During the presidency of Barack Obama, the United States began providing Saudi Arabia with critical support to "sustain" the Saudi Arabian–led intervention in the Yemeni Civil War,[1] later expanded during the presidency of Donald Trump.[2] This support included logistical and intelligence aid. Trump vetoed a bipartisan bill in 2019 aimed at stopping U.S. support for the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen. In 2021, Joe Biden vowed to halt U.S. support for the war, though U.S. arms sales to the coalition have continued.[3][4]
From 2015 to 2019, Saudi Arabia was reportedly the largest importer of U.S. arms.[2]
Background
The ongoing Yemeni Civil War began in September 2014, when Houthi forces took over the capital city of Sanaa. The incident was followed by a rapid Houthi takeover of the government. On 21 March 2015, the Houthi-led Supreme Revolutionary Committee declared a general mobilization to overthrow Yemeni president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, and expand their control by driving into southern provinces.[5] By 25 March, Lahij fell to the Houthis and they reached the outskirts of Aden, the seat of power for Hadi's government. Hadi fled the country the same day.[5]
A coalition led by Saudi Arabia launched military operations by using air strikes to restore the former Yemeni government. The United States has provided intelligence and logistical support for the Saudi-led campaign,[6] which continues despite the Biden administration's pledges to withdraw U.S. support for Saudi Arabia in the Yemeni Civil War.[1][7]
Timeline
Obama administration
President Barack Obama said in March 2015 that he has authorized U.S. soldiers to give logistical and intelligence aid to the Saudis in their military action in Yemen, launching a "Joint Planning Cell" with Saudi Arabia.[8] This support involves aerial refueling, which allows coalition aircraft to spend more time over Yemen, and allowing some coalition members to home base aircraft instead of transferring them to Saudi Arabia.[9]
On 13 October 2016, the USS Nitze fired Tomahawk missiles against Houthi-controlled radar installations "in the Dhubab district of Taiz province, a remote area overlooking the Bab al-Mandab Straight known for fishing and smuggling."[10]
Trump administration
U.S. support for the Saudi-led coalition was expanded during the presidency of Donald Trump, who "announced plans to increase training for the Saudi air force," and according to a 2020 report, "authorized $27.4bn in U.S. arms sales to Saudi Arabia during his first three years in office." Trump's administrator's deal with Saudi Arabia included precision-guided bombs to Saudi Arabia and the upgrade of its F-15 aircraft, which U.S supplies.[2]
Trump vetoed a bipartisan bill in April 2019 that sought to stop U.S. backing for the Saudi-led military involvement[13] and the United States Senate failed to overturn the veto with 53 votes instead of the 67 required.[14]
Biden administration
On February 4, 2021, Joe Biden declared a halt to U.S. backing for Saudi-led operations in Yemen.[15] Biden called in his first address as the U.S. president for the Yemen war to end,[16] saying that the war has "created a humanitarian and strategic catastrophe." Nonetheless, the humanitarian situation in Yemen has worsened in many ways since Biden took office, according to The Intercept.[1] U.S. has continued selling arms to the Saudi-led coalition.[3][4]
Secretary of State Antony Blinken withdrew the Houthis from a terror list issued by his predecessor, Mike Pompeo, in his final days, which the U.N. and many relief organizations had warned would have significant consequences for the almost 24 million Yemeni people who are living in Houthi-held territory. The Biden administration said that the lifting of the designation was primarily meant to "alleviate or at least not worsen the suffering of the Yemeni civilians who live under Houthi control," which was not effective according to the field visit by David Beasley, Executive Director of World Food Program, who "sounded the alarm" adding that one of the most serious consequences of the fuel shortage was widespread power outages at hospitals. When asked in January 2022 if he would consider the UAE's request that the U.S. re-designate the Houthis as a terrorist organization, Biden indicated the move was "under consideration."[1]
Analysis
Saudi Arabia has reportedly remained the world's largest importer of U.S. arms since the war in Yemen began, with major imports increasing by 130 percent from 2015 to 2019 compared to the previous five-year period.[2] Saudi Arabia has been historically receiving security assistance from the U.S. since 1945 when Roosevelt met King Abdul Aziz and agreed a deal.[17] Restoring the UN-recognized government of Yemen and defending Saudi Arabia borders against possible Yemen-based Houthis are among the U.S. stated goals for assisting the Saudi led operations in Yemen.[18]
According to an Al Jazeera report, a motive for U.S. aid could be the diplomatic logic of lowering S.A.'s opposition to the Iranian nuclear deal by supporting them.[19] Another viewpoint held by certain U.S. military officers is that confronting Iran takes strategic priority over fighting Al-Qaeda and ISIL. According to press reports in 2015, many individuals in the US SOCOM embrace the Houthis because they have proven effective in combating al-Qaeda and ISIL, recently, "something that hundreds of U.S. drone strikes and large numbers of advisers to Yemen's military had failed to accomplish".[19]
According to the Brookings Institution, Biden's approach is "fatally flawed," considering that little has changed since Biden's promise to end U.S. support for the offensive operation in Yemen led by Saudi Arabia. Another flaw in Biden's approach stems from the fact that "he did not call for an immediate end to the Saudi blockade of Yemen." Brookings added that Biden not only did contribute to the humanitarian disaster, but he also "signaled" that the blockade was an acceptable condition for negotiation.[16]
Bruce Riedel, a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, told Aljazeera in 2021 that "the United States provides spare parts, munitions, technical assistance, all kinds of things to the Saudi military, which enable its offensive operations."[2]
A joint analysis by The Washington Post and Security Force Monitor at Columbia Law School’s Human Rights Institute (SFM) revealed the depth of U.S. support in the air campaigns carried out by Saudi-led coalition in Yemen. As per the analysis, a number of air raids were carried out by jets developed, maintained and sold by U.S. companies, and by pilots who were trained by the U.S. military. According to an estimate by the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED), around 15,000 Yemeni people were killed by the devastating air campaigns carried out by Saudi-led coalition. The majority of the squadrons that participated in the air campaign came from Saudi Arabia and the UAE, receiving substantial U.S. assistance.[20]
Human rights record
Joe Biden has described the U.S. support for Saudi-led coalition as "Donald Trump's 'blank check' for Saudi Arabia's human rights abuses at home and abroad."[1] According to a March 2016 Human Rights Watch assessment, the U.S. involvement in certain military actions, including as target selection and aerial refueling during Saudi air raids "may make US forces jointly responsible for laws-of-war violations by coalition forces".[21] According to the Guardian reporting in September, one in every three bombing raids targeted civilian targets.[22]
Mohamad Bazzi contended in "The Nation" that Michael Mulroy's defense of U.S. backing as necessary to limit civilian casualties was untrue and that "Saudi leaders and their allies have ignored American entreaties to minimize civilian casualties since the war's early days"; both Saudi Arabia and the United States can be considered to have committed laws-of-war violations.[23]
According to the Office of Inspector General report issued in August 2020, the State Department watchdog found that Secretary of State Mike Pompeo declared an emergency to facilitate the sale of arms worth billions of dollars to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Jordan, in accordance with legal requirements. However, the report also found that the threats to civilian life in Yemen associated with the weaponry sale were not fully reviewed when the emergency was declared. Additionally, the study stated that the State Department's frequent authorization of arms sales to the Gulf states, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, exceeded the limits of AECA.[24]
References
- ^ a b c d e Almosawa, Shuaib (16 March 2022). "As U.S. Focuses on Ukraine, Yemen Starves". The Intercept. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ^ a b c d e Stepansky, Joseph. "US ending aid to Saudi-led forces in Yemen, but questions persist". Aljazeera. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- ^ a b "Biden pledges US support against Houthi attacks to Saudi king". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ a b Riedel, Annelle R. Sheline and Bruce (2021-09-16). "Biden's broken promise on Yemen". Brookings. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ a b Abdul-Aziz Oudah. "Yemen observer". Archived from the original on 21 November 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia Begins Air Assault in Yemen". The New York Times. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 25 March 2015.
- ^ "Biden Doubles Down on a Failed Yemen Policy". Human Rights Watch. 15 February 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia launches air attacks in Yemen". The Washington Post. 25 March 2015.
- ^ Akbar Shahid Ahmed (10 August 2016). "Obama Could End The Slaughter in Yemen Within Hours". HuffPost. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
- ^ Stewart, Phil (13 October 2016). "U.S. military strikes Yemen after missile attacks on U.S. Navy ship". Reuters. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
- ^ "U.S. carrier moving off the coast of Yemen to block Iranian arms shipments". USA Today. 20 April 2015.
- ^ McKernan, Bethan (7 November 2018). "Battle rages in Yemen's vital port as showdown looms". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
The port has been blockaded by the Saudi-led coalition for the past three years, a decision aid organizations say has been the main contributing factor to the famine that threatens to engulf half of Yemen's 28 million population.
- ^ Pilkington, Ed (April 17, 2019). "Dismay as Trump vetoes bill to end US support for war in Yemen". The Guardian. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
- ^ Demirjian, Karoun; Ryan, Missy (May 2, 2019). "Senate fails to override Trump's veto of resolution demanding end to U.S. involvement in Yemen war". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
- ^ "Biden announces end to US support for Saudi-led offensive in Yemen". The Guardian. 4 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
- ^ a b R. Sheline, Riedel; Riedel, Bruce (16 September 2021). "Biden's broken promise on Yemen". Brookings. Retrieved 2 April 2022.
- ^ "The Saudi-led War in Yemen: Frequently Asked Questions". Friends Committee On National Legislation. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- ^ "U.S. Support for Saudi Military Operations in Yemen". www.csis.org. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- ^ a b Mark Perry (17 April 2015). "US generals: Saudi intervention in Yemen 'a bad idea'". Al Jazeera.
- ^ "Saudi-led airstrikes in Yemen have been called war crimes. Many relied on U.S. support". The Washington Post. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ "Yemen: Embargo Arms to Saudi Arabia". Human Rights Watch. 21 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
- ^ "One in three Saudi air raids on Yemen hit civilian sites, data shows". the Guardian. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
- ^ Bazzi, Mohamad (17 May 2019). "Both Saudi Arabia and the United States Are Probably Guilty of War Crimes in Yemen" – via www.thenation.com.
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(help) - ^ "Review of the Department of State's Role in Arms Transfers to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates" (PDF). Office of Inspector General. Retrieved 11 August 2020.