Saint Gregory the Illuminator | |
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Patriarch of Armenian Church | |
Born | circa 257 |
Died | circa 331 |
Honored in | Armenian Apostolic Church Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodox Church Eastern Catholic Church Anglican Church |
Feast | Armenian Christian June 9; Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic, September 30 |
Patronage | Armenia |
St. Gregory the Illuminator Patriarch of Armenia (Catholicos of All Armenians) | |
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Church | Armenian Apostolic Church |
Enthroned | 302 |
Reign ended | 325 |
Predecessor | St. Merozanes |
Successor | St. Aristaces I |
Personal details | |
Born | 257 |
Died | 331 |
Denomination | Christianity |
Saint Gregory the Illuminator or Saint Gregory the Enlightener (Armenian: Գրիգոր Լուսաւորիչ translit. Grigor Lusavorich, Greek: Γρηγόριος Φωστήρ or Φωτιστής, Gregorios Phoster or Photistes) (c. 257 – c. 331) is the patron saint and first official head of the Armenian Apostolic Church. He was a religious leader who is credited with converting Armenia from paganism to Christianity, Armenia thus being the first nation to adopt Christianity as its official religion in 301.
Contents |
Beginnings
Gregory was the son[1] of the Armenian Parthian nobles[2] Anak and Okohe. His father Anak, who was a Prince[3] said to be related to the Arsacid Kings of Armenia[4] or was from the house of Suren-Pahlaw, one of the seven branches of the ruling Arsacid dynasty[5] of Bactria.[6] Anak was charged with assassinating Khosrov II, one of the kings of the Arsacid dynasty and was put to death. Gregory narrowly escaped execution with the help of Sopia and Yevtagh, his caretakers. He was taken to Caesarea in Cappadocia where Sopia and Yevtagh hoped to raise him. Gregory was given to the Christian Holy Father Phirmilianos (Euthalius) to be educated and was brought up as a devout Christian.
On the coming of his age, Gregory married a woman called Miriam a devout Christian who was the daughter of a Christian Armenian Prince[7] in Cappadocia. From their union, Miriam bore Gregory two children[8], their sons Vrtanes and Aristaces. Through Vrtanes, Gregory and Miriam would have further descendants and when Gregory died, Aristaces succeeded him. At some point Miriam and Gregory separated in order that Gregory might take up a monastic life.[9] Gregory left Cappadocia and went to Armenia in the hope of atoning for the crime by his father by evangelizing his homeland.[10]
At that time Tiridates III the son of the late King Khosrov II, reigned. Influenced partly by the fact that Gregory was the son of his father's enemy, he ordered Gregory imprisoned for twelve (some sources indicate fourteen) years in a pit on the Ararat Plain under the present day church of Khor Virap located near the historical city Artashat in Armenia. Gregory was eventually called forth from his pit in c. 297 to restore to sanity Tiridates III, who had lost all reason after he was betrayed by Roman emperor Diocletian. Diocletian invaded and vast amounts of territory from western provinces of Greater Armenia became "protectorates" of Rome.
Declaration of Christianity in Armenia
In 301 Gregory baptized Tiridates III along with members of the royal court and upper class as Christians. Tiridates III issued a decree by which he granted Gregory full rights to begin carrying out the conversion of the entire nation to the Christian faith. The same year Armenia became the first country to adopt Christianity as its state religion. The newly built cathedral, the Mother Church in Echmiadzin became and remains the spiritual and cultural center of Armenian Christianity and center of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Most Armenians were baptized in Aratsani (upper Euphrates) and Yeraskh (Arax) rivers.
Many of the pre-Christian, traditional Indo-European, festivals and celebrations such as Tyarndarach (Trndez - associated with fire worship) and Vartavar (Vadarvar - associated with water worship), that dated back to thousands of years were preserved and continued in the form of Christian celebrations and chants. In 302, Gregory received consecration as Patriarch of Armenia from Leontius of Caesarea, his childhood friend.
Retirement and Death
In 318, Gregory appointed his second son Aristaces as the next Catholicos in line of Armenia's Holy Apostolic Church to stabilize and continue strengthening Christianity not only in Armenia, but also in the Caucasus and Anatolia. Gregory also placed and instructed his grandson Gregory (one of the sons of Vrtanes) in charge of the holy missions to the peoples and tribes of all of the Caucasus and Caucasian Albania. Gregory was martyred by a fanatical mob, while preaching in Albania. In his later years, Gregory withdrew to a small sanctuary near Mount Sebuh (Mt. Sepuh) in the Daranali province (Manyats Ayr, Upper Armenia) with a small convent of monks, where he remained until his death.
Veneration
After his death his corpse was removed to the village of Thodanum (T'ordan - modern Doğanköy, near Erzincan). His remains were scattered far and near in the reign of Zeno. His head is believed to be now in Armenia, his left hand at Echmiadzin, and his right at the Holy See of Cilicia in Antelias, Lebanon. In the eighth century, the iconoclast decrees in Greece caused a number of religious orders to flee the Byzantine Empire and seek refuge elsewhere. San Gregorio Armeno in Naples was built in that century over the remains of a Roman temple dedicated to Ceres, by a group of nuns escaping from the Byzantine Empire with the relics of Gregory the Illuminator.
A number of prayers, and about thirty of the canons of the Armenian Church are ascribed to Gregory the Illuminator. The homilies appeared for the first time in a work called Haschacnapadum at Constantinople in 1737; a century afterwards a Greek translation was published at Venice by the Mekhiterists; and they have since been edited in German by J M Schmid (Ratisbon, 1872). The original authorities for Gregory's life are Agathangelos, whose History of Tiridates was published by the Mekhitarists in 1835; Moses of Chorene, Historiae Armenicae; and Symeon the Metaphrast.
A Life of Gregory by the Vartabed Matthew was published in the Armenian language at Venice in 1749 and was translated into English by the Rev. Father Malan (1868). Gregory is honored with a feast day on the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church (USA) on March 23.
Gallery
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Painting at the Holy See of Cilicia
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Mosaic icon of St. Gregory the Illuminator, 14th century (Pammakaristos Church, Istanbul)
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The Right Hand of Gregory the Illuminator in the museum of the Holy See of Cilicia at Antelias, Lebanon
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Saint Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral, Yerevan, (finished in 2001) contains the remains of St Gregory
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Gregory the Illuminator illustration in 1898 book «Illustrated Armenia and Armenians» [11]
See also
- Khor Virap
- Armenian Apostolic Church
- Armenian Catholic Church
- Eastern Christianity
- Vardapet; Armenian preaching monks
- Gregorids
External links
- Agathangelos: History of St. Gregory and the Conversion of Armenia
- "Gregory the Illuminator". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
- "Gregory, St.". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
- Gandzasar Monastery, Nagorno Karabakh
References
- ^ Hovannisian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, p.72
- ^ Agat’angeghos, History of the Armenians, p.xxvii
- ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.270
- ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.270
- ^ Terian, Patriotism And Piety In Armenian Christianity: The Early Panegyrics On Saint Gregory, p.106
- ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.97
- ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.97
- ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.97
- ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.97
- ^ Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, p.97
- ^ Tigranes the Great illustration in 1898 book «Illustrated Armenia and Armenians» [1]
Sources
- Agat’angeghos, History of the Armenians, SUNY Press, 1976
- R.G. Hovannisian, The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, Palgrave Macmillan, 2004
- A. Terian, Patriotism And Piety In Armenian Christianity: The Early Panegyrics On Saint Gregory, St Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 2005
- V.M. Kurkjian, A History of Armenia, Indo-European Publishing, 2008
Preceded by New creation |
Catholicoi of the Holy See of St. Echmiadzin and All Armenians 288–325 |
Succeeded by St. Aristaces I |