This is a list of cities and/or their metropolitan areas in the world by GDP. The methodology may differ between the studies and are widely based on projections and sometimes approximate estimations, notably for non-OECD cities (refer to sources for more information.)
City | Country | Geographical zone[1] |
Official est. Nominal GDP ($BN) |
Brookings Institution[2] 2014 est. PPP-adjusted GDP ($BN) |
PwC[3] 2008 est. PPP-adjusted GDP ($BN) |
McKinsey[4] 2010 est. Nominal GDP ($BN) |
Other est. Nominal GDP ($BN) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aberdeen | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [5] | 11.3 (2008)||||
Abidjan | Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) | Africa | 13 | ||||
Abu Dhabi | United Arab Emirates | Western Asia | [6] | 119178.3 | 67.1 | ||
Addis Ababa | Ethiopia | Africa | 12 | ||||
Adelaide | Australia | Oceania | [7] | 65.8 (2011-12)47.4 | |||
Ahmedabad | India | South Asia | 49 | 12 | [8] | 64||
Albuquerque | United States | North America | [9] | 42.046 (2014)39.9 | |||
Alexandria | Egypt | Africa | 32.4 | 46 | |||
Algiers | Algeria | Africa | 45 | ||||
Amsterdam | Netherlands | Western Europe | [Note 1] | 320.647 | |||
Anápolis | Brazil | South America | [10] | 6.740 (2011)||||
Ankara | Turkey | Western Asia | 104.9 | 58 | 64.9 | ||
Athens | Greece | Southern Europe | 129.6 | 96 | |||
Atlanta | United States | North America | [9] | 324.881 (2014)294.4 | 304 | 249.7 | [11] | 242.4
Auckland | New Zealand | Oceania | 49.5 | 55 | |||
Austin | United States | North America | [9] | 115.262 (2014)107.4 | |||
Baghdad | Iraq | Western Asia | 24 | ||||
Santos | Brazil | South America | [10] | 28.609 (2011)||||
Baltimore | United States | North America | [9] | 173.516 (2014)173.7 | 137 | [11] | 118.1|
Bandung | Indonesia | South-East Asia | 21 | ||||
Bangalore | India | South Asia | 45.3 | 69 | 28.6 | [8] | 83|
Bangkok | Thailand | South-East Asia | 306.8 | 119 | 105.0 | ||
Barcelona | Spain | Southern Europe | 171.0 | 177 | |||
Baton Rouge | United States | North America | [9] | 51.149 (2014)53.5 | |||
Beijing | China | East Asia | 506.1 | 166 | 206.2 | ||
Belfast | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [5] | 10.9 (2008)||||
Belo Horizonte | Brazil | South America | [10] | 54.996 (2011)84.7 | 61 | 78.5 | |
Berlin | Germany | Western Europe | 157.7 | 95 | |||
Bilbao | Spain | Southern Europe | 38.5 | ||||
Birmingham | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 121.1 | 90 | |||
Birmingham | United States | North America | [9] | 62.187 (2014)54.164 | |||
Bogotá | Colombia | South America | 159.9 | 100 | 221.1 (2015) | ||
Boston | United States | North America | [9] | 382.459 (2014)360.1 | 363 | [11] | 261.1|
Brasília | Brazil | South America | [10] | 164.482 (2011)141.9 | 110 | 101.6 | |
Bridgeport | United States | North America | [9] | 97.225 (2014)||||
Brisbane | Australia | Oceania | [12] | 132.2 (2011-12)96.6 | |||
Bristol | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 47.7 | ||||
Brussels | Belgium | Western Europe | 254.3 | 83 | |||
Bucharest | Romania | Eastern Europe | 72.4 | ||||
Budapest | Hungary | Central Europe | 98.0 | 53 | |||
Buenos Aires | Argentina | South America | 315.9 | 362 | 191.7 | ||
Busan | Korea | East Asia | 296.5 | 121 | |||
Cairo | Egypt | Africa | 102.2 | 145 | |||
Calgary | Canada | North America | 97.9 | ||||
Cambridge | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [13] | 18.6||||
Campinas | Brazil | South America | [10] | 40.525 (2011)59.3 | |||
Campo Grande | Brazil | South America | [10] | 9.211 (2011)||||
Campos dos Goytacazes | Brazil | South America | [10] | 16.174 (2011)||||
Cape Town | South Africa | Africa | 58.9 | 103 | |||
Caracas | Venezuela | South America | 51.8 | 41 | |||
Casablanca | Morocco | Africa | 37.9 | 33 | |||
Changchun | China | East Asia | 124.5 | 26 | |||
Changsha | China | East Asia | 186.4 | 40.3 | |||
Changzhou | China | East Asia | 110.9 | 34.3 | |||
Charlotte | United States | North America | [9] | 143.628 (2014)126.2 | |||
Chengdu | China | East Asia | 233.5 | 33 | 57.8 | ||
Chennai | India | South Asia | 58.6 | 66 | 17 | [8] | 66|
Chicago | United States | North America | [9] | 610.552 (2014)563.2 | 574 | 496.4 | [11] | 461.4
Chittagong | Bangladesh | South Asia | 24 | ||||
Chongqing | China | East Asia | 232.22 | 315.6 | 57 | 88.6 | |
Cincinnati | United States | North America | [9] | 121.407 (2014)110.9 | |||
Cleveland | United States | North America | [9] | 124.609 (2014)115.1 | 112 | [11] | 99.3|
Columbus | United States | North America | [9] | 117.824 (2014)108.9 | |||
Copenhagen | Denmark | Northern Europe | [Note 2] | 127.049 | |||
Coventry | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [5] | 7.4 (2008)||||
Curitiba | Brazil | South America | [10] | 58.082 (2011)57.7 | 44 | ||
Daegu | Korea | East Asia | 54.5 | 43 | |||
Daejeon | Korea | East Asia | 39.6 | ||||
Dalian | China | East Asia | 198.8 | 53.8 | |||
Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington | United States | North America | [9] | 504.358 (2014)412.7 | 338 | 324.9 | [11] | 315.5
Dar es Salaam | Tanzania | Africa | 8 | ||||
Delhi | India | South Asia | 293.6 | 167 | 47.6 | [8] | 167|
Denver | United States | North America | [9] | 187.111 (2014)169.7 | 165 | [11] | 131.6|
Detroit | United States | North America | [9] | 236.500 (2014)207.5 | 253 | [11] | 198.6|
Dhaka | Bangladesh | South Asia | 78 | 29 | |||
Doha | Qatar | Western Asia | 98.8 | ||||
Dongguan | China | East Asia | 141.1 | 62.7 | |||
Dubai | United Arab Emirates | Western Asia | 82.9 | ||||
Dublin | Ireland | Northern Europe | 90.1 | 61 | |||
Durban | South Africa | Africa | 48.9 | ||||
East Rand | South Africa | Africa | 55.3 | 54 | |||
Edinburgh | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [5] | 20.5 (2008)32.5 | |||
Edmonton | Canada | North America | 83.0 | ||||
Faisalabad | Pakistan | South Asia | 14 | ||||
Fortaleza | Brazil | South America | [10] | 42.010 (2011)35.2 | 25 | ||
Foshan | China | East Asia | 184.5 | 83.5 | |||
Frankfurt | Germany | Western Europe | 230.0 | ||||
Fukuoka | Japan | East Asia | [Note 3] | 193.388 | |||
Fuzhou | China | East Asia | 117.4 | 23.4 | |||
Glasgow | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [5] | 21.356.7 | |||
Goiânia | Brazil | South America | [10] | 22.763 (2011)||||
Guadalajara | Mexico | North America | 80.7 | 81 | |||
Guangzhou | China | East Asia | 380.3 | 143 | 146.1 | ||
Gwangju | Korea | East Asia | 36.7 | ||||
Hamburg | Germany | Western Europe | 161.4 | 74 | |||
Hangzhou | China | East Asia | 219.5 | 70.5 | |||
Hanoi | Vietnam | East Asia | 42 | ||||
Harbin | China | East Asia | 127.9 | 38.8 | |||
Hartford | United States | North America | [9] | 85.558 (2014)||||
Hefei | China | East Asia | 120.9 | 31.2 | |||
Helsinki | Finland | Northern Europe | 77.1 | 58 | |||
Ho Chi Minh City | Vietnam | South-East Asia | 71.1 | 58 | |||
Hong Kong | Hong Kong SAR, China | East Asia | [14] | 293 (2013)416.0 | 320 | 224.5 | [15] | 258.0
Houston | United States | North America | [9] | 525.397 (2014)483.2 | 297 | 341.1 | [11] | 316.3
Huntsville | United States | North America | [9] | 21.56 (2012)||||
Hyderabad | India | South Asia | 40.2 | 58 | 16 | [8] | 74|
Indianapolis | United States | North America | [9] | 125.864 (2014)113.606 | |||
Indore | India | South Asia | [8] | 14||||
Istanbul | Turkey | Southern Europe | 348.7 | 182 | 188.2 | ||
Izmir | Turkey | Western Asia | 80.1 | 42 | |||
Jacksonville | United States | North America | [9] | 65.085 (2014)63.8 | |||
Jaipur | India | South Asia | 24 | 6 | [8] | 24||
Jakarta | Indonesia | South-East Asia | 321.3 | 92 | 70.7 | ||
Jeddah | Saudi Arabia | Western Asia | 160.6 | 72 | 75.9 | ||
Jinan | China | East Asia | 136.8 | 43.2 | |||
Johannesburg | South Africa | Africa | 82.9 | 110 | |||
Jundiaí | Brazil | South America | [10] | 20.081 (2011)||||
Kabul | Afghanistan | South Asia | 14 | ||||
Kano | Nigeria | Africa | 9 | ||||
Kanpur | India | South Asia | 26 | 4 | |||
Kansas City | United States | North America | [9] | 121.638 (2014)105.9 | [11] | 91.2||
Karachi | Pakistan | South Asia | 78 | 28 | |||
Karlsruhe | Germany | Western Europe | 137.1 | ||||
Katowice | Poland | Central Europe | 122.3 | ||||
Khartoum | Sudan | Africa | 35 | ||||
Kingston-upon-Hull | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [5] | 5.5 (2008)||||
Kinshasa | DR Congo | Africa | 17 | ||||
Knoxville | United States | North America | [9] | 37.487 (2014)38.3 | |||
Kolkata | India | South Asia | 60.4 | 104 | 28 | [8] | 150|
Kuala Lumpur | Malaysia | South-East Asia | 171.8 | ||||
Kuwait City | Kuwait | Western Asia | 166.5 | 117.5 | |||
Lagos | Nigeria | Africa | [16] | 74.67 (2010)35 | |||
Lahore | Pakistan | South Asia | 40 | 13 | |||
Las Vegas | United States | North America | [9] | 94.521 (2014)93.9 | |||
Leeds | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [Note 4] | 74.660 | |||
Leicester | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [17] | 28.7||||
Lille | France | Western Europe | 98.5 | 33 | |||
Lima | Peru | South America | 176.5 | 109 | 77.3 | ||
Lisbon | Portugal | Southern Europe | 96.3 | 98 | |||
Liverpool | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [5] | 10.9 (2008)65.8 | |||
London | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [18] | 542 (2014)835.7 | 565 | 751.8 | |
Los Angeles | United States | North America | [9] | 866.745 (2014)860.5 | 792 | 731.8 | [11] | 632.4
Louisville | United States | North America | [9] | 67.329 (2014)62.397 | |||
Luanda | Angola | Africa | 33 | 38.6 | |||
Lucknow | India | South Asia | 22 | [8] | 22|||
Luton | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [19] | 7.2||||
Lyon | France | Western Europe | 97.0 | 69 | [20] | 197||
Macau | Macau SAR, China | East Asia | 53.9 | ||||
Madrid | Spain | Southern Europe | 262.3 | 230 | |||
Manaus | Brazil | South America | [10] | 51.025 (2011)||||
Manchester | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 92.3 | 85 | |||
Manila | Philippines | South-East Asia | 182.8 | 149 | |||
Marseille | France | Western Europe | 60.3 | ||||
Medellín | Colombia | South America | 43.5 | 50 | |||
Medan | Indonesia | South-East Asia | [21] | 8.09||||
Melbourne | Australia | Oceania | [22] | 253.1 (2011-12)178.4 | 172 | 221.4 | |
Memphis | United States | North America | [9] | 69.882 (2014)65.0 | |||
Mexico City | Mexico | North America | 403.6 | 390 | 255.1 | ||
Miami | United States | North America | [9] | 299.161 (2014)262.7 | 292 | 235.9 | [11] | 231.8
Milan | Italy | Southern Europe | 312.1 | 136 | |||
Milwaukee | United States | North America | [9] | 97.307 (2014)86.5 | |||
Minneapolis/St. Paul | United States | North America | [9] | 235.733 (2014)211.4 | 194 | [11] | 171.6|
Monterrey | Mexico | North America | 122.9 | 102 | |||
Montevideo | Uruguay | South America | [23][Note 5] | 42.2||||
Montreal | Canada | North America | 155.9 | 148 | |||
Moscow | Russia | Eastern Europe | 553.3 | 321 | 325.8 | ||
Mumbai | India | South Asia | 150.9 | 209 | 55.9 | [8] | 209|
Munich | Germany | Western Europe | 219.9 | 64 | |||
Nagoya | Japan | East Asia | 363.8 | ||||
Nagpur | India | South Asia | [8] | 15.1||||
Nairobi | Kenya | Africa | 12 | ||||
Nanjing | China | East Asia | 202.7 | 68.5 | |||
Naples | Italy | Southern Europe | [24] | 43 (2005)85.5 | 51 | ||
Nashville | United States | North America | [9] | 106.695 (2014)95.0 | |||
New Haven | United States | North America | [9] | 44.858 (2014)53.3 | |||
New Orleans | United States | North America | [9] | 80.278 (2014)74.2 | |||
New York City | United States | North America | [9] | 1,558.518 (2014)1,403 | 1,406 | 1,180.3 | [11] | 1,056.4
Newcastle | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | 44.6 | ||||
Nice | France | Western Europe | 46.0 | ||||
Ningbo | China | East Asia | 179.0 | 45.0 | |||
Oklahoma City | United States | North America | [9] | 72.629 (2014)70.010 | |||
Orlando | United States | North America | [9] | 115.927 (2014)116.2 | |||
Osaka | Japan | East Asia | [25] | 313.1 (2010)671.3 | 417 | ||
Oslo | Norway | Northern Europe | 74.4 | 40 | |||
Oxnard | United States | North America | [9] | 46.892 (2014)46.3 | |||
Paris | France | Western Europe | [26] | 688 (2013)715.1 | 564 | 764.2 | |
Patna | India | South Asia | [8] | 10.5||||
Perth | Australia | Oceania | [27] | 118.6 (2011-12)134.0 | |||
Philadelphia | United States | North America | [9] | 391.118 (2014)346.5 | 388 | 314.5 | [11] | 295.2
Phoenix | United States | North America | [9] | 215.214 (2014)207.1 | 200 | 181.6 | [11] | 160
Pittsburgh | United States | North America | [9] | 135.662 (2014)138.4 | 99 | [11] | 102.1|
Portland | United States | North America | [9] | 159.328 (2014)158.5 | 110 | [11] | 95.6|
Porto | Portugal | Southern Europe | 43.0 | ||||
Porto Alegre | Brazil | South America | [10] | 45.506 (2011)62.1 | 66 | ||
Portsmouth | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [5] | 5.5 (2008)[Note 6] | 51.6|||
Prague | Czech Republic | Central Europe | 89.2 | 49 | |||
Pretoria | South Africa | Africa | 49.9 | ||||
Providence | United States | North America | [9] | 75.940 (2014)78.114 | |||
Puebla | Mexico | North America | 38.1 | 42 | |||
Pune | India | South Asia | 48 | 19 | [8] | 48||
Pyongyang | North Korea | East Asia | 11 | ||||
Qingdao | China | East Asia | 208.7 | 48.1 | |||
Raleigh | United States | North America | [9] | 71.574 (2014)64.4 | |||
Rangoon | Myanmar | South-East Asia | 24 | ||||
Recife | Brazil | South America | [10] | 36.448 (2011)40.5 | 35 | ||
Rhine-Ruhr | Germany | Western Europe | 485.2 | [Note 7] | 39484.6 | ||
Richmond | United States | North America | [9] | 70.491 (2014)71.589 | |||
Rio de Janeiro | Brazil | South America | [10] | 209.366 (2011)176.6 | 201 | 180.9 | |
Riverside | United States | North America | [9] | 133.983 (2014)154.904 | |||
Riyadh | Saudi Arabia | Western Asia | 163.5 | 107 | 122.7 | ||
Rome | Italy | Southern Europe | 163.2 | 144 | |||
Rotterdam | Netherlands | Western Europe | [Note 8] | 320.646 | |||
Sacramento | United States | North America | [9] | 112.703 (2014)127.4 | |||
Salt Lake City | United States | North America | [9] | 75.672 (2014)73.836 | |||
St. Louis | United States | North America | [9] | 149.951 (2014)140.6 | 126 | [11] | 116.2|
Saint Petersburg | Russia | Eastern Europe | 119.6 | 91 | |||
Salvador | Brazil | South America | [10] | 38.819 (2011)38.5 | 10 | ||
San Antonio | United States | North America | [9] | 104.787 (2014)102.771 | [11] | 146.3||
San Diego | United States | North America | [9] | 206.817 (2014)202.5 | 191 | 172.9 | [11] | 146.3
San Francisco | United States | North America | [9] | 411.969 (2014)331.0 | 301 | 283.3 | [11] | 268.3
San Jose | United States | North America | [9] | 213.819 (2014)160.3 | |||
Santiago | Chile | South America | 171.4 | 120 | 93.0 | ||
São José dos Campos | Brazil | South America | [10] | 30.148 (2011)||||
São José dos Pinhais | Brazil | South America | [10] | 14.726 (2011)||||
São Paulo | Brazil | South America | [10] | 477.005 (2011)430.5 | 388 | 437.3 | |
Seattle | United States | North America | [9] | 300.827 (2014)267.5 | 235 | 211.0 | [11] | 182.2
Seoul | Korea | East Asia | [28] | 688.2 (2014)845.9 | 291 | 233.3 | |
Seville | Spain | Southern Europe | 35.8 | ||||
Shanghai | China | East Asia | [29] | 384594.0 | 233 | 250.7 | [30] | 200.0
Sheffield | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [5] | 12.2 (2008)39.8 | |||
Shenyang | China | East Asia | 189.3 | 44 | 64.3 | ||
Shenzhen | China | East Asia | 271.84 | 363.2 | 141.5 | ||
Singapore | Singapore | South-East Asia | [31][32] | 263.6 (2011)365.9 | 215 | 222.7 | [33] | 267.9
Sofia | Bulgaria | Eastern Europe | 43.8 | ||||
Sorocaba | Brazil | South America | [10] | 21.313 (2011)||||
Southampton | United Kingdom | Northern Europe | [34] | 6.8 (2008)[Note 9] | 51.6|||
Stockholm | Sweden | Northern Europe | 143.0 | 70 | [35] | 208||
Stuttgart | Germany | Western Europe | 157.8 | ||||
Surat | India | South Asia | 36 | 14 | [8] | 40||
Suzhou | China | East Asia | 339.0 | 52.7 | |||
Sydney | Australia | Oceania | [36] | 319.5 (2011-12)223.4 | 213 | 268.9 | |
Taichung | Taiwan | East Asia | 114.7 | ||||
Taipei | Taiwan | East Asia | 327.3 | 160.3 | [37] | 172.5||
Tampa | United States | North America | [9] | 128.201 (2014)130.3 | 123 | [11] | 101|
Tangshan | China | East Asia | 162.3 | 33.6 | |||
Tehran | Iran | South Asia | 127 | ||||
Tel Aviv | Israel | Western Asia | 153.3 | 122 | 114.8 | ||
Tianjin | China | East Asia | 234.91 | 372.0 | 74 | 128.8 | |
Tokyo | Japan | East Asia | [38] | 1,900 (2007)1,617 | 1,479 | 1,874.7 | [39] | 1,997.5
Toronto | Canada | North America | [40] | 323276.3 | 253 | 270.0 | |
Tulsa | United States | North America | [9] | 55.959 (2014)48.6 | [41] | 46.4||
Turin | Italy | Southern Europe | 78.8 | 68 | |||
Uberlandia | Brazil | South America | [10] | 14.728 (2011)||||
Valencia | Spain | Southern Europe | 52.7 | ||||
Vancouver | Canada | North America | 109.8 | 95 | |||
Vienna | Austria | Central Europe | [Note 10] | 183.7122 | |||
Virginia Beach | United States | North America | [9] | 90.772 (2014)92.1 | |||
Visakhapatnam | India | South Asia | 6 | [8] | 26|||
Vitória | Brazil | South America | [10] | 28.357 (2011)35.6 | |||
Warsaw | Poland | Central Europe | 141.1 | 68 | |||
Washington | United States | North America | [9] | 471.584 (2014)442.2 | 375 | 392.2 | |
Wuhan | China | East Asia | 231.6 | 52 | 82.2 | ||
Wuxi | China | East Asia | 211.5 | 47.0 | |||
Xiamen | China | East Asia | 76.1 | 30.4 | |||
Xian | China | East Asia | 124.2 | 31 | 40.6 | ||
Xuzhou | China | East Asia | 113.2 | 22.4 | |||
Zürich | Switzerland | Western Europe | 109.1 | 52 |
- Notes
- ^ This includes Rotterdam
- ^ This includes Malmö
- ^ This includes Kitakyushu
- ^ This includes Bradford
- ^ Projection for 2016 based on $33 billion in 2010 and $61 for 2025. ((($61/$33)^(1/15))^6)*$33= $42,192.990 million.
- ^ This includes Southampton
- ^ This includes only Cologne and Bonn in the PwC study
- ^ This includes Amsterdam
- ^ This includes Portsmouth
- ^ This includes Bratislava
See also
- List of countries by GDP
- List of country subdivisions by GDP over 100 billion US dollars
- List of metropolitan areas in the European Union by GDP
- List of metropolitan areas in the United States by GMP
- List of most expensive cities for expatriate employees
- List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "India’s top 15 cities with the highest GDP (PPP, 2008)". Yahoo India Finance. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be "ECONOMIC GROWTH WIDESPREAD ACROSS METROPOLITAN AREAS IN 2013. Advance 2014, and Revised 2001 – 2013 GDP-by-Metropolitan-Area Statistics" (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis. U.S. Department of Commerce. September 23, 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Posição ocupada pelos maiores municípios brasileiros em relação ao Produto Interno Bruto, Est. 2011". IBGE. 2011.
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- ^ "Booming city adding £12 billion to GDP". Cambridge News. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
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/catid/22/ LLEP
- ^ 2014 est. / Office for National Statistics 364.310 million GBP, i.e. US$542 billion at current exchange rates, using the 2015 pound/dollar exchange rate
- ^ "GDP". Timetric. 1 January 2010.
- ^ "GDP of Lyon". Insee. October 2014.
/catid/22/ LLEP
- ^ http://www.sumutprov.go.id/untuk-dunia-usaha/perekonomian-daerah. Missing or empty
|title=
(help) - ^ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 252,732 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$353.1 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
- ^ "Global Cities of the Future". McKinsey. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
- ^ "2005 est. / City Mayors reviews the richest cities in the world in 2005". Citymayors.com. 2007-03-11. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
- ^ Osaka Prefectural Internationalization Strategy Executive Committee
- ^ 2013 est. / INSEE €631,614million according to INSEE, i.e. US$688 billion at current exchange rates, using the 2015 euro/dollar exchange rate
- ^ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 118,464 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$118.6 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
- ^ 2014 est. Statistics Korea via Joongang Daily 2014 average exchange rate at 1,053KRW per USD.
- ^ "City’s GDP growth slows to 7% in 2014". www.shanghaidaily.com. Retrieved 2015-12-08.
- ^ "2008 est. / Global woes pinch rise in city GDP". ShanghaiDaily. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
- ^ "2011 est. / Singapore: Economic Indicators". Statistics Singapore. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ^ Singapore GDP in 2011 estimate is 326.8 Billion SGD, which is equivalent to 263.6 Billion USD using 3 February 2013 exchange rate
- ^ "2012 est. / CIA World Factbook: Singapore". CIA. Retrieved 3 February 2013.
- ^ Hampshire County Council, 2008. Economic performance – State of the economy.
- ^ http://international.stockholm.se/Press-and-media/Stockholm-facts/
- ^ 2011-12 est. / SGSEP AUD 319,014 million according to the SGS Economics and Planning table, i.e. US$319.5 billion at current exchange rates, using the 15 June 2012 AUD/USD exchange rate used by the IMF
- ^ 2009 est. Taipei city has second-highest per capita GDP in Asia
- ^ Approx., 2007 est. / GDP of Tokyo Metropolitan Area (Prefecture of Tokyo, Kanagawa, Saitama and Chiba) is 165 trillion yen (approximately US$1.9 trillion). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. Retrieved 8 June 2010.
- ^ "2009 est. / World’s Largest Metropolitan Regions by LRP" (PDF). University of Toronto. Retrieved March 2009.
- ^ http://www.greatertoronto.org/why-greater-toronto/top-ten-reasons
- ^ 2011 est., U.S. Metro Economies by IHS Global Insight for The U.S. Conference of Mayors