender and bans Planned Parenthood from providing sex education in schools.[107]
- 2013 – A bill banning abortion after twelve weeks was passed on January 31, 2013, by the Arkansas Senate,[108][109] but vetoed in Arkansas by Governor Mike Beebe, but, on March 6, 2013, his veto was overridden by the Arkansas House of Representatives.[109][110] A federal judge issued a temporary injunction against the Arkansas law in May 2013,[111] and in March 2014, it was struck down by federal judge Susan Webber Wright, who described the law as unconstitutional.[112]
- 2014 – Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, 573 U.S. ___ (2014), is a landmark decision[113][114] by the United States Supreme Court allowing closely held for-profit corporations to be exempt from a law its owners religiously object to if there is a less restrictive means of furthering the law's interest. It is the first time that the court has recognized a for-profit corporation's claim of religious belief,[115] but it is limited to closely held corporations.[a] The decision is an interpretation of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) and does not address whether such corporations are protected by the free-exercise of religion clause of the First Amendment of the Constitution. For such companies, the Court's majority directly struck down the contraceptive mandate, a regulation adopted by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) requiring employers to cover certain contraceptives for their female employees, by a 5–4 vote.[116] The court said that the mandate was not the least restrictive way to ensure access to contraceptive care, noting that a less restrictive alternative was being provided for religious non-profits, until the Court issued an injunction three days later, effectively ending said alternative, replacing it with a government-sponsored alternative for any female employees of closely held corporations that do not wish to provide birth control.[117]
- 2014 – McCullen v. Coakley, 573 U.S. ___ (2014), was a United States Supreme Court case. The Court unanimously held that Massachusetts' 35-feet fixed abortion buffer zones, established via amendments to that state's Reproductive Health Care Facilities Act, violated the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution because it limited free speech too broadly.
- 2014 – A bill banning abortion after twelve weeks was passed on January 31, 2013, by the Arkansas Senate,[118][109] but vetoed in Arkansas by Governor Mike Beebe, but, on March 6, 2013, his veto was overridden by the Arkansas House of Representatives.[109][110] A federal judge issued a temporary injunction against the Arkansas law in May 2013,[119] and in March 2014, it was struck down by federal judge Susan Webber Wright, who described the law as unconstitutional.[120]
- 2014 – The Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013 (Irish: An tAcht um Chosaint na Beatha le linn Toirchis 2013 was signed into law on 30 July by Michael D. Higgins, the President of Ireland; it commenced on 1 January 2014.[121][122][123] The Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013 [124] Act No.35 of 2013;[124] previously Bill No.66 of 2013[125]) is an Act of the Oireachtas which defined the circumstances and processes within which abortion in Ireland could be legally performed. The Act gave effect in statutory law to the terms of the Constitution of Ireland as interpreted by the Supreme Court in the 1992 judgment Attorney General v. X (the "X case"). That judgment (see above events in 1992) allowed for abortion where pregnancy endangers a woman's life, including through a risk of suicide.
- 2015 – Until 2015, the law in France imposed a seven-day "cool-off" period between the patient's first request for an abortion and a written statement confirming her decision (the delay could be reduced to two days if the patient was getting close to 12 weeks). That mandatory waiting period was abolished on 9 April 2015.[126]
- 2015 – Kansas became the first state in the United States to ban the dilation and evacuation procedure, a common second-trimester abortion procedure.[127] But the new law was later struck down by the Kansas Court of Appeals in January 2016 without ever having gone into effect.[128]
- 2015 – Arizona Governor Jan Brewer signed into law in April 2012 abortion restrictions that prohibited the procedure after 20 weeks.[101][102] The U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned this law in January 2015, but it remains on the books.[101][102][103]
- 2015 – California's FACT Act, which mandated that crisis pregnancy centers provide certain disclosures about state services, was passed. The law required that licensed centers post visible notices that other options for pregnancy, including abortion, are available from state-sponsored clinics. It also mandated that unlicensed centers post notice of their unlicensed status. The centers, typically run by Christian non-profit groups, challenged the act on the basis that it violated their free speech. After prior reviews in lower courts, the case was brought to the Supreme Court, asking "Whether the disclosures required by the California Reproductive FACT Act violate the protections set forth in the free speech clause of the First Amendment, applicable to the states through the 14th Amendment."[129] The Court ruled on June 26, 2018, in a 5–4 decision that the notices required by the FACT Act violate the First Amendment by targeting speakers rather than speech.[130]
- 2016 – Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, 579 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case decided on June 27, 2016, when the Court ruled 5–3 that Texas cannot place restrictions on the delivery of abortion services that create an undue burden for women seeking an abortion. It has been called the most significant abortion rights case before the Supreme Court since Planned Parenthood v. Casey in 1992.[131]
- 2016 – The Obama administration issued guidance that informed states that ending Medicaid funding for Planned Parenthood or other health-care providers that performed abortions might be against federal law. The Obama administration contended that Medicaid law permitted states to ban providers from the program only if the providers could not perform covered services or bill for those services. However, the Trump administration repealed this guidance in 2018.[132]
- 2016 – Zubik v. Burwell was a case before the United States Supreme Court on whether religious institutions other than churches should be exempt from the contraceptive mandate, a regulation adopted by the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) that requires non-church employers to cover certain contraceptives for their female employees. Churches are already exempt under those regulations.[133] On May 16, 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a per curiam ruling in Zubik v. Burwell that vacated the decisions of the Circuit Courts of Appeals and remanded the case "to the respective United States Courts of Appeals for the Third, Fifth, Tenth, and D.C. Circuits" for reconsideration in light of the "positions asserted by the parties in their supplemental briefs".[134] Because the Petitioners agreed that "their religious exercise is not infringed where they 'need to do nothing more than contract for a plan that does not include coverage for some or all forms of contraception'", the Court held that the parties should be given an opportunity to clarify and refine how this approach would work in practice and to "resolve any outstanding issues".[135] The Supreme Court expressed "no view on the merits of the cases."[136] In a concurring opinion, Justice Sotomayor, joined by Justice Ginsburg, noted that in earlier cases "some lower courts have ignored those instructions" and cautioned lower courts not to read any signals in the Supreme Court's actions in this case.[137]
- 2016 – In June, the Women's Rights Foundation in Malta filed a judicial protest requesting access to emergency contraception.[138][139] In early October, a joint parliamentary committee recommended that the pill should be sold with a prescription, but that the decision was up to the Malta Medicines Authority.[140] On 17 October, the Malta Medicines Authority approved the sale of emergency contraception without a prescription in all pharmacies in Malta and Gozo, basing its decision to make it available without a prescription on ensuring efficacy of treatment. In December 2016 emergency contraception was available for sale in pharmacies across the Maltese islands.[141][142]
- 2016 – A 2016 Alabama law banned dilation & evacuation (D&E)—the most common abortion procedure used in the second trimester.[143] In August 2018, the Eleventh Circuit ruled the D&E legislation to be unconstitutional, blocking it from being enforced.[144]
- 2017 – The "Mexico City Policy" was reinstated in the United States President Donald Trump.[145] Trump not only reinstated the policy but expanded it, making it cover all global health organizations that receive U.S. government funding, rather than only family planning organizations that do, as was previously the case.[146]
- 2017 – In Poland, a new law restricted emergency contraception by changing its availability, from being an over-the-counter drug to a prescription drug, requiring a visit to a doctor.[147]
- 2017 – The Trump administration of the United States issued a ruling letting insurers and employers refuse to provide birth control if doing so went against their "religious beliefs" or "moral convictions".[148]
- 2017 – Federal judge Wendy Beetlestone issued an injunction temporarily stopping the enforcement of the Trump administration ruling letting insurers and employers refuse to provide birth control if doing so went against their "religious beliefs" or "moral convictions".[148][149]
- 2017 – The state legislature updated Delaware's legal code in 2017 around abortion. It now read, "the termination of a pregnancy prior to viability, to protect the life or health of the mother, or in the event of serious fetal anomaly."[150][151]
- 2017 – In 2017, the 100th Illinois General Assembly repealed the trigger law component of the Illinois Abortion Law of 1975, but left many of its other provisions intact. In the same act, the General Assembly provided for abortion to be covered under Medicaid and state employee health insurance. The bill was signed into law by pro-choice Republican governor Bruce Rauner.[152]
- 2018 – In 2018, the Arizona state legislature passed a law that required the Arizona Health Department to apply for Title X funds as part of their attempts to defund Planned Parenthood.[153]
- 2018 – A 2016 Alabama law banned dilation & evacuation (D&E)—the most common abortion procedure used in the second trimester.[154] In August 2018, the Eleventh Circuit ruled the D&E legislation to be unconstitutional, blocking it from being enforced.[155]
- 2018 – The Trump administration repealed guidance issued in 2016 by the Obama administration, which had informed states that ending Medicaid funding for Planned Parenthood or other health-care providers that performed abortions might be against federal law. The Obama administration had contended that Medicaid law permitted states to ban providers from the program only if the providers could not perform covered services or bill for those services.[132]
- 2018 – The Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, which recognized "the unborn" as having a right to life equal to that of "the mother",[65] was repealed by referendum.[66]
- 2018 – National Institute of Family and Life Advocates v. Becerra was a case before the Supreme Court of the United States addressing the constitutionality of California's FACT Act, which mandated that crisis pregnancy centers provide certain disclosures about state services. The law required that licensed centers post visible notices that other options for pregnancy, including abortion, are available from state-sponsored clinics. It also mandated that unlicensed centers post notice of their unlicensed status. The centers, typically run by Christian non-profit groups, challenged the act on the basis that it violated their free speech. After prior reviews in lower courts, the case was brought to the Supreme Court, asking "Whether the disclosures required by the California Reproductive FACT Act violate the protections set forth in the free speech clause of the First Amendment, applicable to the states through the 14th Amendment."[156] The Court ruled on June 26, 2018, in a 5–4 decision that the notices required by the FACT Act violate the First Amendment by targeting speakers rather than speech.[157]
- 2018 – On May 4, 2018, governor Kim Reynolds signed into law a bill that would ban abortion in Iowa after a fetal heartbeat is detected, starting July 1, 2018.[158][159]
- 2019 – On January 1, 2019, a new law came into force in Arizona that required women to provide detailed medical information that was to be submitted to the state before they were allowed to have an abortion. Among the information the new law required abortion providers to collect was whether the abortion was elective or therapeutic, the number of abortions they have had in the past and information on any medical complications they have as a result of the abortion. This information is then collected by Department of Health Services, who provide the state with an annual report on abortions in the state, along with information on how abortions are paid for in the state.[101]
- 2019 – The Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 (Act No. 31 of 2018; previously Bill No. 105 of 2018) came into effect; it is an Act of the Oireachtas which defines the circumstances and processes within which abortion may be legally performed in Ireland. It permits terminations to be carried out up to 12 weeks of pregnancy; or where there is a risk to the life, or of serious harm to the health, of the pregnant woman; or where there is a risk to the life, or of serious harm to the health, of the pregnant woman in an emergency; or where there is a condition present which is likely to lead to the death of the fetus either before or within 28 days of birth.
- On May 4, 2018, governor Kim Reynolds signed into law a bill that would ban abortion in Iowa after a fetal heartbeat is detected, starting July 1, 2018.[160] On January 22, 2019, a county district judge declared the law to be in violation of Iowa's State Constitution and entered a permanent injunction prohibiting its enforcement.[159]
- 2019 – The government of South Korea criminalized abortion in the 1953 Criminal Code in all circumstances. This law was later amended, but not repealed. However, the Constitutional Court on 11 April 2019 ruled the abortion law unconstitutional and ordered the law's revision by the end of 2020.[161]
- 2019 – Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc. (Docket 18-483) was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with the constitutionality of a 2016 anti-abortion law passed in the state of Indiana. Indiana's law sought to ban abortions performed solely on the basis of the fetus' gender, race, ethnicity, or disabilities. Lower courts had blocked enforcement of the law for violating a woman's right to abortion under privacy concerns within the Fourteenth Amendment, as previously found in the landmark cases Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey. The lower courts also blocked enforcement of another portion of the law that required the disposal of aborted fetuses through burial or cremation. The per curiam decision by the Supreme Court overturned the injunction on the fetal disposal portion of the law, but otherwise did not challenge or confirm the lower courts' ruling on the non-discrimination clauses, leaving these in place.
- 2019 – In the United States in June 2019, the Trump administration was allowed by a federal court of appeals to implement, while legal appeals continue, a policy restricting taxpayer dollars given to family planning facilities through Title X. This policy requires that companies receiving Title X funding must not mention abortion to patients, provide abortion referrals, or share space with abortion providers.[162][163]
- 2019 – A federal judge in the United States declared unconstitutional the Trump administration's "conscience rule" that would have allowed providers of health care to refuse to participate in sterilizations, abortions, or other types of care they disagreed with on moral or religious grounds.[164]
- 2019 – In December 2019 the newly elected Argentine government issued a protocol expanding access to abortion in case of rape.[165]
- 2019 – On May 20, 2019, the California State Senate passed Senate Bill 24, the College Student Right to Access Act. The Act requires public state universities to offer mifepristone, the abortion pill, to female students at zero cost by January 1, 2023; funding for the program will be paid for through insurance and private grants with $200,000 to each University of California and California State University health clinic for training and equipment. University clinics also have to set aside an additional $200,000 each to set up a student hotline to provide information to women seeking advice and assistance.[166] The bill was approved by both the California State Assembly and California State Senate as amended on September 13, 2019, was enacted by Governor Gavin Newsom on October 11, 2019, and went into effect on January 1, 2020.[167]
- 2019 – Illinois passed bills, known as the Illinois Reproductive Health Act, that provided statutory protections for abortions, and rescinded previous legislation that banned some late-term abortions and a 45-year-old law that had made performing such abortions a criminal offense.[168][169][170] The Illinois Reproductive Health Act says that women have the "fundamental right" to access abortion services, and that a "fertilized egg, embryo, or fetus does not have independent rights".[171]
- 2019 – The Indiana Legislature passed a ban of the most common type of second-trimester abortion procedure in the state in April 2019.[172]
- 2019 – In April 2019, the Kansas Supreme Court ruled that the right to abortion is inherent within the state's constitution and bill of rights, such that even if Roe v. Wade was overturned and the federal protection of abortion rights was withdrawn, the right would still be allowed within Kansas, barring a change in the state constitution.[173]
- 2019 – Prior to 2019, Kentucky law prohibited abortions after week 22. This changed when the state legislature passed a law that moved the prohibition to week 6 in the early part of the year.[174]
2020s
- 2020 – On March 24, 2020, Governor Brad Little of Idaho signed into law S1385, which is a trigger law stating that if and when states are again allowed to ban abortion on their own authority then abortion would be illegal in Idaho except for cases of the life of the mother, rape or incest.[175][176][177]
- 2020 – June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo (formerly June Medical Services, LLC v. Gee) (591 U.S. ___ (2020)) was a U.S. Supreme Court case which ruled that a Louisiana state law placing hospital-admission requirements on abortion clinics doctors, which had mirrored a Texas state law previously found unconstitutional under Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (579 U.S. ___ (2016)) (WWH), was also unconstitutional.
- 2020 – A law was enacted in Mississippi banning abortions based on the sex, race, or genetic abnormality of the fetus.[178]
- 2020 – The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of the United States tried to require employers to offer health-insurance plans that paid for contraceptives. The law specifically exempted churches, but not faith-based ministries. Due to that, religious non-profits like Little Sisters of the Poor were fined if they did not comply.[179] On October 6, 2017, Health & Human Services issued a new rule with an updated religious exemption that protected religious non-profits.[180] But federal judge Wendy Beetlestone issued an injunction temporarily stopping the enforcement of that exemption.[148][149] As well, following the new rule announcement, the state of Pennsylvania sued the federal government to take away the exemption.[181] Pennsylvania asked a judge to order that the Little Sisters of the Poor must comply with the federal mandate or pay tens of millions of dollars in fines.[182] The state alleged that the religious organization violated the Constitution, federal anti-discrimination law, and the Administrative Procedure Act (APA).[183] On July 8, 2020, in Little Sisters of the Poor v. Pennsylvania, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against that and in favor of Little Sisters of the Poor.[183][184]
- 2020 – Poland's constitutional court ruled that abortion due to fetal defects was unconstitutional.[185]
- 2020 – Louisiana voters passed a measure to amend the state constitution to omit any language implying that a woman has a right to get an abortion or that any abortion that does occur should be funded.[186]
- 2020 – Tennessee banned abortions because of a prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome or because of the gender or race of the fetus.[187]
- 2020 – In Argentina, abortion was legalized up to fourteen weeks of pregnancy on 30 December 2020.[188][189]
- 2020 – A bill was signed into law in Ohio requiring all aborted fetal tissue to be cremated or buried.[190]
- 2021 – A law went into effect in Indiana mandating an ultrasound 18 hours or more before an abortion is performed.[191]
- 2021 – The Supreme Court of the United States reinstated federal rules mandating anyone having a medication abortion to acquire the pills for it from a medical provider in person.[192]
- 2021 – President Biden rescinded the Mexico City policy.[193]
- 2021 – Honduras added its abortion ban to its constitution, and set the number of votes required in order to change it at three-quarters of Congress.[68]
- 2021 – In February 2021, South Carolina passed a law which would outlaw almost all abortions in that state after a fetal heartbeat is detected; however, that law was blocked by a judge in March 2021.[194]
- 2021 – In fall 2021, the Illinois General Assembly passed a bill to repeal the Parental Notice of Abortion Act.[195] Governor Pritzker signed it into law on December 17, 2021.[196]
- 2022 – In February 2022, Colombia's highest court decriminalizes abortion in the first 24 weeks of the pregnancy.[197]
- 2022 – In April 2022, Colorado passed the Reproductive Health Equity Act, which guarantees access to reproductive care and affirms the rights of pregnant women to continue or terminate a pregnancy. The act prohibits public entities from restricting or denying those rights.[198][199]
- 2022 – On April 14, 2022, House Bill 3 was passed in Kentucky;[200] it banned all abortions in the state after 15 weeks post-conception and introduced a number of regulations and restrictions, including a prohibition on mailing abortion pills, new systems to certify, monitor and publicly name physicians who conduct abortion procedures, "dignified care for the terminated remains of pregnancy loss," and mandatory disclosure of patient information.[201] As the infrastructure was not in place for these new requirements, the two abortion clinics operating in Kentucky had to shut down, making abortion de-facto illegal in the state. In response, abortion-rights activists sued the state to challenge the law, with Planned Parenthood and the ACLU stating that the law unconstitutionally bans abortion by introducing requirements that can't be followed or are too arduous to comply with and that it violates patient privacy protections; this led to the law being blocked in federal court later in 2022.[202][203]
- 2022 – On June 17, 2022, the Iowa Supreme Court ruled that the state constitution does not protect the right to an abortion.[204] Justice Edward Mansfield wrote in the majority that “All we hold today is that the Iowa Constitution is not the source of a fundamental right to an abortion necessitating a strict scrutiny standard of review for regulations affecting that right”.[204] The court’s decision is a reversal of its 2018 ruling, where it found that the constitution protects the right to an abortion.[204]
- 2022 – Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization, No. 19-1392, 597 U.S. ___ (2022), is a decision of the United States Supreme Court, in which the Court held that the Constitution of the United States does not confer any right to abortion, thus overruling both Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992).[205][206]
- 2022 – The 2019 trigger law in Kentucky took effect after the ruling for Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization was delivered, which overturned Roe v. Wade. It made all abortions illegal in Kentucky except when medically mandatory to prevent the patient from dying or getting a "life-sustaining organ" permanently impaired. Both clinics in the state temporarily stopped providing abortions.[207][208]
- 2022 – Jefferson County Circuit Judge Mitch Perry issued a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of Kentucky’s abortion-banning trigger law pending further hearings to determine if the ban violates the Kentucky Constitution. This order temporarily allows both of Kentucky’s elective abortion providers, which are both located in Louisville, to temporarily resume elective abortions.[209]
- 2022 - President Joe Biden signed Executive Order 14076, which directs the Department of Health and Human Services to expand access to contraceptives, requests the Federal Trade Commission protect patients' reproductive health privacy, and directs the Department of Justice to organize a group of pro bono lawyers to defend women charged with having an abortion.[210][211]
- 2022 - The Biden administration issued guidance stating that due to federal law, pharmacies are not allowed to turn away people who have a prescription for a drug that might end a pregnancy.[212]
See also
- Abortion law
- Birth control movement in the United States
- List of sex-related court cases in the United States
- The Eastview Birth Control Trial
Notes
- ^ "Closely held" corporations are defined by the Internal Revenue Service as those which a) have more than 50% of the value of their outstanding stock owned (directly or indirectly) by 5 or fewer individuals at any time during the last half of the tax year; and b) are not personal service corporations. By this definition, approximately 90% of U.S. corporations are "closely held", and approximately 52% of the U.S. workforce is employed by "closely held" corporations. See Blake, Aaron (30 June 2014). "A LOT of people could be affected by the Supreme Court's birth control decision – theoretically". The Washington Post.
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This emendation allowed abortion only if the woman granted permission, and only if the fetus was not old enough to survive outside the womb. It is unclear if either of these qualifications was enforced.
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Abortion, in other words, could be allowed if it was in the interest of racial hygiene… the Nazis did allow (and in some cases even required) abortions for women deemed racially inferior… On November 10, 1938, a Luneberg court declared abortion legal for Jews.
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In 1939, it was announced that Jewish women could seek abortions, but non-Jewish women could not.
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In its decree of 23 November 1955, the government of the former USSR repealed the general prohibition on the performance of abortions contained in the 1936 Decree.
- ^ La Segunda República despenalizó el aborto con la ley más avanzada de Europa, Público (España), Patricia Campello, 15/2/2014
- ^ Cataluña tuvo durante la República la ley del aborto más progresista de Europa, El País, 13/2/1983
- ^ Véase el texto del decreto Decreto de Regulación de la Interrupción Artificial del Embarazo, en cgtburgos; también el reportaje de José María Garat, publicó en Mundo Gráfico el 12 de mayo de 1937, descargable desde la Biblioteca Nacional de España -En Cataluña existe ya el aborto legal
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- ^ R v Davidson (Menhennitt ruling) [1969] VicRp 85, [1969] VR 667 (3 June 1969), Supreme Court (Vic, Australia).
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- ^ "Medicine: Abortion on Request". Time. 9 March 1970. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2012. (subscription required)
- ^ "Abortion Reform in Washington State - HistoryLink.org". www.historylink.org. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
- ^ US Office of Population Affairs – Legislation Archived 2008-09-20 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ OPA: PUBLIC LAW 91-572-DEC. 24, 1970 Archived 2011-06-10 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Engelman, Peter C. (2011), A History of the Birth Control Movement in America, ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-0-313-36509-6., p. 184.
- ^ Reagan, Leslie J. (21 September 1998). When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867–1973. University of California Press. ISBN 9780520216570.
- ^ https://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&sxsrf=AOaemvJn0pSrJea8INhVKbaQoPB18f-u2A:1639413811006&q=india%27s+abortion+experience&spell=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju0-CunOH0AhWaj4kEHVGuD78QBSgAegQIARA4&biw=1175&bih=774&dpr=1
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- ^ Aggrawal, Anil (2006). Self Assessment and Review of Forensic Medicine. Pee Pee Publishers. pp. 235–239. ISBN 81-88867-85-3.
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- ^ Duke, Jacqueline (8 April 1986). "New Legislation Varies in Effect On Typical Kentuckian". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. B1.
- ^ Rutherford, Glen (26 August 1988). "Court Upholds Consent Law for Abortions Civil Liberties Union Expected to Challenge Ruling". Lexington Herald-Leader. p. C1.
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- ^ R. v. Morgentaler, 1993 CanLII 74, [1993] 3 SCR 463 (30 September 1993)
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- ^ "750 ILCS 70/ Parental Notice of Abortion Act of 1995". Illinos Compiled Statutes. Illinois General Assembly.
No person shall knowingly perform an abortion upon a minor or upon an incompetent person unless the physician or his or her agent has given at least 48 hours actual notice to an adult family member of the pregnant minor or incompetent person of his or her intention to perform the abortion, unless that person or his or her agent has received a written statement by a referring physician certifying that the referring physician or his or her agent has given at least 48 hours notice to an adult family member of the pregnant minor or incompetent person.
- ^ "ACLU of Illinois Welcomes Governor's Approval of Measure to Repeal the Dangerous Parental Notice of Abortion Law". ACLU of Illinois. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "Compilation of Provisions of the Kansas Statutes Annotated Related to Health Care Providers".
{{cite web}}
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Cependant, si vous souhaitez garder le secret, l'IVG est pratiquée à votre seule demande. Dans cette hypothèse, vous devrez vous faire accompagner dans votre démarche par une personne majeure de votre choix.
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- Mears, Bill; Tom Cohen (30 June 2014). "Supreme Court rules against Obama in contraception case". CNN.
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- ^ See:
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- ^ Zubik v. Burwell, No. 14–1418, 578 U.S. ___, slip op. at 3, 5 (2016) (per curiam).
- ^ Zubik, slip op. at 3–4.
- ^ Zubik, slip op. at 4.
- ^ Zubik, slip op. at 2–3 (Sotomayor, J., concurring).
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{{cite web}}
:|first=
has generic name (help) - ^ "Little Sisters of the Poor v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania". Becket. Retrieved 13 May 2020.
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{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ "Colorado governor signs bill codifying the right to abortion in state law". CBS News. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
{{cite web}}
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External links
- (in Spanish) Los anticonceptivos en la Antigüedad Clásica