There are many mechanisms for creating AI art, including procedural 'rule-based' generation of images using mathematical patterns, algorithms which simulate brush strokes and other painted effects, and artificial intelligence or deep learning algorithms such as generative adversarial networks and transformers.
One of the first significant AI art systems is AARON, developed by Harold Cohen beginning in the late 1960s.[1] AARON is the most notable example of AI art in the era of GOFAI programming because of its use of a symbolic rule-based approach to generate technical images.[2] Cohen developed AARON with the goal of being able to code the act of drawing. In its primitive form, AARON created simple black and white drawings. Cohen would later finish the drawings by painting them. Throughout the years, he also began to develop a way for AARON to also paint. Cohen designed AARON to paint using special brushes and dyes that were chosen by the program itself without mediation from Cohen.[3]
Since their design in 2014, generative adversarial networks (GANs) are often used by AI artists. This system uses a "generator" to create new images and a "discriminator" to decide which created images are considered successful.[4]
DeepDream, released by Google in 2015, is one of the more well-known AI art tools. DeepDream uses a convolutional neural network to find and enhance patterns in images via algorithmic pareidolia, thus creating a dream-like psychedelic appearance in the deliberately over-processed images.[5][6][7]
OpenAI released a series of images in January 2021 created using one of its algorithms "DALL-E". The program can use AI to generate a variety of drawings and pictures based on various text prompts.[8]
Sales
An auction sale of artificial intelligence art was held at Christie's Auction House in New York in 2018, where the AI artwork Edmond de Belamy sold for $432,500, which was almost 45 times higher than its estimate of $7,000-$10,000. The artwork was created by "Obvious", a Paris-based collective.[9][10][11][12]
References
- ^ McCorduck, Pamela (1991). AARONS's Code: Meta-Art. Artificial Intelligence, and the Work of Harold Cohen. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. p. 210. ISBN 0-7167-2173-2.
- ^ Poltronieri, Fabrizio Augusto; Hänska, Max (2019-10-23). "Technical Images and Visual Art in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: From GOFAI to GANs". Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Digital and Interactive Arts. Braga Portugal: ACM: 1–8. doi:10.1145/3359852.3359865. ISBN 978-1-4503-7250-3.
- ^ "Fine art print - crypto art". Kate Vass Galerie. Retrieved 2022-05-07.
- ^ Goodfellow, Ian; Pouget-Abadie, Jean; Mirza, Mehdi; Xu, Bing; Warde-Farley, David; Ozair, Sherjil; Courville, Aaron; Bengio, Yoshua (2014). Generative Adversarial Nets (PDF). Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2014). pp. 2672–2680.
- ^ Mordvintsev, Alexander; Olah, Christopher; Tyka, Mike (2015). "DeepDream - a code example for visualizing Neural Networks". Google Research. Archived from the original on 2015-07-08.
- ^ Mordvintsev, Alexander; Olah, Christopher; Tyka, Mike (2015). "Inceptionism: Going Deeper into Neural Networks". Google Research. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03.
- ^ Szegedy, Christian; Liu, Wei; Jia, Yangqing; Sermanet, Pierre; Reed, Scott E.; Anguelov, Dragomir; Erhan, Dumitru; Vanhoucke, Vincent; Rabinovich, Andrew (2015). "Going deeper with convolutions". IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, CVPR 2015, Boston, MA, USA, June 7–12, 2015. IEEE Computer Society. pp. 1–9. arXiv:1409.4842. doi:10.1109/CVPR.2015.7298594.
- ^ "Here's DALL-E: An algorithm learned to draw anything you tell it". NBC News. 2021-01-27. Retrieved 2021-01-23.
- ^ "Is artificial intelligence set to become art's next medium?". Christie's. 2018-12-12. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- ^ "Portrait by AI program sells for $432,000". BBC News. 2018-10-25. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- ^ Cohn, Gabe (2018-10-25). "AI Art at Christie's Sells for $432,500". New York Times. Retrieved 2019-05-21.
- ^ Cohn, Gabe (2018-10-22). "Up for Bid, AI Art Signed 'Algorithm'". New York Times. Retrieved 2019-05-21.