Eastern Ukraine offensive | |||||||||
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Part of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and the war in Donbas | |||||||||
Clockwise from top left:
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Belligerents | |||||||||
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Units involved | |||||||||
See order of battle | See order of battle | ||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
38,000+ soldiers (late March)[20][21][22] 50,000–62,000 soldiers (early April)[23] 10,000–20,000 mercenaries (per European officials, early April)[24][25][26] 300–500 Syrian and Libyan mercenaries (per ISW, early April)[27] |
125,000 soldiers (in eastern Ukraine)[28] 40,000–50,000 (as of the start of the Battle of Donbas)[29] |
The eastern Ukraine offensive is an ongoing theatre of operation in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in the three provinces (oblasts) of eastern Ukraine: Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast (collectively the Donbas) and Kharkiv Oblast.[30] The invasion is an escalation or intensification of the War in Donbas, which had been waged between Ukraine and pro-Russian separatists since 2014.[31]
The battle of Donbas is one of the major parts of this offensive and is considered the second strategic phase of the Russian invasion.[32]
Overview
Sporadic fighting had been taking place since 2014 between Ukrainian forces and Russian-backed separatists from the Donetsk People's Republic during the war in Donbas.
On 24 February 2022, Russian forces and their separatist allies launched an offensive thrust along lines of contact into the Donbas.[33][34]
Fighting has also taken place in Sievierodonetsk and Avdiivka. At the siege of Mariupol, Russians forces from Crimea were supported by irregular troops from Donetsk People's Republic.[35][36]
On 18 April, Ukrainian and Russian authorities announced the beginning of the battle of Donbas, a large-scale push to capture all of Luhansk and Donetsk Oblasts.[37]
Order of battle
Russia and pro-Russian separatists
Russian Ground Forces
- 1st Guards Tank Army[38]
- 2nd CAA[40]
- 30th Separate Motorized Infantry Brigade[40]
- 5th CAA[41]
- 150th Rifle Division[42]
- 68th Tank Regiment[42]
- 150th Rifle Division[42]
- 6th CAA[38]
- 138th Separate Mechanized Brigade[43]
- 8th CAA[41]
- 15th Separate Guards Motor Rifle Brigade[45][better source needed]
- 20th CAA[38]
- 35th CAA[47]
- 41st CAA[27]
- 45th Engineer Regiment
- 58th CAA[41]
- 90th Guards Tank Division[27]
- 232nd Rocket Artillery Brigade[27]
- 4th Tank Division[49]
- 71st Motor Rifle Regiment[42]
- Central Grouping of Forces[50]
Russian Air Force
- Russian Airborne Forces[51]
- 76th Guards Air Assault Division[52]
- 106th Airborne Division[49]
Russian Navy
- Logistical Support of the Russian Armed Forces
- Russian Railway Troops
- 29th Separate Railway Brigade[56]
- Russian Railway Troops
Kadyrovites
- North Battalion[59]
DPR Armed Forces (DPR 1st Army Corps)[41]
Luhansk People's Militia (LPR 2nd Army Corps)[41]
- Prizrak Brigade[63]
- Cossack battalions[64]
Rusich Company[65]
- Libyan and Syrian contingents[27][24]
- Mercenary pilots[66]
Ukraine
Ukrainian Ground Forces
Ukrainian Air Assault Forces
Ukrainian Navy
- Ukrainian Air Force[78]
- Territorial Defense Forces[79]
- 227th Kharkiv Territorial Defense Battalion[43]
- International Legion of Territorial Defense of Ukraine
- Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion (Belarusian contingent)[80]
- Freedom of Russia Legion[81]
- Dutch volunteers[82]
Ukrainian Ministry of Internal Affairs
- National Guard of Ukraine
- Special Tasks Patrol Police
- National Police of Ukraine[83]
- Ukrainian Border Guard[83]
- Ukrainian Volunteer Corps[88]
- 2nd Separate Battalion[88]
Irregular civilian volunteers (militia)
Timeline
February
25 February
On the morning of 25 February, Russian forces advanced from the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) towards Mariupol. They came up against Ukrainian forces in Pavilopil.[91] The Ukrainians were victorious, destroying at least 20 Russian tanks in the process.[92] In the evening the Russian Navy began an amphibious assault 70 kilometers (43 miles) from Mariupol, along the coast of the Sea of Azov.[93][94]
In Starobilsk, the Ukrainian Armed Forces reportedly destroyed a group of Russian soldiers attempting to cross the river Aidar during a battle.[95]
26 February
Starobilsk was reported to have been heavily damaged by Russian artillery barrages,[96] while Russian forces continued to bombard Mariupol with artillery throughout the day[97]
27 February
On the morning of 27 February, it was reported that a Russian tank column was quickly advancing towards Mariupol from the DPR, but the attack was prevented by Ukrainian forces. Six Russian soldiers were captured.[98]
Luhansk Oblast governor Serhiy Haidai stated that Stanytsia Luhanska and Shchastia were captured by Russian forces, who practically destroyed the settlements with shelling. Donetsk Oblast governor Pavlo Kyrylenko also accused them of destroying Volnovakha.[99]
March
Week 1
1 March
On 1 March, Ukrainian forces began a counteroffensive toward Horlivka, which had been controlled by the DPR since late 2014.[100][101] Russian media claimed that the LPR captured 15 settlements in the Luhansk Oblast.[102][unreliable source?]
2 March
A large Russian convoy of more than 60 vehicles entered Starobilsk on 2 March, but was stopped from advancing by protesting locals.[103] The Verkhovna Rada meanwhile stated that Russian shelling on Izyum killed eight people.[104]
Russian forces entered the town of Balakliia during the day.[105]
Separatist-held Donetsk had been under shelling for several days. Some neighborhoods had no electricity supply and there were burnt cars on the streets.[106]
Ukrainian official Oleksiy Arestovych stated that the Ukrainian forces went on the offensive for the first time during the war, advancing towards Horlivka.[107][108][109] Ihor Zhdanov later claimed that "there were reports" that a part of the city had been captured by Ukrainian forces.[110] According to Ukrainian reports, Ukraine's 95th Air Assault Brigade had begun attacking the city the previous day.[111] The Ukrainian Army stationed themselves at the city's outskirts.[112]
3 March
Ukrainian authorities stated on 3 March that 34 civilians were killed in Russian shelling in Mariupol in the previous 24 hours.[113]
Russian forces entered Svatove during the day but were stopped by protesting locals.[114] The soldiers were later convinced by locals to withdraw from the town.[115] Forces of the Luhansk People's Republic and Russian troops meanwhile captured Novoaidar during the day.[116]
5 March
A ceasefire was declared in Volnovakha to allow civilians to evacuate, but was later scuttled with Ukrainian officials blaming Russian shelling continuing during the evacuation process. They added that about 400 civilians were still able to leave the city. Russian President Vladimir Putin however blamed Ukrainian forces for the breakdown of the ceasefire agreement.[117]
Week 2
6 March
A second attempt to evacuate civilians from Mariupol was prevented as well, with both sides blaming each other.[118] Haidai stated that fighting was taking place on the outskirts of Lysychansk, Sievierodonetsk and Rubizhne, while Popasna and Hirske were being continuously shelled. He added that Ukrainian forces had lost control of Svatove, Starobilsk and Novopskov, but they did not contain any significant presence of Russian troops.[119]
8 March
Ukrainian officials stated that 10 civilians were killed and eight wounded in shelling on Severodonetsk during the day.[120]
9 March
A building acting as a maternity ward and children's hospital in Mariupol was bombed by the Russian Air Force around 17:00, killing three civilians and wounding 17.[120]
10 March
The Ukrainian Defence Ministry claimed that Ukrainian forces were repelling Russian attacks in the areas of Donetsk, Slobozhanske and part of Tavrij.[121]
11 March
The Russian Defense Ministry stated that the forces of the DPR had captured Volnovakha.[122] It also claimed that they had advanced 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) and had further tightened the siege of Mariupol. Videos later posted on social media showed Russian forces in many neighborhoods of Volnovakha.[123] Haidai meanwhile stated that Russian forces had occupied 70% of Luhansk Oblast.[124]
12 March
The Associated Press independently confirmed that Volnovakha had been captured by pro-Russian separatists and much of it had been destroyed in the fighting.[125] On the same day, Ukrainian forces confirmed the death of Colonel Valery Hudz, the commander of the Ukrainian 24th Mechanized Brigade whilst fighting on the Luhansk frontline.[126]
Ukrainian officials accused Russia of using white phosphorus munitions on the town of Popasna, located in the Donetsk Oblast, during the night. Further in the south of the oblast, the Sviatohirsk Lavra monastery was bombed around 22:00, wounding 30 people and damaging the monastery.[127][128]
Pavlo Kyrylenko, the governor of Donetsk Oblast, stated that the settlements of Nikolske, Manhush and Urzuf were occupied by Russian troops. He added that all the cities in the oblast, except for Volnovakha, were under control of Ukrainian forces.[129]
Week 3
13 March
The Russian Defense Ministry stated that Russian forces had captured the settlements of Nikolske, Blahodatne, Volodymyrivka and Pavlivka in Donetsk Oblast.[130] It also claimed that they had freed around 300 civilians held hostage by the Aidar Battalion at a monastery in Nikolske.[131]
The Ukrainian military stated that Russian forces had captured the settlements of Staromlynivka, Yevhenivka, Pavlivka and Yehorivka during the day.[132]
14 March
Donetsk was hit by a missile attack.[133][134] Denis Pushilin, the head of the Donetsk People's Republic, stated that they had shot down a Ukrainian Tochka-U fired on the city of Donetsk, but parts of it fell at the city centre, killing multiple civilians. The Russian Defense Ministry stated that 23 civilians were killed and 28 more wounded. However, the Ukrainian military denied conducting the attack and stated that it was "unmistakably a Russian rocket or another munition,"[135] and open-source investigators (Conflict Intelligence Team) supported this.[136]
Ukrainian forces later said that Russian troops of the 336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade and the 11th Guards Air Assault Brigade had tried to advance in the Donetsk Oblast at 17:00, but were repulsed with up to 100 soldiers killed and six of their vehicles being destroyed.[137]
15 March
Haidai stated that four civilians were killed due to the shelling by Russian forces hitting a hospital, a care facility for children with visual impairment, and three schools in Rubizhne.[138]
Week 4
20 March
Russian officials confirmed that a deputy commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Andrey Paliy was killed in Mariupol.[54]
22 March
The head of the LPR, Leonid Pasechnik, claimed that "almost 80% of the territory" of the Luhansk region is occupied and "Popasnaya, Lisichansk, Rubizhne, Severodonetsk and Kremennaya have not been liberated." He noted that the situation in the battlefields is "stably tense" and units of the People's Militia of the LPR are striving to take Popasnaya and Rubizhne under control.[139]
Russian ministry of defense claimed that forces of the Donetsk People's Republic captured Marinka.[140]
25 March
On 25 March, the Russian defense ministry stated that Russia is prepared to enter the second phase of military operations in seeking to occupy major Ukrainian cities in eastern Ukraine. This was reported by Reuters saying: "Russian news agencies quoted the defence ministry as saying that Russian-backed separatists now controlled 93% of Ukraine's Luhansk region and 54% of the Donetsk region – the two areas that jointly make up the Donbass."[17]
Week 5
28 march
The Luhansk People's Republic claimed to have captured the villages of Ivanivka and Novosadove.[141]
29 March
Late on 29 March, local officials reported a series of explosions outside the Russian city of Belgorod, close to the border with Ukraine. According to Russia's TASS agency, a temporary Russian military camp was hit by a shell fired from the Ukrainian side, wounding at least four.[142][143]
Russian push to fully capture Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts
After Russia abandoned its offensive to capture Kyiv, it shifted its attention to eastern and southern Ukraine. The Russian military began redeploying units from northern Ukraine to the east, but many of these troops appeared to be nearly combat-ineffective due to heavy losses. However, Russia still amassed tens of thousands of troops, declaring its aim to fully capture the Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts.[144][145] It managed to secure Izium on 1 April, although heavy fighting continued around the settlement over the next few days.[146] Russia and the pro-Russian separatists continued to besiege Mariupol, where they made little progress. However, Russian troops managed to divide the Ukrainian holdouts in Mariupol into two or three pockets on 10 April.[147] At the same time, Russia made concentrated efforts to conquer the strategically important cities of Sievierodonetsk, Popasna, and Rubizhne. It launched repeated attacks on these locations from 10 April.[144][147][145] Russia made little progress in these attacks,[145] and Ukraine claimed that it had inflicted a heavy defeat on the Russian 60th Independent Motorized Infantry Brigade [ru; uk] on 11 April.[144]
To support the operations aimed at Sievierodonetsk, Popasna, and Rubizhne, Russia made a push south of Izium toward Barvinkove and Sloviansk. Ukraine responded by shifting more units to hold off the Russians at Izium. At the same time, Russia attacked around Kharkiv to pin down local Ukrainian forces.[147][144][145] Russia had made only limited gains at Izium by 12 April, but more Russian forces continued to arrive, to reinforce the offensive.[145] On 13 April, it was reported that Russia was attempting to assemble a force large enough to outnumber the Ukrainian soldiers in eastern Ukraine by five times, in an attempt to finally win a decisive victory in the Donbas.[148] On 16 April, Russia warned the remaining defenders of Mariupol to surrender; the Ukrainians ignored the demand.[149][150] In Kharkiv increased shelling hit the city, killing five and injuring 13. The BBC reported that multiple air strikes had hit villages and cities in Eastern Ukraine.[151] Russian forces continued to launch localized attacks, probing Ukrainian defenses.[152] Meanwhile, Ukraine launched counter-attacks, and retook several small towns and villages near Kharkiv and Izium.[153]
On 18 April 2022, according to Ukrainian officials, Russia launched a new offensive in the Donbas along a 300-mile front, with 1,260 military targets being hit by rockets and artillery according to Russian officials.[154][155][156][157] Russian commander Rustam Minnekayev later claimed that this renewed offensive aimed at not only seizing Donbas, but also securing southern Ukraine so that Russia could establish a land connection to Transnistria.[158][159] The initial Russian bombardement focused on Rubizhne, Popasna, and Marinka.[153] On the same day, it was reported that Russian and LNR troops had entered the city of Kreminna, capturing it after a few hours of clashes with the Ukrainian Army.[160][161] LNR commander Mikhail Kishchik was killed in this battle.[64] Over the next days, Russia gained little territory despite attacks all across the frontline. Facing heavy Ukrainian resistance, the Russian and separatist forces were able to advance into parts of Rubizhne, Popasna, and Sievierodonetsk. Some reports also suggested that fighting in Kreminna was still ongoing.[27][162][163] By 23 April, Ukrainian counter-attacks had reportedly further stalled the Russian advance.[164]
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20220702110306im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/War_in_Luhansk_Oblast_%282022-05-02%29_01.jpg/220px-War_in_Luhansk_Oblast_%282022-05-02%29_01.jpg)
In the following days, Russia continued its attempts to break through the Ukrainian defenses, possibly to encircle the Izium-Donetsk City salient. Fighting was concentrated at Sievierodonetsk, Rubizhne, Popasna, Marinka, Kharkiv, and Izium.[47][90][38][51] Russia, the LPR, and DPR made limited gains, capturing a number of villages and the towns of Popivka, Pischane, Zhytlivka, and Kreminna.[90][38] However, their overall advance was slow, and stalled in most areas of the frontline. Ukraine also mounted a growing number of counter-attacks at Izium and Kharkiv, gradually expelling Russian forces from a number of settlements.[40][51][52] On 30 April, Ukraine launched a large-scale counter-offensive at Kharkiv, retaking the city's suburbs and several more towns over the following days.[52][165][41][49][166] By 4 May, Russian forces had been pushed back to such a distance that most of their artillery could no longer strike Kharkiv.[165] Meanwhile, Russian and DPR/LPR forces continued their unsuccessful attempts to break through Ukrainian defenses at Izium and the Donetsk-Luhansk frontline.[166][41][167] At this point, the Institute for the Study of Warfare research organization described the continuing Russian offensive operations as "ineffectual".[49] On 7 May, Russian forces destroyed several bridges in an attempt to slow down the Ukrainian counter-offensive at Kharkiv. On the same day, Russia and separatist troops also captured Popasna, though other attacks continued to fail.[42] Following the capture of Popasna, Russia attempted to encircle Sievierodonetsk.[168][169] On 10 May, Ukraine made further major gains at Kharkiv, forcing Russia to redeploy forces from the Izium frontline to the north.[43] In addition, Ukrainian artillery destroyed an entire Russian battalion tactical group attempting a river crossing in the battle of the Siverskyi Donets.[48] Meanwhile, Russia and the DPR attempted to cement their occupation in eastern Ukraine through political and economic means, likely in an attempt to integrate these areas into the existing separatist republics or establish new ones.[170] On the other side, Ukrainian civilians began organizing resistance movements.[90] As Ukrainian forces retook territory around Kharkiv, local civilian collaborators fled to Russia.[165]
On 12 May, Russian forces seized Rubizhne and the nearby town of Voevodivka.[171][172] Heavy fighting subsequzently took place at the village of Dovhenke south of Izium, while Russia continued its attempts to encircle Sievierodonetsk. In the latter operation, Russia had begun to focus on cutting the highway at Bakhmut.[78][173] On 15 May, Ukrainian forces reached the border near Kharkiv, while contining to push back Russian and LPR units.[173] On the following day, the siege of Mariupol was formally concluded as the Ukrainian military personnel in the city's Azovstal agreed to gradually evacuate and surrender to the Russian forces.[173][174] In addition, it was reported that unrest -including public protests- was growing among pro-Russian collaborators and separatists in eastern Ukraine, as they accused Russian forces of corruption, incompetence, and forced mobilizations.[173]
![](https://web.archive.org/web/20220702110306im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_43.jpg/220px-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_43.jpg)
Over the following days, Russia made little to no progress at the Izium frontline, but captured some territory around Popasna and Sievierodonetsk. Despite the slow progress of the pro-Russian forces, Sievierodonetsk and Lysychansk became increasingly threatened of being encircled.[175] Russia also intensified air and artillery strikes targeting Ukrainian positions around Izium, possibly to prepare for renewed attacks.[55][176] At the northern front, Russia and separatist forces retook a few villages and fortified their positions to stall the Ukrainian counter-offensive.[176][55] On 23 May, Russian forces took control of Lyman and attacked Avdiivka.[55] Researchers and military bloggers argued that the new focus on Lyman was the result of Russia scaling down its territorial aims, aiming to achieve a smaller encirclement after failing to break through Ukrainian defenses further west.[177] On 24 May, Russian forces attacked from Pospasna with the aim of cutting off Bakhmut, Lysychansk and Sievierodonetsk, gaining some ground. Ukrainian forces made a controlled withdrawal southwest of Pospasna to strengthen their defensive position at Bakhmut. Russia subsequently captured Svitlodarsk.[177][178]
Ukrainian defence adviser Yuriy Sak has said "The most pressing need at the moment is the so-called multi-launch rocket systems, the MLRS, because they have a longer fire range than what we have at the moment, and they will allow us to redress the imbalance in artillery in the east, and of course this will be a game changer."[179] On 31 May, the United States announced a military aid package that included precision rocket systems with a range of 80 km.[180]
After a fierce month-long battle that ruined much of the city, Russian and LPR forces captured Sievierodonetsk along the Siverskyi Donets river on 25 June.[181] On the same day, the Battle of Lysychansk began.
See also
Notes
- ^ Initially participated in the battle of Mariupol but eventually left to fight in the battle of Kyiv.[73][74]
References
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