July 18 is the 199th day of the year (200th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 166 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
- 390 BC – Roman-Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia – a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, leading to the subsequent sacking of Rome.
- 362 – Roman–Persian Wars: Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with a Roman expeditionary force (60,000 men) and stays there for nine months to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire.
- 1290 – King Edward I of England issues the Edict of Expulsion, banishing all Jews (numbering about 16,000) from England; this was Tisha B'Av on the Hebrew calendar, a day that commemorates many Jewish calamities.
- 1334 – The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundation stone for the new campanile (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral, designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone.
- 1389 – Kingdom of France and Kingdom of England agree to the Truce of Leulinghem, inaugurating a 13-year peace; the longest period of sustained peace during the Hundred Years' War.
- 1391 – Tokhtamysh–Timur war: Battle of the Kondurcha River – Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde in present day southeast Russia.
- 1555 – The College of Arms was reincorporated by Royal charter signed by Queen Mary I of England and King Philip II of Spain.
- 1656 – Polish-Lithuanian forces clash with Sweden and its Brandenburg allies in the start of what is to be known as The Battle of Warsaw which ends in a decisive Swedish victory.
- 1812 – The Treaties of Orebro end both the Anglo-Russian and Anglo-Swedish Wars.
- 1857 – Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrives to relieve French forces at Kayes, effectively ending El Hajj Umar Tall's war against the French.
- 1862 – First ascent of Dent Blanche, one of the highest summits in the Alps.
- 1863 – American Civil War: Battle of Fort Wagner/Morris Island – the first formal African American military unit, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, supported by several white regiments, attempts an unsuccessful assault on Confederate-held Battery Wagner.
- 1870 – The First Vatican Council decrees the dogma of papal infallibility.
- 1914 – The U.S. Congress forms the Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps, giving definite status to aircraft within the U.S. Army for the first time.
- 1925 – Adolf Hitler publishes his personal manifesto Mein Kampf.
- 1936 – Army uprising in Spanish Morocco starts Spanish Civil War.
- 1942 – World War II: the Germans test fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 using only its jet engines for the first time.
- 1944 – World War II: Hideki Tōjō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan due to numerous setbacks in the war effort.
- 1955 – The first Disneyland theme park, in Anaheim, California, officially opens to the public.
- 1966 – Human spaceflight: Gemini 10 is launched from Cape Kennedy on a 70-hour mission that includes docking with an orbiting Agena target vehicle.
- 1968 – Intel is founded in Santa Clara, California.
- 1969 – After a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Senator Ted Kennedy from Massachusetts drives an Oldsmobile off a bridge and his passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne, dies.
- 1976 – Nadia Comăneci became the first person in Olympic Games history to score a perfect 10 in gymnastics at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
- 1982 – 268 campesinos ("peasants" or "country people") are slain in the Plan de Sánchez massacre in Ríos Montt's Guatemala.
- 1984 – McDonald's massacre in San Ysidro, California: in a fast-food restaurant, James Oliver Huberty opens fire, killing 21 people and injuring 19 others before being shot dead by police.
- 1986 – A tornado is broadcast live on KARE television in Minnesota when the station's helicopter pilot makes a chance encounter.
- 1992 – The ten victims of the La Cantuta massacre disappear from their university in Lima.
- 1994 – The bombing of the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (Argentine Jewish Community Center) in Buenos Aires kills 85 people (mostly Jewish) and injures 300.
- 1995 – On the Caribbean island of Montserrat, the Soufrière Hills volcano erupts. Over the course of several years, it devastates the island, destroying the capital and forcing most of the population to flee.
- 1996 – Storms provoke severe flooding on the Saguenay River, beginning one of Quebec's costliest natural disasters ever: the Saguenay Flood.
- 1996 – Battle of Mullaitivu. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam capture the Sri Lanka Army's base, killing over 1200 Army soldiers.
Births
- 1501 – Isabella of Austria (d. 1526)
- 1504 – Heinrich Bullinger, Swiss religious reformer (d. 1575)
- 1552 – Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1612)
- 1634 – Johannes Camphuys, Dutch Governor-General (d. 1695)
- 1635 – Robert Hooke, English scientist (d. 1703)
- 1659 – Hyacinthe Rigaud, French painter (d. 1743)
- 1670 – Giovanni Battista Bononcini, Italian composer (d. 1747)
- 1718 – Saverio Bettinelli, Italian writer (d. 1808)
- 1720 – Gilbert White, English naturalist and ornithologist (d. 1793)
- 1724 – Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria, German singer and composer (d. 1780)
- 1797 – Immanuel Hermann Fichte, German philosopher (d. 1879)
- 1811 – William Makepeace Thackeray, English author (d. 1863)
- 1818 – Louis Gerhard De Geer, Swedish politician and writer, 1st Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1896)
- 1821 – Pauline Viardot, French soprano and composer (d. 1910)
- 1837 – Vasil Levski, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1873)
- 1845 – Tristan Corbière, French poet (d. 1875)
- 1848 – W. G. Grace, English cricketer (d. 1915)
- 1850 – Rose Hartwick Thorpe, American poet (d. 1939)
- 1853 – Hendrik Lorentz, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1928)
- 1862 – Nikolai Yudenich, Russian general (d. 1933)
- 1864 – Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden, English politician (d. 1937)
- 1867 – Margaret Brown, American philanthropist and activist, RMS Titanic survivor (d. 1932)
- 1871 – Sada Yacco, Japanese actress (d. 1946)
- 1881 – Larry McLean, baseball player (d. 1921)
- 1884 – Alberto di Jorio, Italian cardinal (d. 1979)
- 1886 – Simon Bolivar Buckner, Jr., American general (d. 1945)
- 1887 – Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian soldier, politician, and traitor (d. 1945)
- 1890 – Frank Forde, Australian politician, 15th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1983)
- 1892 – Arthur Friedenreich, Brazilian footballer (d. 1969)
- 1895 – Machine Gun Kelly, American gangster (d. 1954)
- 1895 – Olga Spessivtseva, Russian ballerina (d. 1991)
- 1897 – Ernest Eldridge, English race car driver (d. 1935)
- 1898 – John Stuart, Scottish actor (d. 1979)
- 1899 – Ernst Scheller, German politician (d. 1942)
- 1900 – Nathalie Sarraute, French writer (d. 1999)
- 1902 – Jessamyn West, American writer (d. 1984)
- 1903 – Chill Wills, American actor (d. 1978)
- 1906 – S. I. Hayakawa, American semanticist and politician (d. 1992)
- 1906 – Clifford Odets, American writer (d. 1963)
- 1908 – Lupe Vélez, Mexican actress (d. 1944)
- 1908 – Mildred Lisette Norman, American activist (d. 1981)
- 1909 – Andrei Gromyko, Soviet politician (d. 1989)
- 1909 – Mohammed Daoud Khan, Afghan politician, 1st President of Afghanistan (d. 1978)
- 1909 – Harriet Nelson, American singer and actress (d. 1994)
- 1910 – Diptendu Pramanick, Indian film personality (d. 1989)
- 1911 – Hume Cronyn, Canadian actor (d. 2003)
- 1912 – Max Rousié, French rugby player (d. 1950)
- 1913 – Red Skelton, American actor and comedian (d. 1997)
- 1914 – Gino Bartali, Italian cyclist (d. 2000)
- 1916 – Johnny Hopp, American baseball player (d. 2003)
- 1917 – Henri Salvador, French singer (d. 2008)
- 1918 – Nelson Mandela, South African politician, President of South Africa and Nobel Prize laureate
- 1920 – Eric Brandon, English race car driver (d. 1982)
- 1921 – John Glenn, American astronaut and politician
- 1921 – Richard Leacock, English director (d. 2011)
- 1922 – Thomas Kuhn, American philosopher (d. 1996)
- 1923 – Jerome H. Lemelson, American inventor and engineer (d. 1997)
- 1924 – Inge Sørensen, Danish swimmer (d. 2011)
- 1925 – Hubert Doggart, English cricketer
- 1925 – Shirley Strickland, Australian runner (d. 2004)
- 1926 – Margaret Laurence, Canadian writer (d. 1987)
- 1926 – Robert Sloman, English writer (d. 2005)
- 1927 – Kurt Masur, German conductor
- 1929 – Dick Button, American figure skater
- 1929 – Screamin' Jay Hawkins, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actor (d. 2000)
- 1930 – Burt Kwouk, English actor
- 1932 – Robert Ellis Miller, American director
- 1933 – Syd Mead, American artist and designer
- 1933 – Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Russian poet
- 1933 – Jean Yanne, French actor and director (d. 2003)
- 1934 – Darlene Conley, American actress (d. 2007)
- 1934 – Roger Reynolds, American composer and teacher
- 1935 – Jayendra Saraswathi, Indian 69th Shankaracharya
- 1936 – Ted Harris, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1937 – Roald Hoffmann, Polish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1937 – Hunter S. Thompson, American journalist and author (d. 2005)
- 1938 – Ian Stewart, Scottish pianist (The Rolling Stones and Rocket 88) (d. 1985)
- 1938 – Paul Verhoeven, Dutch director, screenwriter, and producer
- 1939 – Brian Auger, English keyboard player (CAB and The Steampacket)
- 1939 – Dion DiMucci, American singer-songwriter (Dion and the Belmonts)
- 1939 – Edward Gramlich, American economics professor (d. 2007)
- 1939 – Jerry Moore, American football player and coach
- 1940 – James Brolin, American actor
- 1940 – Joe Torre, American baseball player and manager
- 1941 – Frank Farian, German songwriter and producer
- 1941 – Lonnie Mack, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1941 – Martha Reeves, American singer, actress, and politician (Martha and the Vandellas and The Fascinations)
- 1942 – Adolf Ogi, Swiss politician
- 1942 – Bobby Susser, American musician, songwriter, and producer
- 1942 – Giacinto Facchetti, Italian footballer (d. 2006)
- 1944 – David Hemery, English hurdler
- 1946 – Leo Madder, Belgian actor
- 1946 – Doug McFarland, American politician
- 1947 – Steve Forbes, American publisher and politician
- 1947 – Steve Mahoney, Canadian politician
- 1948 – Carlos Colón, Sr., Puerto Rican wrestler
- 1948 – Hartmut Michel, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1949 – Dennis Lillee, Australian cricketer
- 1950 – Jerome Barkum, American football player
- 1950 – Richard Branson, English businessman, founded Virgin Group
- 1950 – Kostas Eleftherakis, Greek footballer
- 1950 – Glenn Hughes, American singer, dancer, and actor (Village People) (d. 2001)
- 1950 – Jack Layton, Canadian politician (d. 2011)
- 1950 – Mark Udall, American politician
- 1951 – Elio Di Rupo, Belgian politician
- 1951 – Margo Martindale, American actress
- 1953 – Warren Wiebe, American singer (d. 1998)
- 1954 – Ricky Skaggs, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer (New South)
- 1955 – Terry Chambers, English drummer (XTC and Dragon)
- 1955 – Bernd Fasching, Austrian painter and sculptor
- 1956 – Razor Shines, American baseball player, manager, and coach
- 1957 – Nick Faldo, English golfer
- 1957 – Keith Levene, English musician, songwriter, and producer (Public Image Ltd, The Flowers of Romance, and The Clash)
- 1960 – Anne-Marie Johnson, American actress
- 1961 – M.J. Alexander, American author and photographer
- 1961 – Elizabeth McGovern, American actress
- 1961 – Alan Pardew, English footballer and manager
- 1962 – Lee Arenberg, American actor
- 1962 – Jensen Buchanan, American actress
- 1962 – Jack Irons, American singer and musician (The Wallflowers, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Pearl Jam, and Eleven)
- 1962 – Shaun Micallef, Australian comedian, actor, and writer
- 1963 – Martín Torrijos, Panamanian politician, 35th President of Panama
- 1963 – Mike Greenwell, American baseball player
- 1963 – Al Snow, American wrestler and actor
- 1964 – Wendy Williams, American talk show host, actress, and author
- 1965 – Jim Bob Duggar, American real estate agent, author, and politician
- 1965 – Vesselina Kasarova, Bulgarian soprano
- 1966 – Lori Alan, American actress
- 1967 – Vin Diesel, American actor
- 1968 – Grant Bowler, Australian actor
- 1968 – Alex Désert, Haitian-American actor and singer (Hepcat)
- 1969 – Great Sasuke, Japanese wrestler and politician
- 1970 – Cheryl Casone, American journalist
- 1971 – Penny Hardaway, American basketball player
- 1971 – Sarah McLeod, New Zealand actress
- 1974 – Alan Morrison, English poet
- 1975 – M.I.A., English singer-songwriter and producer
- 1975 – Torii Hunter, American baseball player
- 1975 – Daron Malakian, American singer-songwriter, musician, and producer (System of a Down and Scars on Broadway)
- 1976 – Valerie Cruz, American actress
- 1976 – Elsa Pataky, Spanish actress
- 1977 – Dylan Lane, American game show host
- 1977 – Kelly Reilly, English actress
- 1977 – Alfian Sa'at, Singaporean poet and playwright
- 1978 – Shane Horgan, Irish rugby player
- 1978 – Annie Mac, Irish radio and television host
- 1978 – Verónica Romeo, Spanish singer-songwriter, producer, and actress
- 1978 – Ben Sheets, American baseball player
- 1978 – Mélissa Theuriau, French journalist
- 1979 – Adam Birch, American wrestler
- 1979 – Deion Branch, American football player
- 1979 – Jared Hess, American director and screenwriter
- 1979 – Jermaine Paul, American singer-songwriter and musician
- 1979 – Jason Weaver, American actor
- 1980 – Kristen Bell, American actress
- 1980 – Ryōko Hirosue, Japanese actress and singer
- 1982 – Ryan Cabrera, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1982 – Priyanka Chopra, Indian model, actress, and singer, Miss World 2000
- 1982 – Dominika Luzarová, Czech tennis player
- 1983 – Carlos Diogo, Uruguayan footballer
- 1983 – Jan Schlaudraff, German footballer
- 1985 – Hopsin, American rapper, producer, director, and actor
- 1985 – Chace Crawford, American actor
- 1985 – Panagiotis Lagos, Greek footballer
- 1988 – Änis Ben-Hatira, German-Tunisian footballer
- 1988 – César Villaluz, Mexican footballer
- 1989 – Sebastian Mielitz, German footballer
- 1989 – Yohan Mollo, French footballer
- 1991 – Karina Pasian, American singer and pianist
- 1993 – Lee Taemin, South Korean singer, dancer and actor (Shinee)
- 2004 – Giuliano Stroe, Romanian bodybuilder and gymnast
Deaths
- 715 – Muhammad bin Qasim, Umayyad general (b. 695)
- 1100 – Godfrey of Bouillon, Frankish knight (b. 1016)
- 1300 – Gerard Segarelli, Italian founder of the Apostolic Brethren (b. 1240)
- 1488 – Alvise Cadamosto, Italian explorer (b. 1432)
- 1591 – Jacobus Gallus, Slovenian composer (b. 1550)
- 1608 – Joachim III Frederick, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1546)
- 1610 – Caravaggio, Italian artist (b. 1573)
- 1639 – Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, German general (b. 1604)
- 1695 – Johannes Camphuys, Dutch Governor-General (b. 1634)
- 1698 – Johann Heinrich Heidegger, Swiss theologian (b. 1633)
- 1721 – Antoine Watteau, French painter (b. 1684)
- 1730 – François de Neufville, Duke of Villeroi, French soldier (b. 1644)
- 1756 – Pieter Langendijk, Dutch dramatist and poet (b. 1683)
- 1792 – John Paul Jones, American navy commander (b. 1747)
- 1817 – Jane Austen, English novelist (b. 1775)
- 1863 – Robert Gould Shaw, American military officer (b. 1837)
- 1872 – Benito Juárez, Mexican lawyer and politician, President of Mexico (b. 1806)
- 1884 – Ferdinand von Hochstetter, Austrian geologist (b. 1829)
- 1892 – Thomas Cook, English travel agent, founded the Thomas Cook Group (b. 1808)
- 1899 – Horatio Alger, Jr., American writer (b. 1832)
- 1916 – Benjamin C. Truman, American journalist and author (b. 1835)
- 1918 – Princess Elisabeth of Hesse (b. 1864)
- 1925 – Louis-Nazaire Bégin, Canadian cardinal and Archbishop (b. 1840)
- 1937 – Julian Bell, English poet (b. 1908)
- 1938 – Marie of Romania (b. 1875)
- 1944 – Thomas Sturge Moore, English poet and author (b. 1870)
- 1948 – Herman Gummerus, Finnish historian and politician (b. 1877)
- 1949 – Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer (b. 1870)
- 1952 – Jack Earle, American actor (b. 1906)
- 1952 – Paul Saintenoy, Belgian architect (b. 1862)
- 1953 – Lucy Booth, English daughter of William and Catherine Booth (b. 1868)
- 1954 – Machine Gun Kelly, American gangster (b. 1895)
- 1966 – Bobby Fuller, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1942)
- 1968 – Corneille Heymans, Belgian physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1892)
- 1969 – Mary Jo Kopechne, American teacher and secretary (b. 1940)
- 1973 – Jack Hawkins, English actor (b. 1910)
- 1982 – Lionel Daunais, Canadian singer and composer (b. 1902)
- 1985 – Shahnawaz Bhutto, Pakistani son of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (b. 1958)
- 1985 – Louisa Ghijs, Belgian actress (b. 1902)
- 1988 – Nico, German singer-songwriter, actress, and model (b. 1938)
- 1988 – Joly Braga Santos, Portuguese composer and conductor (b. 1924)
- 1989 – Donnie Moore, American baseball player (b. 1954)
- 1989 – Marika Nezer, Greek actress (b. 1906)
- 1989 – Rebecca Schaeffer, American actress (b. 1967)
- 1990 – Yoon Boseon, South Korean politician and activist, 4th President of South Korea (b. 1897)
- 1990 – Karl Menninger, American psychiatrist (b. 1896)
- 1990 – Gerry Boulet, Canadian singer-songwriter and musician (Offenbach) (b. 1946)
- 1990 – Johnny Wayne, Canadian comedian and writer (b. 1918)
- 1995 – Srinagarindra, Thai wife of Mahidol Adulyadej (b. 1900)
- 1995 – Fabio Casartelli, Italian cyclist (b. 1970)
- 1997 – Eugene Merle Shoemaker, American astronomer (b. 1928)
- 1999 – Meir Ariel, Israeli singer-songwriter (b. 1942)
- 2001 – Mimi Fariña, American singer-songwriter and activist (b. 1945)
- 2001 – James Hatfield, American author (b. 1958)
- 2001 – Fabio Taglioni, Italian motorcycle designer and engineer (b. 1920)
- 2002 – Victor Emery, English physicist (b. 1933)
- 2004 – Paul Foot, English journalist (b. 1937)
- 2004 – Émile Peynaud, French wine maker (b. 1912)
- 2005 – William Westmoreland, American military officer (b. 1914)
- 2005 – Bill Hicke, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1938)
- 2007 – Jerry Hadley, American tenor (b. 1952)
- 2007 – John Kronus, American wrestler (b. 1969)
- 2007 – Kenji Miyamoto, Japanese politician (b. 1908)
- 2008 – Khosrow Shakibai, Iranian actor (b. 1944)
- 2009 – Henry Allingham, English super-centenarian (b. 1896)
- 2009 – Jill Balcon, English actress (b. 1925)
- 2012 – Robert Creamer, American writer and editor (b. 1922)
- 2012 – Yosef Shalom Eliashiv, Lithuanian-Israeli rabbi (b. 1910)
- 2012 – Jean François-Poncet, French politician and diplomat (b. 1928)
- 2012 – Rajesh Khanna, Indian actor and producer (b. 1942)
- 2012 – Hafez Makhlouf, Syrian military officer (b. 1971)
- 2012 – Frank "Pancho" Martin, Cuban-American horse trainer (b. 1925)
- 2012 – Jack Matthews, Welsh rugby player (b. 1920)
- 2012 – Dawoud Rajiha, Syrian politician (b. 1947)
- 2012 – Assef Shawkat, Syrian politician (b. 1950)
- 2012 – Hasan Turkmani, Syrian politician (b. 1935)
Holidays and observances
External links
Months and days of the year
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