Global multihazard mortality risks and distribution (2005).
A natural disaster is a sudden event that always causes widespread destruction, major collateral damage or loss of life, brought about by forces other than the acts of human beings. A natural disaster might be caused by earthquakes, flooding, volcanic eruption, landslide, hurricanes etc. To be classified as a disaster, it will have profound environmental effect and/or human loss and frequently causes financial loss.
Ten deadliest natural disasters by highest estimated death toll excluding epidemics and famines
This list takes into account only the highest estimated death toll for each disaster, and lists them accordingly. It does not include epidemics and famines. It does not include several volcanic eruptions with uncertain death tolls resulting from collateral effects such as crop failures; see List of volcanic eruptions by death toll . The list also does not include the 1938 Yellow River flood , which was caused by the deliberate destruction of dikes.
Death toll (Highest estimate)
Event
Location
Date
4,000,000 [1] [nb 1]
1931 China floods
China
July 1931
2,000,000 [2] [3] [4]
1887 Yellow River flood
September 1887
830,000 [5]
1556 Shaanxi earthquake
January 23, 1556
655,000
1976 Tangshan earthquake
July 28, 1976
500,000 +[1]
1970 Bhola cyclone
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
November 13, 1970
316,000 [6]
2010 Haiti earthquake
Haiti
January 12, 2010
300,000 +[7]
526 Antioch earthquake
Byzantine Empire (now Turkey)
May 526
≈300,000 [8]
1839 Coringa cyclone
Andhra Pradesh , India
November 25, 1839
273,400 [9]
1920 Haiyuan earthquake
China
December 16, 1920
229,000
Typhoon Nina
August 7, 1975
Ten deadliest natural disasters since 1900 excluding epidemics and famines
Note: This list does not include industrial or technological accidents, epidemics, famines or the 1938 Yellow River flood .
Death toll (estimate)
Event*
Location
Date
422,499 –4,000,000[10]
1931 China floods
China
July 1931
242,000–655,000
1976 Tangshan earthquake
July 28, 1976
500,000 +[1]
1970 Bhola cyclone
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)
November 1970
273,400
1920 Haiyuan earthquake
China
December 16, 1920
229,000
1975 Typhoon Nina —contributed to Banqiao Dam failure
August 7, 1975
227,898
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Indian Ocean
December 26, 2004
100,000–316,000 [11]
2010 Haiti earthquake
Haiti
January 12, 2010
145,000
1935 Yangtze flood
China
July 1935
143,000
1923 Great Kantō earthquake
Japan
September 1, 1923
138,866
1991 Bangladesh cyclone
Bangladesh
April 29, 1991
Deadliest natural disasters by year excluding epidemics and famines
20th century
Year
Death toll
Event
Location
Type
Date
1920
200,000–273,400
1920 Haiyuan earthquake
China, Mongolia
Earthquake
December 16
1921
215
September 1921 San Antonio floods
United States
Flood
September 7 –11
1922
50,000–100,000+
1922 Swatow typhoon
Philippines, China
Tropical cyclone
July 27 –August 3
1923
142,800
1923 Great Kantō earthquake
Japan
Earthquake
September 1
1924
1,000
1924 India floods
India
Flood
July
1925
5,000
1925 Dali earthquake
China
Earthquake
March 16
1926
709
1926 Havana–Bermuda hurricane
Cuba, United States, Bahamas, Bermuda
Tropical cyclone
October 14 –28
1927
40,900
1927 Gulang earthquake
China, Tibet
Earthquake
May 22
1928
4,112+
1928 Okeechobee hurricane
United States, Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe, Bahamas, Dominica,
Tropical cyclone
September 12 –21
1929
3,257–3,800
1929 Kopet Dag earthquake
Iran, Turkmenistan
Earthquake
May 1
1930
2,000–8,000
1930 San Zenón hurricane
Dominican Republic
Tropical cyclone
September 3
1931
422,499–4,000,000
1931 China floods
China
Flood
July – November
1932
3,103+
1932 Cuba hurricane
Cayman Islands, Cuba
Tropical cyclone
November 9
1933
6,865–9,300
1933 Diexi earthquake
China
Earthquake
August 25
1934
10,700–12,000
1934 Nepal–India earthquake
Nepal, India
January 15
1935
30,000–60,000
1935 Quetta earthquake
Pakistan
May 31
1936
5,000+
1936 North American heat wave
United States, Canada
Heat wave
June – September
1937
11,021
1937 Great Hong Kong typhoon
China
Tropical cyclone
September 2
1938
715
1938 Hanshin flood
Japan
Flood
July
1939
32,700–32,968
1939 Erzincan earthquake
Turkey
Earthquake
December 27
1940
1,000
1940 Vrancea earthquake
Romania
November 10
1941
1,200
1941 Jizan earthquake
Saudi Arabia
January 11
1942
61,000
1942 West Bengal cyclone
India
Tropical cyclone
October 14 – 18
1943
4,020
1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake
Turkey
Earthquake
November 27
1944
10,000
1944 San Juan earthquake
Argentina
January 15
1945
4,000
1945 Balochistan earthquake
India, Pakistan
November 28
1946
2,550
1946 Dominican Republic earthquake
Dominican Republic
August 4
1947
1,077
Typhoon Kathleen
Japan
Tropical cyclone
September 15
1948
10,000–110,000
1948 Ashgabat earthquake
Russia, Iran
Earthquake
October 6
1949
40,000
1949 Eastern Guatemalan floods
Guatemala
Flood
September 28 – October 14
1950
2,910
1950 Pakistan flood
Pakistan
1951
4,800
1951 Manchuria flood
China
September 18
1952
2,336
1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake
Russia
Earthquake
November 4
1953
2,566
1953 Northern Kyushu flood
Japan
Flood
July
1954
33,000
1954 Yangtze floods
China
June – September
1955
1,023+
Hurricane Janet
Lesser Antilles , Mexico
Tropical cyclone
September 22 – 30
1956
4,935
Typhoon Wanda (1956)
China
August 1
1957
1,200
1957 Hamadan Province earthquake
Iran
Earthquake
December 13
1958
1,269
Typhoon Ida (1958)
Japan
Tropical cyclone
September 26
1959
5,000+
Typhoon Vera
1960
14,174
Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten
East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh )
October 31
1961
11,468
Cyclone Winnie
May 6 – 9
1962
12,225
1962 Buin Zahra earthquake
Iran
Earthquake
September 1
1963
22,000
May 1963 East Pakistan II cyclone
East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh )
Tropical cyclone
May 28
1964
7,000
Tropical Storm Joan (1964)
Vietnam
November 4 – 11
1965
47,000
1965 Bengal cyclones
East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh )
May 11 – 12 and June 1 – 2
1966
2,394–3,000
1966 Varto earthquake
Turkey
Earthquake
August 19
1967
10,000
1967 Paradip cyclone
India
Tropical cyclone
October 26 – 30
1968
15,000
1968 Dasht-e Bayaz and Ferdows earthquakes
Iran
Earthquake
August 31
1969
3,000
1969 Yangjiang earthquake
China
July 26
1970
500,000+
1970 Bhola cyclone
India, East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh )
Tropical cyclone
November 3
1971
100,000
Hanoi and Red River Delta flood
North Vietnam
Flood
August 1
1972
5,374
1972 Qir earthquake
Iran
Earthquake
April 10
1973
1,653
1973 Flores cyclone
Indonesia
Tropical cyclone
April 26 – 30
1974
8,210+
Hurricane Fifi–Orlene
Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico
September 18 – 20
1975
229,000
Typhoon Nina (1975)
China
August 7
1976
242,769–655,000
1976 Tangshan earthquake
Earthquake
July 28
1977
10,000–50,000
1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone
India
Tropical cyclone
November 19
1978
15,000–25,000
1978 Tabas earthquake
Iran
Earthquake
September 16
1979
2,069
Hurricane David
Dominican Republic, Dominica
Tropical cyclone
August 15 – September 8
1980
5,000
1980 El Asnam earthquake
Algeria
Earthquake
October 10
1981
3,000
1981 Golbaf earthquake
Iran
June 11
1982
2,800
1982 North Yemen earthquake
Yemen
December 13
1983
1,342
1983 Erzurum earthquake
Turkey
October 30
1984
1,474
Typhoon Ike
Philippines
Tropical cyclone
August 26 – September 6
1985
23,000
Armero tragedy
Colombia
Volcanic eruption
November 14
1986
1,746
Lake Nyos disaster
Cameroon
Limnic eruption
August 21
1987
5,000
1987 Ecuador earthquakes
Ecuador
Earthquake
March 6
1988
25,000
1988 Armenian earthquake
Armenia
December 7
1989
3,814
1989 Sichuan flood
China
Flood
July 27
1990
50,000
1990 Manjil–Rudbar earthquake
Iran
Earthquake
June 21
1991
138,866
1991 Bangladesh cyclone
Bangladesh
Tropical cyclone
April 24 – 30
1992
2,500
1992 Flores earthquake and tsunami
Indonesia
Earthquake, Tsunami
December 12
1993
9,748
1993 Latur earthquake
India
Earthquake
September 30
1994
1,100
1994 Páez River earthquake
Colombia
June 6
1995
6,434
Great Hanshin earthquake
Japan
January 17
1996
1,077
1996 Andhra Pradesh cyclone
India
Tropical cyclone
November 4 – 7
1997
3,123
Tropical Storm Linda (1997)
Vietnam, Thailand
Tropical cyclone, Flood
November 1 – 9
1998
11,374
Hurricane Mitch
Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico
Tropical cyclone
October 22 – November 9
1999
17,127
1999 İzmit earthquake
Turkey
Earthquake
August 17
2000
800
2000 Mozambique flood
Mozambique
Flood
February – March
21st century
Year
Death toll
Event
Location
Type
Date
2001
20,085
2001 Gujarat earthquake
India
Earthquake
January 26
2002
1,030
2002 Indian heat wave
Heat wave
May
2003
70,000
2003 European heat wave
France, Portugal, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Sweden, Italy, Luxemburg, Ireland
July – August
2004
227,898
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand, Somalia
Earthquake, Tsunami
December 26
2005
87,351
2005 Kashmir earthquake
India, Pakistan
Earthquake
October 8
2006
5,782
2006 Yogyakarta earthquake
Indonesia
May 26
2007
15,000
Cyclone Sidr
Bangladesh, India
Tropical cyclone
November 11 – 16
2008
138,373
Cyclone Nargis
Myanmar
April 27 – May 3
2009
1,115
2009 Sumatra earthquakes
Indonesia
Earthquake
September 30
2010
100,000–316,000
2010 Haiti earthquake
Haiti
January 12
2011
19,749
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Japan
Earthquake, Tsunami
March 11
2012
1,901
Typhoon Bopha
Philippines
Tropical cyclone
December 4 – 5
2013
6,340
Typhoon Haiyan
Philippines, Vietnam, China
November 8 – 10
2014
2,700
2014 Badakhshan mudslides
Afghanistan
Landslide
May 2
2015
8,964
April 2015 Nepal earthquake
Nepal, India
Earthquake
April 25
2016
1,111[12]
2016 Indian heat wave
India
Heat wave
April – May
2017
3,059
Hurricane Maria
Puerto Rico, Dominica
Tropical cyclone
September 19 – 21
2018
4,340
2018 Sulawesi earthquake and tsunami
Indonesia
Earthquake, Tsunami
September 28
2019
1,600+
2019 Indian floods
India, Nepal
Flood
June – October
2020
1,922[13]
2020 Indian floods
India, Bangladesh
June – September
2021
2,248
2021 Haiti earthquake
Haiti
Earthquake
August 14
2022
435
2022 KwaZulu-Natal floods
South Africa
Flood
April 8 – 21
Lists of natural disasters by cause
Ten deadliest earthquakes
Rank
Death toll (estimate)
Event
Location
Date
1.
830,000
1556 Shaanxi earthquake
Ming dynasty (now China)
January 23, 1556
2.
242,769 –655,000[14]
1976 Tangshan earthquake
China
July 28, 1976
3.
100,000−316,000
2010 Haiti earthquake
Haiti
January 12, 2010
4.
273,400 [9]
1920 Haiyuan earthquake
Ningxia , Republic of China (now China)
December 16, 1920
5.
250,000 –300,000[7]
526 Antioch earthquake
Byzantine Empire (now Turkey )
May 526
6.
260,000 [15]
115 Antioch earthquake
Roman Empire (now Turkey )
December 13, 115
7.
230,000
1138 Aleppo earthquake
Zengid dynasty (now Syria )
October 11, 1138
1139 Ganja earthquake
Azerbaijan and Georgia
20 September 1139
8.
227,898
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
Indonesia
December 26, 2004
9.
200,000
1303 Hongdong earthquake [16]
Mongol Empire (now China)
September 17, 1303
856 Damghan earthquake
Abbasid Caliphate (now Iran )
December 22, 856
1780 Tabriz earthquake
Iran
January 8, 1780
Ten deadliest famines
Note: Some of these famines may have been caused or partially caused by humans.
Note: This list is ranked by number of deaths not deaths per capita, as in the percentage of the population.
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
15,000,000–55,000,000
Great Chinese Famine
China
1959 –1961
2.
25,000,000[17]
Chinese famine of 1906–1907
1906 –1907
3.
9,000,000–13,000,000[18]
Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879
1876 –1879
4.
11,000,000
Chalisa famine
India
1783 –1784
Doji bara famine or Skull famine
1789 –1793
6.
10,000,000
Great Bengal famine of 1770 , incl. Bihar & Orissa
British India
1769 –1773
7.
7,500,000
Great European Famine
Europe
1315 –1317
8.
7,400,000
Deccan famine of 1630–1632
Mughal Empire , now India
1630 –1632
9.
5,000,000–8,000,000
Soviet famine of 1932–1933
Soviet Union
1932 –1933
10.
5,500,000
Indian Great Famine of 1876–1878
British India
1876 –1878
Deadliest impact events
Note: Although there have been no scientifically verified cases of astronomical objects resulting in human fatalities, there have been several reported occurrences throughout human history. Consequently, the casualty figures for all events listed are considered unofficial.
Rank
Death toll (unofficial)
Location
Date
Notes
1.
10,000+
Qingyang , Gansu, China
1490
1490 Ch'ing-yang event
2.
"Tens"
Changshou District , Chongqing, China
1639
10 homes destroyed[19] [20]
3.
10+
China
616 AD
a large meteorite fell onto the rebel Lu Ming-Yueh's camp, destroying a wall-attacking tower[20] [21]
4.
2
Malacca ship, Indian Ocean
1648
2 sailors killed on board a ship[20]
Podkamennaya Tunguska River , Siberia , Russian Empire
1908
Tunguska event [19]
6.
1
Cremona , Lombardy, Italy
1511
a monk and several animals were killed by stones weighing up to 50 kg (110 lb)[20]
Milan , Lombardy, Italy
1633 or 1664
a monk died after being struck on the thigh by a meteorite[20]
Gascony , France
1790
a farmer was reportedly struck and killed by a meteorite[20]
Oriang, Malwate, India
1825
[19] [22]
Chin-kuei Shan, China
1874
a cottage was crushed by a meteorite, killing a child[19] [23]
Newtown, Indiana , United States *
1879
a man was killed in bed by a meteorite[19] *later revealed to be a hoax[24]
Dun-le-Poëlier , France
1879
a farmer was killed by a meteorite[19]
Zvezvan, Yugoslavia
1929
a meteorite hit a bridal party[19]
Deadliest limnic eruptions
Note: Only 2 cases in recorded history.
Ten deadliest wildfires/bushfires
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
1,200–2,500
Peshtigo Fire
Wisconsin , United States
October 8, 1871
2.
1,200
Kursha-2 Fire
Soviet Union
August 3, 1936
3.
453
Cloquet Fire [25]
Minnesota , United States
October 12, 1918
4.
418+
Great Hinckley Fire
September 1, 1894
5.
282
Thumb Fire
Michigan , United States
September 5, 1881
6.
240
1997 Indonesian forest fires [26] [27]
Sumatra and Kalimantan , Indonesia
September 1997
7.
160–300
Miramichi Fire
Canada
October 7, 1825
8.
223
Matheson Fire
Ontario , Canada
July 29, 1916
9.
191
Black Dragon Fire [26] [27]
China and Soviet Union
May 1, 1987
10.
173
Black Saturday bushfires [26] [27]
Australia
February 7, 2009
Ten deadliest avalanches/landslides
Rank
Death toll (estimate)
Event
Location
Date
1.
100,000
1786 Dadu River landslide dam ; triggered by the 1786 Kangding-Luding earthquake [28]
China
1786
1920 Haiyuan landslides; triggered by the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake [28]
1920
3.
22,000
1970 Huascarán avalanche; triggered by the 1970 Ancash earthquake [29]
Peru
1970
4.
10,000 –30,000
Vargas tragedy [30]
Venezuela
1999
10,000
White Friday avalanches [31] [32]
Italy
1916
6.
5,000 –28,000
Khait landslide [33] [34]
Tajikistan
1949
7.
4,000 –6,000
1941 Huaraz avalanche[35]
Peru
1941
4,000
1962 Huascarán avalanche[29]
1962
9.
3,466
1310 Western Hubei landslide[28]
China
1310
10.
3,429
1933 Diexi landslides [28]
1933
Ten deadliest blizzards
Ten deadliest floods
Note: Some of these floods and landslides may be partially caused by humans – for example, by failure of dams, levees , seawalls or retaining walls . This list does not include the man-made 1938 Yellow River flood caused entirely by a deliberate man-made act (an act of war, destroying dikes).
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
422,499–4,000,000[10]
1931 China floods
China
1931
2.
900,000–2,000,000
1887 Yellow River (Huang He) flood
1887
3.
230,000[36]
1975 Banqiao Dam failure
1975
4.
145,000
1935 Yangtze flood
1935
5.
100,000+
St. Felix's flood , storm surge
Holy Roman Empire
1530
7.
100,000[citation needed ]
1911 Yangtze River flood
China
1911
8.
100,000[37] [38] [39] [40]
The flood of 1099
Netherlands & England
1099
9.
50,000–80,000[38]
St. Lucia's flood , storm surge
Holy Roman Empire
1287
10.
60,000
North Sea flood, storm surge
1212
Ten deadliest heat waves
Note: Measuring the number of deaths caused by a heat wave requires complicated statistical analysis, since heat waves tend to cause large numbers of deaths among people weakened by other conditions. As a result, the number of deaths is only known with any accuracy for heat waves in the modern era in countries with developed healthcare systems.
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
70,000
2003 European heat wave
Europe
2003
2.
56,000
2010 Russian heat wave
Russia
2010
3.
9,500
1901 eastern United States heat wave
United States
1901
4.
5,000–10,000
1988–90 North American drought
1988
5.
3,418
2006 European heat wave
Europe
2006[41]
6.
2,541
1998 India heat wave
India
1998[41]
7.
2,500
2015 Indian heat wave
2015
8.
2,000
2015 Pakistan heat wave
Pakistan
2015
9.
1,700–5,000
1980 United States heat wave
United States
1980
10.
1,718[42]
2010 Japanese heat wave
Japan
2010
Ten deadliest pandemics / epidemics
Death counts are historical totals unless indicated otherwise.
Events in boldface are ongoing.
Ten deadliest tornadoes
Ten deadliest tropical cyclones
Note: Earlier versions of this list have included the so-called 'Bombay Cyclone of 1882 ' in tenth position, but this supposed event has been proven to be a hoax .
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
500,000+
1970 Bhola cyclone
East Pakistan (now Bangladesh )
November 13, 1970
2.
300,000
1839 Coringa cyclone [8]
British India (now India )
November 25, 1839
3.
300,000+
1737 Calcutta cyclone
British India (now India)
October 27, 1737
4.
229,000
Super Typhoon Nina —contributed to Banqiao Dam failure
China
August 7, 1975
5.
200,000[60]
Great Backerganj Cyclone of 1876
British Raj (now Bangladesh )
October 30, 1876
6.
138,866
1991 Bangladesh cyclone
Bangladesh
April 29, 1991
7.
138,373
Cyclone Nargis
Myanmar
May 2, 2008
8.
100,000
July 1780 typhoon[61]
Philippines
1780
9.
10,000–50,000
1977 Andhra Pradesh cyclone
India
November 14, 1977
10.
15,000
1999 Odisha cyclone
India
October 29, 1999
Ten deadliest tsunamis
Note: A possible tsunami in 1782 that caused about 40,000 deaths in the Taiwan Strait area may have been of "meteorological" origin (a cyclone). [62]
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
227,898
2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
Indian Ocean
December 26, 2004
2.
123,000 [1]
1908 Messina earthquake
Italy
December 28, 1908
3.
36,417
1883 eruption of Krakatoa
Indonesia
August 27, 1883
4.
40,000 –50,000[63]
1755 Lisbon earthquake
Portugal
November 1, 1755
5.
30,000 –100,000
Minoan eruption
Greece
2nd Millennium BC
6.
31,000
1498 Meiō earthquake
Japan
September 20, 1498
7.
30,000
1707 Hōei earthquake
October 28, 1707
8.
27,122 [64]
1896 Sanriku earthquake
June 15, 1896
9.
25,674
1868 Arica earthquake
Chile
August 13, 1868
10.
5,700 [65] –50,000[66]
365 Crete earthquake
Greece
July 21, 365
Ten deadliest volcanic eruptions
Rank
Death toll
Event
Location
Date
1.
71,000+[67]
1815 eruption of Mount Tambora (see also Year Without a Summer )
Indonesia
April 10, 1815
2.
36,000+[68]
1883 eruption of Krakatoa
August 27, 1883
3.
30,000[69]
1902 eruption of Mount Pelée
Martinique
May 7, 1902
4.
23,000[70]
Armero tragedy
Colombia
November 13, 1985
5.
15,000[71]
1792 Unzen earthquake and tsunami
Japan
May 21, 1792
6.
13,000[72]
Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD
Italy
79
7.
10,000+
1586 Kelud eruption
Indonesia
1586
8.
6,000[73]
1902 Santa Maria eruption
Guatemala
October 24, 1902
9.
5,000[74]
1919 Kelud mudflow
Indonesia
May 19, 1919
10.
4,011[75]
1822 Galunggung eruption
1822
See also
Other lists organized by death toll
Notes
^ Estimate by Nova 's sources are close to 4 million and yet Encarta's sources report as few as 1 million. Expert estimates report wide variance.
References
^ a b c d The world's worst natural disasters Calamities of the 20th and 21st centuries CBC News'.' Retrieved October 29, 2010.
^ "Top 10 Deadliest Natural Disasters" . Listverse . September 7, 2007.
^ "NOVA Online | Flood! | Dealing with the Deluge" . PBS. Retrieved August 11, 2010 .
^ April 2018, Stephanie Pappas-Live Science Contributor 02 (December 17, 2020). "Top 11 Deadliest Natural Disasters in History" . livescience.com .
^ "Top 10 Deadliest Earthquakes" . Time . January 13, 2010. Archived from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved May 8, 2010 .
^ Research, CNN Editorial (December 12, 2013). "Haiti Earthquake Fast Facts" . CNN .
^ a b Paula Dunbar. "Significant Earthquake" . Ngdc.noaa.gov. Retrieved February 13, 2014 .
^ a b "The Worst Natural Disasters by Death Toll" (PDF) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. April 6, 2008. Retrieved March 11, 2011 .
^ a b "Death toll of 1920 China earthquake higher than previously estimated" . Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved February 13, 2014 .
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