Jean Baptiste Perrin | |
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Perrin in 1926 |
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Born | Lille, France |
30 September 1870
Died | 17 April 1942 New York City, USA |
(aged 71)
Nationality | France |
Fields | Physics |
Institutions | École Normale Supérieure University of Paris |
Alma mater | École Normale Supérieure |
Known for | Nature of cathode rays Brownian motion |
Notable awards | Nobel Prize in Physics (1926) |
Jean Baptiste Perrin ForMemRS[1] (30 September 1870 – 17 April 1942) was a French physicist who, in his studies of the Brownian motion of minute particles suspended in liquids, verified Albert Einstein’s explanation of this phenomenon and thereby confirmed the atomic nature of matter. For this achievement he was honoured with the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1926.[2]
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Biography
Early years
Born in Lille, France, Perrin attended the École Normale Supérieure, the elite grande école in Paris. He became an assistant at the school during the period of 1894–97 when he began the study of cathode rays and X-rays. He was awarded the degree of docteur ès sciences (PhD) in 1897. In the same year he was appointed as a lecturer in physical chemistry at the Sorbonne, Paris. He became a professor at the University in 1910, holding this post until the German occupation of France during World War II.
Research and achievements
In 1895, Perrin showed that cathode rays were made of corpuscles with negative electric charge. He computed Avogadro's number through several methods. He explained solar energy by the thermonuclear reactions of hydrogen.
After Albert Einstein published (1905) his theoretical explanation of Brownian motion in terms of atoms, Perrin did the experimental work to test and verify Einstein's predictions, thereby settling the century-long dispute about John Dalton's atomic theory.
Perrin received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1926 for this and other work on the discontinuous structure of matter, which put a definite end to the long struggle regarding the question of the physical reality of molecules.
Perrin was the author of a number of books and dissertations. Most notable of his publications were: "Rayons cathodiques et rayons X" ; "Les Principes"; "Electrisation de contact"; "Réalité moléculaire"; "Matière et Lumière"; "Lumière et Reaction chimique".
Perrin was also the recipient of numerous prestigious awards including the Joule Prize of the Royal Society in 1896 and the La Caze Prize of the Paris Academy of Sciences. He was twice appointed a member of the Solvay Committee at Brussels in 1911 and in 1921. He also held memberships with the Royal Society of London and with the Academies of Sciences of Belgium, Sweden, Turin, Prague, Romania and China. He became a Commander of the Legion of Honour in 1926 and was made Commander of the Order of Léopold (Belgium).
In 1927, he founded the Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique together with chemist André Job and physiologist André Mayer. Funding was provided by Edmond James de Rothschild.[3] In 1937, Perrin established the Palais de la Découverte, a science museum in Paris.
Perrin is considered the founding father of the The National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)). Following a petition by Perrin signed by over 80 scientists, among them eight Nobel Prize laureates, the French education minister set up the Conseil Supérieur de la Recherche Scientifique (French National Research Council) in April 1933. In 1936 Perrin, now an undersecretary for research, founded the Service Central de la Recherche Scientifique (French Central Agency for Scientific Research).[3] Both institutions were merged under the CNRS umbrella on October 19, 1939.[4]
His notable students include Pierre Victor Auger. Jean Perrin was the father of Francis Perrin, also a physicist.
Personal life
Perrin was an officer in the engineer corps during World War I. When the Germans invaded France in 1940, he escaped to the U.S.A. where he died in New York City. After the War, in 1948, his remains were transported back to France by the battleship Jeanne d'Arc and buried in the Panthéon.
References
- ^ Townsend, J. S. (1943). "Jean Baptiste Perrin. 1870-1942". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society 4 (12): 301–326. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1943.0004.
- ^ Kyle, R. A. (1979). "Jean Baptiste Perrin". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 242 (8): 744. doi:10.1001/jama.242.8.744.
- ^ a b Zeitoun, Charline (September 2009). "Le CNRS a 70 ans". CNRS le journal. http://www2.cnrs.fr/presse/journal/4468.htm. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
- ^ Guthleben, Denis (November 3, 2010). "Un peu d’histoire... La création du CNRS". Comité pour l’histoire du CNRS. http://www.cnrs.fr/ComiHistoCNRS/spip.php?article2. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
External links
- 1926 Nobel Prize
- Atoms, translated by Dalziel Hammick, in the Internet Archive
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