A planetary flyby is the act of sending a space probe past a celestial body close enough to record scientific data. [1]
Flybys commonly use gravity assists to "slingshot" a space probe on its journey to its primary objective, but may themselves be used as primary means.
1950s
- Luna 1 – 2 January 1959 – First lunar flyby and first Soviet lunar flyby (inadvertent; intended as impactor);[2] first human-made object to reach heliocentric orbit
- Pioneer 4 – 3 March 1959 – First successful lunar flyby and first American lunar flyby [3]
- Luna 3 – 4 October 1959 – Lunar flyby; first imagery of far side of Moon; first gravity assist; first lunar gravity assist [4][5][6]
1960s
- Venera 1 – 12 February 1961 – First Venus flyby (contact lost before flyby) [7]
- Mariner 2 – 27 August 1962 – First successful non-lunar planetary encounter and first successful Venus flyby [8]
- Mars 1 – 1 November 1962 – First Mars flyby (contact lost) [9]
- Zond 1 – 2 April 1964 – Venus flyby (contact lost) [10]
- Mariner 3 – 5 November 1964 – Attempted Mars flyby (failed to attain correct trajectory) [11]
- Mariner 4 – 28 November 1964 – First Successful Mars flyby [12]
- Zond 2 – 30 November 1964 – Mars flyby (contact lost) [13][14]
- Zond 3 – 18 July 1965 – Lunar flyby [15]
- Venera 2 – 12 November 1965 – Venus flyby (contact lost) [16]
- Mariner 5 – 14 June 1967 – Venus flyby [17]
- Zond 5 – 15 September 1968 – First lunar flyby to return to Earth [18]
- Zond 6 – 10 November 1968 – Lunar flyby and return to Earth [19]
- Mariner 6 – 25 February 1969 – Mars flyby [20]
- Mariner 7 – 27 March 1969 – Mars flyby [21]
- Zond 7 – 7 August 1969 – Lunar flyby and return to Earth [22]
1970s
- Apollo 13 – 11 April 1970 – Manned lunar flyby and return to Earth (inadvertent; manned lunar landing aborted); Farthest from Earth a human has gone [23]
- Zond 8 – 20 October 1970 – Lunar flyby and return to Earth[24]
- Pioneer 10 – 3 March 1972 – First Jupiter flyby
- Pioneer 11 – 5 April 1973 – Jupiter flyby and First Saturn flyby
- Voyager 2 - 9 July 1979 - Jupiter flyby
- Mars 4 – 21 July 1973 – Mars flyby (inadvertent; attempted Mars orbiter)
- Mars 7 – 9 August 1973 – Mars flyby and attempted lander (inadvertent; missed Mars)
- Mariner 10 – 4 November 1973 – Venus flyby and First Mercury flyby
- Voyager 2 – 20 August 1977 – First Uranus/first Neptune flyby
- Voyager 1 – 5 September 1977 – Jupiter/Saturn flyby, Farthest human-made object – currently (2014) about 130 AU
- ISEE-3 – 12 August 1978 – Solar wind investigations; later redesignated International Cometary Explorer and performed Comet Giacobini-Zinner and Comet Halley flybys – First comet flyby
- Venera 11 – 9 September 1978 – Venus flyby and lander
- Venera 12 – 14 September 1978 – Venus flyby and lander
1980s
- Venera 13 – 30 October 1981 – Venus flyby and lander
- Venera 14 – 4 November 1981 – Venus flyby and lander
- Vega 1 – 15 December 1984 – Venus flyby, lander and first balloon; continued on to Comet Halley flyby
- Vega 2 – 21 December 1984 – Venus flyby, lander and balloon; continued on to Comet Halley flyby
- Sakigake – 7 January 1985 – Comet Halley flyby
- Giotto – 2 July 1985 – Comet Halley flyby
- Suisei (Planet-A) – 18 August 1985 – Comet Halley flyby
- Galileo – 18 October 1989 – Venus flyby, first asteroid flyby, first asteroid moon discovery, first Jupiter orbiter/atmospheric probe
1990s
- Hiten (MUSES-A) – 24 January 1990 – Lunar flyby and orbiter
- Galileo – December 1990 – Earth flyby; advent of astrobiological remote sensing
- Galileo – December 1990 – Second Earth flyby by the spacecraft; an optical communications via laser experiment was performed
- Galileo – October 29, 1991 - Flyby of 951 Gaspra, first asteroid encounter
- Galileo – August 28, 1993 - Flyby of 243 Ida, its second asteroid encounter
- Clementine – 25 January 1994 – Lunar orbiter/attempted asteroid flyby
- NEAR Shoemaker – 17 February 1996 – Eros orbiter, first near-Earth asteroid flyby, first asteroid orbit and first asteroid landing
- AsiaSat 3/HGS-1 – 24 December 1997 – Lunar flyby
- Cassini–Huygens - April 26, 1998 - First flyby of Venus
- Cassini–Huygens - June 24, 1999 - Second flyby of Venus
- Cassini–Huygens - August 18, 1999 - Earth flyby; calibration imagery of the Moon taken
- Deep Space 1 (DS1) – 24 October 1998 – Asteroid and comet flyby
2000s
- Cassini–Huygens - 23 January 2000 - Asteroid 2685 Masursky flyby
- Cassini–Huygens - 30 December 2000 - Jupiter and cruise science flyby
- CONTOUR – 3 July 2002 – Attempted flyby of three comet nuclei (lost in space)
- New Horizons –13 June 2006- Asteroid 132524 APL cruise science flyby
- New Horizons -28 February 2007- Jupiter flyby and gravity assist; shakedown cruise of instrumentation
2010s
- Chang'e 2 – 1 October 2010 – Lunar orbiter, Asteroid 4179 Toutatis flyby
- Chang'e 5-T1 – 23 October 2014 - Lunar flyby/orbiter and Earth reentry probe; technology demonstration to prepare for Chang'e 5 mission
- PROCYON – 3 December 2014 – Asteroid flyby - flyby cancelled due to engine failure
- New Horizons – 14 July 2015 – First Pluto/Charon flyby
See also
References
- ^ "Flyby | Define Flyby at Dictionary.com". Retrieved 2015-07-15.
- ^ http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/luna_e1.htm
- ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypM2aOrl-YE
- ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1959-008A
- ^ http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/trackind/luna3/Luna3story.html
- ^ http://www.ianridpath.com/moon/moon1.htm
- ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1961-003A
- ^ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Mariner_02
- ^ http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_soviet_mars.html
- ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1964-016D
- ^ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Mariner_03
- ^ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Mariner_04
- ^ http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1964-078C
- ^ http://files.seds.org/pub/info/newsletters/ejasa/1991/jasa9104.txt
- ^ http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Zond3.php
- ^ http://www.zarya.info/Diaries/Luna/Zond3.php
- ^ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Mariner_05
- ^ http://www.astronautix.com/details/zond5908.htm
- ^ http://www.astronautix.com/details/zond6810.htm
- ^ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Mariner_06
- ^ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Mariner_07
- ^ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Zond_07
- ^ http://mentalfloss.com/article/24441/forty-years-ago-apollo-13
- ^ http://www.astronautix.com/craft/soyz7kl1.htm