Number of vice presidents by party affiliation |
|
---|---|
Republican | 20 |
Democratic | 18 |
Democratic-Republican | 6 |
Whig | 2 |
Federalist | 1 |
There have been 47 vice presidents of the United States, from John Adams to Joe Biden. Originally, the Vice President was the person who received the second most votes for President in the Electoral College. However, in the election of 1800, a tie in the electoral college between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr led to the selection of the President by the House of Representatives. To prevent such an event from happening again, the Twelfth Amendment was added to the Constitution, creating the current system where electors cast a separate ballot for the vice presidency.[1]
The Vice President has few powers or duties explicitly provided for in the Constitution. The Vice President's primary function is to succeed to the presidency if the President dies, resigns, or is impeached and removed from office. Nine vice presidents have ascended to the presidency in this way: eight through the president's death, and one, Gerald Ford, through the president's resignation. In addition, the Vice President serves as the President of the Senate and may choose to cast a tie-breaking vote on decisions made by the Senate. Vice presidents have exercised this latter power to varying extents over the years.[1] The vice presidency was described by former VP John Nance Garner in 1960 as "not worth a bucket of warm piss".[2]
Prior to passage of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, a vacancy in the office of the Vice President could not be filled until the next post-election inauguration. Such vacancies were common; sixteen occurred before the 25th Amendment was ratified–as a result of seven deaths, one resignation (John C. Calhoun, who resigned to enter Congress), and eight cases in which the vice president succeeded to the presidency. This amendment allowed for a vacancy to be filled with appointment by the President and confirmation by both chambers of the U.S. Congress. Since the Amendment's passage, two vice presidents have been appointed through this process, Gerald Ford of Michigan in 1973 and Nelson Rockefeller of New York in 1974.[1] The office has been vacant for 13,800 days since the beginning of the United States federal government, or for approximately 37 years and 10 months. To date, 14 vice presidents became president, five of whom via election.[citation needed]
The vice presidents have been elected from 21 states. More than half of them have come from just five states, New York (11), Indiana (5), Massachusetts (4), Kentucky (3), and Texas (3). Most vice presidents have been in their 50s or 60s and had political experience prior to assuming the office.[1] The youngest person to become Vice President was John C. Breckinridge at 36 years of age, while the oldest is Alben W. Barkley at 71 years of age.
Contents
List of vice presidents
- Parties
Democratic Democratic-Republican Federalist Republican Whig
No. | Vice President | State | Time in office | Party | Term (Election) |
President served under | Major prior offices | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 |
|
John Adams (1735–1826) [3][4] |
Massachusetts | April 21, 1789[n 1] (age 53) |
March 4, 1797 (age 61) |
Independent | 1. (1789) |
Washington | Envoy to France Minister to Great Britain Minister to the Netherlands[n 2] |
|
1 | Federalist | 2. (1792) |
||||||||
2 |
|
Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) [6][7] |
Virginia | March 4, 1797 (age 53) |
March 4, 1801 (age 57) |
Democratic- Republican |
3. (1796) |
J. Adams | Envoy to France U.S. Secretary of State |
|
3 |
|
Aaron Burr (1756–1836) [8][9] |
New York | March 4, 1801 (age 45) |
March 4, 1805 (age 49) |
Democratic- Republican |
4. (1800) |
Jefferson | U.S. Senator | |
4 |
|
George Clinton (1739–1812) [10][11] |
New York | March 4, 1805 (age 65) |
April 20, 1812 (Died, age 72; of a heart attack) |
Democratic- Republican |
5. (1804) |
Governor of New York | ||
6. (1808) |
Madison | |||||||||
4.1 | ‘‘Vacancy by death’’ | None | None | April 20, 1812 | March 4, 1813 | None | ||||
5 |
|
Elbridge Gerry (1744–1814) [12][13] |
Massachusetts | March 4, 1813 (age 68) |
November 23, 1814 (Died, age 70; for unknown reasons) |
Democratic- Republican |
7. (1812) |
U.S. Representative Governor of Massachusetts |
||
5.2 | ‘‘Vacancy by death’’ | None | None | November 23, 1814 | March 4, 1817 | None | ||||
6 |
|
Daniel D. Tompkins (1774–1825) [14][15] |
New York | March 4, 1817 (age 42) |
March 4, 1825 (age 50) |
Democratic- Republican |
8. (1816) |
Monroe | Governor of New York | |
9. (1820) |
||||||||||
7 |
|
John C. Calhoun (1782–1850) [16][17] |
South Carolina | March 4, 1825 (age 42) |
December 28, 1832 (Resigned, age 50) |
Democratic- Republican |
10. (1824) |
J.Q. Adams | U.S. Representative Secretary of War |
|
7 | Democratic | 11. (1828) |
Jackson | |||||||
7.3 | ‘‘Vacancy by resignation’’ | None | None | December 28, 1832 | March 4, 1833 | None | ||||
8 |
|
Martin Van Buren (1782–1862) [18][19] |
New York | March 4, 1833 (age 50) |
March 4, 1837 (age 54) |
Democratic | 12. (1832) |
U.S. Senator Governor of New York U.S. Secretary of State Minister to Great Britain |
||
9 |
|
Richard Mentor Johnson (1780–1850) [20][21] |
Kentucky | March 4, 1837 (age 56) |
March 4, 1841 (age 60) |
Democratic | 13. (1836) |
Van Buren | U.S. Senator | |
10 |
|
John Tyler (1790–1862) [22][23] |
Virginia | March 4, 1841 (age 50) |
April 4, 1841 (Ascended, age 51) |
Whig | 14. (1840) |
W.H. Harrison | U.S. Representative Governor of Virginia U.S. Senator President pro tempore of the Senate |
|
10.4 | ‘‘Vacancy by ascension’’ | None | None | April 4, 1841 | March 4, 1845 | None | Tyler | |||
11 |
|
George M. Dallas (1792–1864) [24][25] |
Pennsylvania | March 4, 1845 (age 52) |
March 4, 1849 (age 56) |
Democratic | 15. (1844) |
Polk | Minister to Great Britain Minister to Russia U.S. Senator |
|
12 |
|
Millard Fillmore (1800–1874) [26][27] |
New York | March 4, 1849 (age 49) |
July 9, 1850 (Ascended, age 50) |
Whig | 16. (1848) |
Taylor | U.S. Representative New York State Comptroller |
|
12.5 | ‘‘Vacancy by ascension’’ | None | None | July 9, 1850 | March 4, 1853 | None | Fillmore | |||
13 | William R. King (1786–1853) [28][29] |
Alabama | March 4, 1853[n 3] (age 66) |
April 18, 1853 (Died, age 67, of tuberculosis) |
Democratic | 17. (1852) |
Pierce | U.S. Representative U.S. Senator President pro tempore of the Senate Minister to France |
||
13.6 | ‘‘Vacancy by death’’ | None | None | April 18, 1853 | March 4, 1857 | None | ||||
14 |
|
John C. Breckinridge (1821–1875) [30][31] |
Kentucky | March 4, 1857 (age 36) |
March 4, 1861 (age 40) |
Democratic | 18. (1856) |
Buchanan | U.S. Representative U.S. Senator |
|
15 | Hannibal Hamlin (1809–1891) [32][33] |
Maine | March 4, 1861 (age 51) |
March 4, 1865 (age 55) |
Republican | 19. (1860) |
Lincoln | U.S. Representative U.S. Senator Governor of Maine |
||
16 | Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) [34][35] |
Tennessee | March 4, 1865 (age 56) |
April 15, 1865 (Ascended, age 56) |
Democratic | 20. (1864) |
U.S. Representative U.S. Senator Governor of Tennessee |
|||
16.7 | ‘‘Vacancy by ascension’’ | None | None | April 15, 1865 | March 4, 1869 | None | A. Johnson | |||
17 | Schuyler Colfax (1823–1885) [36][37] |
Indiana | March 4, 1869 (age 45) |
March 4, 1873 (age 49) |
Republican | 21. (1868) |
Grant | U.S. Representative Speaker of the House |
||
18 | Henry Wilson (1812–1875) [38][39] |
Massachusetts | March 4, 1873 (age 61) |
November 22, 1875 (Died, age 63; of a stroke) |
Republican | 22. (1872) |
U.S. Senator | |||
18.8 | ‘‘Vacancy by death’’ | None | None | November 22, 1875 | March 4, 1877 | None | ||||
19 | William A. Wheeler (1819–1887) [40][41] |
New York | March 4, 1877 (age 57) |
March 4, 1881 (age 61) |
Republican | 23. (1876) |
Hayes | U.S. Representative | ||
20 | Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886) [42][43] |
New York | March 4, 1881 (age 51) |
September 19, 1881 (Ascended, age 51) |
Republican | 24. (1880) |
Garfield | Chairman of the New York Republican Party[n 4] | ||
20.9 | ‘‘Vacancy by ascension’’ | None | None | September 19, 1881 | March 4, 1885 | None | Arthur | |||
21 | Thomas A. Hendricks (1819–1885) [44][45] |
Indiana | March 4, 1885 (age 65) |
November 25, 1885 (Died, age 66, of unknown reasons) |
Democratic | 25. (1884) |
Cleveland | U.S. Representative U.S. Senator Governor of Indiana |
||
21.10 | ‘‘Vacancy by death’’ | None | None | November 25, 1885 | March 4, 1889 | None | ||||
22 | Levi P. Morton (1824–1920) [46][47] |
New York | March 4, 1889 (age 64) |
March 4, 1893 (age 68) |
Republican | 26. (1888) |
B. Harrison | U.S. Representative Minister to France Governor of New York |
||
23 | Adlai Stevenson (1835–1914) [48][49] |
Illinois | March 4, 1893 (age 57) |
March 4, 1897 (age 61) |
Democratic | 27. (1892) |
Cleveland | U.S. Representative | ||
24 | Garret Hobart (1844–1899) [50][51] |
New Jersey | March 4, 1897 (age 52) |
November 21, 1899 (Died, age 55; of heart problems) |
Republican | 28. (1896) |
McKinley | President of the New Jersey Senate | ||
24.11 | ‘‘Vacancy by death’’ | None | None | November 21, 1899 | March 4, 1901 | None | ||||
25 | Theodore Roosevelt (1858–1919) [52][53] |
New York | March 4, 1901 (age 42) |
September 14, 1901 (Ascended, age 42) |
Republican | 29. (1900) |
Governor of New York | |||
25.12 | ‘‘Vacancy by ascension’’ | None | None | September 14, 1901 | March 4, 1905 | None | T. Roosevelt | |||
26 | Charles W. Fairbanks (1852–1918) [54][55] |
Indiana | March 4, 1905 (age 52) |
March 4, 1909 (age 56) |
Republican | 30. (1904) |
U.S. Senator | |||
27 | James S. Sherman (1855–1912) [56][57] |
New York | March 4, 1909 (age 53) |
October 30, 1912 (Died, age 57; of Bright's Disease) |
Republican | 31. (1908) |
Taft | U.S. Representative | ||
27.13 | ‘‘Vacancy by death’’ | None | None | October 30, 1912 | March 4, 1913 | None | ||||
28 | Thomas R. Marshall (1854–1925) [58][59] |
Indiana | March 4, 1913 (age 58) |
March 4, 1921 (age 66) |
Democratic | 32. (1912) |
Wilson | Governor of Indiana | ||
33. (1916) |
||||||||||
29 | Calvin Coolidge (1872–1933) [60][61] |
Massachusetts | March 4, 1921 (age 48) |
August 2, 1923 (Ascended, age 51) |
Republican | 34. (1920) |
Harding | Governor of Massachusetts | ||
29.14 | ‘‘Vacancy by ascension’’ | None | None | August 2, 1923 | March 4, 1925 | None | Coolidge | |||
30 | Charles G. Dawes (1865–1951) [62][63] |
Illinois | March 4, 1925 (age 59) |
March 4, 1929 (age 63) |
Republican | 35. (1924) |
Director of the Bureau of the Budget[n 5] | |||
31 | Charles Curtis (1860–1936) [64][65] |
Kansas | March 4, 1929 (age 69) |
March 4, 1933 (age 73) |
Republican | 36. (1928) |
Hoover | U.S. Senator President pro tempore of the Senate Senate Majority Leader |
||
32 | John Nance Garner (1868–1967) [66][67] |
Texas | March 4, 1933 (age 64) |
January 20, 1941 (age 72) |
Democratic | 37. (1932) |
F.D. Roosevelt | U.S. Representative Speaker of the House |
||
38. (1936) |
||||||||||
33 | Henry A. Wallace (1888–1965) [68][69] |
Iowa | January 20, 1941 (age 52) |
January 20, 1945 (age 56) |
Democratic | 39. (1940) |
Secretary of Agriculture | |||
34 | Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) [70][71] |
Missouri | January 20, 1945 (age 60) |
April 12, 1945 (Ascended, age 60) |
Democratic | 40. (1944) |
U.S. Senator | |||
34.15 | ‘‘Vacancy by ascension’’ | None | None | April 12, 1945 | January 20, 1949 | None | Truman | |||
35 | Alben W. Barkley (1877–1956) [72][73] |
Kentucky | January 20, 1949 (age 71) |
January 20, 1953 (age 75) |
Democratic | 41. (1948) |
U.S. Senator Senate Democratic Leader |
|||
36 | Richard Nixon (1913–1994) [74][75] |
California | January 20, 1953 (age 40) |
January 20, 1961 (age 48) |
Republican | 42. (1952) |
Eisenhower | U.S. Representative U.S. Senator |
||
43. (1956) |
||||||||||
37 | Lyndon B. Johnson (1908–1973) [76][77] |
Texas | January 20, 1961 (age 52) |
November 22, 1963 (Ascended, age 55) |
Democratic | 44. (1960) |
Kennedy | U.S. Senator Senate Democratic Leader |
||
37.16 | ‘‘Vacancy by ascension’’ | None | None | November 22, 1963 | January 20, 1965 | None | L. Johnson | |||
38 | Hubert Humphrey (1911–1978) [78][79] |
Minnesota | January 20, 1965 (age 53) |
January 20, 1969 (age 57) |
Democratic | 45. (1964) |
U.S. Senator Senate Majority Whip |
|||
39 | Spiro Agnew (1918–1996) [80][81] |
Maryland | January 20, 1969 (age 50) |
October 10, 1973 (Resigned, age 54) |
Republican | 46. (1968) |
Nixon | Governor of Maryland | ||
47. (1972) |
||||||||||
39.17 | ‘‘Vacancy by resignation’’ | None | None | October 10, 1973 | December 6, 1973 | None | ||||
40 | Gerald Ford (1913–2006) [82][83] |
Michigan | December 6, 1973[n 6] (age 60) |
August 9, 1974 (Ascended, age 61) |
Republican | U.S. Representative House Minority Leader |
||||
40.18 | ‘‘Vacancy by ascension’’ | None | None | August 9, 1974 | December 19, 1974 | None | Ford | |||
41 | Nelson Rockefeller (1908–1979) [84][85] |
New York | December 19, 1974[n 6] (age 66) |
January 20, 1977 (age 68) |
Republican | Governor of New York | ||||
42 | Walter Mondale (b. 1928) [86][87] |
Minnesota | January 20, 1977 (age 49) |
January 20, 1981 (age 53) |
Democratic | 48. (1976) |
Carter | U.S. Senator | ||
43 | George H. W. Bush[n 7] (b. 1924) [89][90] |
Texas | January 20, 1981 (age 56) |
January 20, 1989 (age 64) |
Republican | 49. (1980) |
Reagan | U.S. Representative Ambassador to the United Nations Chief of the Liaison Office to China Director of Central Intelligence |
||
50. (1984) |
||||||||||
44 | Dan Quayle (b. 1947) [91][92] |
Indiana | January 20, 1989 (age 41) |
January 20, 1993 (age 45) |
Republican | 51. (1988) |
G.H.W. Bush | U.S. Representative U.S. Senator |
||
45 | Al Gore (b. 1948) [93][94] |
Tennessee | January 20, 1993 (age 44) |
January 20, 2001 (age 52) |
Democratic | 52. (1992) |
Clinton | U.S. Representative U.S. Senator |
||
53. (1996) |
||||||||||
46 | Dick Cheney[n 8] (b. 1941) [97][98] |
Wyoming [n 9] |
January 20, 2001 (age 59) |
January 20, 2009 (age 67) |
Republican | 54. (2000) |
G.W. Bush | White House Chief of Staff U.S. Representative House Minority Whip Secretary of Defense |
||
55. (2004) |
||||||||||
47 | Joe Biden (b. 1942) [100] |
Delaware | January 20, 2009 (age 66) |
Incumbent (age 72) |
Democratic | 56. (2008) |
Obama | US Senator | ||
57. (2012) |
Living former vice presidents
As of November 2015, there are five living former vice presidents of the United States, the oldest being George H. W. Bush (1981–1989, born 1924). The most recent death of a former vice president was that of Gerald Ford (1973–1974), on December 26, 2006. The most recently serving vice president to die was Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) on January 26, 1979.
Vice President | Term of office | Date of birth |
---|---|---|
Walter Mondale | 1977–1981 | January 5, 1928 |
George H. W. Bush | 1981–1989 | June 12, 1924 |
Dan Quayle | 1989–1993 | February 4, 1947 |
Al Gore | 1993–2001 | March 31, 1948 |
Dick Cheney | 2001–2009 | January 30, 1941 |
Vice presidents who became presidents
There have been 14 vice presidents who have become President of the United States.
- John Adams, elected president in 1796, defeated in 1800.
- Thomas Jefferson, elected president in 1800 and reelected in 1804.
- Martin Van Buren, elected president in 1836, defeated in 1840.
- John Tyler, became president when William Henry Harrison died in office, not nominated in 1844.
- Millard Fillmore, became president when Zachary Taylor died in office, not nominated in 1852.
- Andrew Johnson, became president when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in office, not nominated in 1868.
- Chester A. Arthur, became president when James A. Garfield was assassinated in office, not nominated in 1884.
- Theodore Roosevelt, became president when William McKinley was assassinated in office, elected in 1904.
- Calvin Coolidge, became president when Warren G. Harding died in office, elected in 1924.
- Harry S. Truman, became president when Franklin D. Roosevelt died in office, elected in 1948.
- Lyndon B. Johnson, became president when John F. Kennedy was assassinated in office, elected in 1964.
- Richard Nixon, elected president in 1968 and reelected in 1972.
- Gerald Ford, became president in 1974 when Richard Nixon resigned, defeated in 1976.
- George H. W. Bush, elected president in 1988, defeated in 1992.
Of the nine vice presidents who ascended to the presidency after their predecessor's death or resignation, only 4 were subsequently elected in their own right: Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, and Lyndon B. Johnson.
Only 3 vice presidents have been elected president once, and then defeated in reelection: John Adams, Martin Van Buren, and George H.W. Bush.
Only 2 vice presidents have ever been elected and reelected president: Thomas Jefferson and Richard Nixon (only Jefferson served two full terms).
Richard Nixon is the only one on this list who was not serving as vice president when he was elected.
Gerald Ford was the only vice president who became president by ascension, secured his party's nomination, and then lost in the general election.
Vice presidents who later served in other offices
- John C. Calhoun, US Senator and US Secretary of State
- Richard M. Johnson, Kentucky House of Representatives
- John Tyler, Provisional Confederate States Congress
- George M. Dallas, US Ambassador to Great Britain
- John C. Breckinridge, US Senator and Confederate States Secretary of War
- Hannibal Hamlin, US Senator
- Andrew Johnson, US Senator
- Levi P. Morton, Governor of New York
- Thomas R. Marshall, Federal Coal Commission
- Charles G. Dawes, US Ambassador to Great Britain, Chairman of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.
- Henry Wallace, US Secretary of Commerce
- Alben W. Barkley, US Senator
- Hubert H. Humphrey, US Senator
- Walter F. Mondale, US Ambassador to Japan.
Miscellaneous
Information about age difference between vice-presidents and their presidents:[101]
- Almost half of vice presidents (22 out of 46) were older than their presidents. Of those older VPs who later became president, none began their presidency by election, and only one of them, Lyndon B. Johnson, was later elected.
- Incumbent (47th) vice president Joe Biden is also older than president Barack Obama, and he is the oldest vice-president compared to his president (18 years, 8 months, 15 days).
- The biggest age difference between a president and a vice president was between president James Buchanan, and vice president John C. Breckinridge (Breckinridge is younger by 29 years, 8 months, 29 days). This also makes Breckinridge the youngest vice president compared to his president.
- The least age difference between a president and a vice president was between president Abraham Lincoln, and vice president Andrew Johnson (Johnson is older by 45 days).
- John C. Breckinridge (at 36) is the youngest person to become vice president.
- Alben W. Barkley (at 71) is the oldest person to become vice president.
Other information:
- Al Gore (1992, 1996), Dick Cheney (2000, 2004), and Joe Biden (2008, 2012) are the first three consecutive vice presidents to be elected to two terms.
- More presidents than vice presidents have died in office. The last death of a vice president was in 1912 (James S. Sherman).
- Nelson Rockefeller (1974-1977) is the only private citizen to become Vice President who was neither elected to the office, nor was serving in any public office (either elected or appointed) when nominated and confirmed. (Rockefeller had resigned as Governor of New York in 1973 to become Chairman of the "Commission on Critical Choices for Americans." He was serving in this private position up until he was sworn in as the 41st Vice President of the United States. All other Vice Presidents were either elected to the office with the President, or in the case of Gerald Ford, was a member of the House of Representatives when he became Vice President).[citation needed]
- George Clinton and John C. Calhoun are the only vice presidents who have served under more than one president.
See also
- List of Presidents of the United States
- Alexander H. Stephens, the only Vice President of the Confederate States of America
Notes
- ^ Arriving in New York City before President-elect George Washington, Adams was sworn as Vice President nine days before the President.[5]
- ^ Adams held those two diplomatic posts at the same time.
- ^ The only Vice President to be sworn in outside of the United States of America (in Havana, Cuba), with special dispensation from Congress; twenty days after the original vice-presidential inauguration.
- ^ Arthur had never held a public office other than Collector of the Port of New York in his lifetime.
- ^ Dawes was an experienced economist whose first elected office was Vice President.
- ^ a b Office of Vice President filled under provisions of 25th Amendment.
- ^ Served as Acting President under section 3 of the 25th Amendment on July 13, 1985, from 11:28 a.m. until 7:22 p.m.[88]
- ^ Served as Acting President under section 3 of the 25th Amendment on two separate occasions: on June 29, 2002, from 7:09 a.m. to 9:24 a.m,[95] and on July 21, 2007, from 7:16 a.m. to 9:21 a.m.[96]
- ^ A resident of Texas just prior to his nomination for Vice President, Mr. Cheney changed his voter registration back to Wyoming, where he had served in Congress, to avoid violating the 12th Amendment, which would have prevented the Texas Presidential Electors from casting their electoral votes for both Bush and Dick Cheney[99]
References
- ^ a b c d "Vice President of the United States (President of the Senate)". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ Blumenthal, Sidney (June 28, 2007). "The imperial vice presidency". Salon.com. Retrieved September 22, 2007.
- ^ "John Adams". United States Senate. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
- ^ "Adams, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "The Senate Prepares For A President". United States Senate. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
- ^ "Thomas Jefferson". United States Senate. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
- ^ "Jefferson, Thomas". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Aaron Burr". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Burr, Aaron". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "George Clinton". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Clinton, George". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Elbridge Gerry". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Gerry, Elbridge". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Daniel Tompkins". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Tompkins, Daniel D.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "John Calhoun". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Calhoun, John Caldwell". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Martin Van Buren". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Van Buren, Martin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Richard Mentor Johnson". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Johnson, Richard Mentor". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "John Tyler". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Tyler, John". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "George Dallas". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Dallas, George Mifflin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Millard Fillmore". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Fillmore, Millard". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "William Rufus King". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "King, William Rufus de Vane". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "John Breckinridge". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Breckinridge, John Cabell". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Hannibal Hamlin". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Hamlin, Hannibal". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Andrew Johnson". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Johnson, Andrew". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Schuyler Colfax". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Colfax, Schuyler". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Henry Wilson". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Wilson, Henry". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "William Wheeler". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Wheeler, William Almon". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Chester Arthur". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Arthur, Chester Alan". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Thomas Hendricks". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Hendricks, Thomas Andrews". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Levi Morton". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Morton, Levi Parsons". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Adlai Stevenson". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Stevenson, Adlai Ewing". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Garret Hobart". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Hobart, Garret Augustus". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Theodore Roosevelt". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Roosevelt, Theodore". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Charles Fairbanks". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Fairbanks, Charles Warren". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "James Sherman". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Sherman, James Schoolcraft". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Thomas Marshall". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
- ^ "Marshall, Thomas Riley". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Calvin Coolidge". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Coolidge, Calvin". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Charles Dawes". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Dawes, Charles Gates". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Charles Curtis". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Curtis, Charles". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "John Nance Garner". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Garner, John Nance". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Henry Wallace". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Wallace, Henry Agard". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Harry Truman". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Truman, Harry S.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Alben Barkley". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Barkley, Alben William". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Richard Nixon". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Nixon, Richard Milhous". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Lyndon Johnson". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Johnson, Lyndon Baines". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Hubert Humphrey". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Humphrey, Hubert Horatio". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Spiro Agnew". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Agnew, Spiro Theodore". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Gerald Ford". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Gord, Gerald Rudolph, Jr.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Nelson Rockefeller". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Rockefeller, Nelson Aldrich". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Walter Mondale". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Mondale, Walter Frederick". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ Stengel, Richard (April 12, 2005). "Who's Minding the Store?". Time. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
- ^ "George Bush". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Bush, George Herbert Walker". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Dan Quayle". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Quayle, James Danforth". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Albert Gore". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Gore, Albert Arnold, Jr.". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Bush back in action after colon procedure". CNN. June 29, 2002. Retrieved June 12, 2009.
- ^ "President Bush Reclaims Power From Dick Cheney Following Colonoscopy". FOX News. July 22, 2007. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
- ^ "Richard Cheney". United States Senate. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ "Cheney, Richard Bruce". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Clerk of the United States House of Representatives and Historian of the United States Senate. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Richard B. Cheney, 46th Vice President (2001–2009)". United States Senate. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
- ^ "Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr.". Biographical Dictionary of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- ^ Calculations made by contributor depending primarily on lists shown in Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, Barnes and Noble, 2003.
External links
- Official White House website for the Vice President
- Vice Presidents.com
- A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825
- Amendment25.com
- AboutGovernmentStates.com
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