Henry Stewart | |
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Tenure | 29 July 1565 – 10 February 1567 |
Coronation | 29 July 1565 |
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Tenure | 1565–1567 |
Successor | James, Duke of Rothesay |
Spouse | Mary, Queen of Scots m. 1565; dec. 1567 |
Issue | |
James I of England | |
House | House of Stuart |
Father | Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox |
Mother | Margaret Douglas |
Born | Temple Newsam, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England |
7 December 1545
Died | 10 February 1567 Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, Scotland |
(aged 21)
Henry Stewart or Stuart, 1st Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 — 10 February 1567), styled Lord Darnley before 1565, was king consort of Scotland and murdered at Kirk o'Field. Many contemporary narratives describing his life and death refer to him as Lord Darnley, his title as heir apparent to the Earldom of Lennox, and it is by this appellation that he is now generally known.[1]
He was the second but eldest surviving son of Matthew Stewart, thirteenth or fourth Earl of Lennox (1516–1571), and his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, sixth Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII of England, and widow of James IV, king of Scots. It is the common belief that Henry Stewart was born on the 7th of December, but this is disputed. He was a first cousin and the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and the father of her son King James VI, who also succeeded Queen Elizabeth I of England as King James I of England [2].
Contents |
Early life
Darnley was born in 1545, at Temple Newsam, Leeds, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. Through his parents he had claims to both the Scottish and English thrones, as he was descended from both James II of Scotland and Henry VII that he was brought up conscious of his status and his inheritance. Lord Darnley was home-schooled and raised well-educated in all his exercises. He became well-versed in the language of Latin and grew up familiar with the Scots, English and French languages under instruction of his tutors John Elder and Arthur Lallart. He excelled on other levels, including singing, lute playing, and dancing. Darnley also was physically strong and athletic which made him into a good horseman with knowledge of weapons and a passion for hunting and hawking. Darnley's father had been declared guilty of treason for his part in the ‘rough wooing’, and his Scottish estates were forfeited in 1545.[2] His father lived in exile in England for 22 years, returning to Scotland in 1564.[3] His tutors included the Protestant Scottish scholar, John Elder. Elder had been an advocate of Anglo-Scottish union by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots, to Prince Edward, and gave his opinions to Henry VIII as the Advice of a Redshank in 1543.[4] Another of his schoolmasters, Arthur Lallart, was interrogated in London after going to Scotland in 1562.[5]
Darnley wrote a letter to Mary I of England from Temple Newsam in March 1554 mentioning a drama or map he had made, the Utopia Nova. Darnley wished, "every haire in my heade for to be a wourthy souldiour".[6]
In September 1564, the Scottish Parliament restored his father's rights and titles, and listened to a lengthy speech from William Maitland who offered;
"it may be affirmid Scotland in na manis age that presentlie levis wes in gritter tranquillitie."[7]
Marriage in Scotland
On 3 February 1565 Darnley left London and by 12 February he was in Edinburgh. On 17 February he presented himself to Mary at Wemyss Castle, Fife. (citation). Melville reported that ‘Her Majesty took well with him, and said that he was the lustiest and best proportioned long man that she had seen’ (Memoirs of His Own Life, 134). After a brief visit to his father at Dunkeld, Darnley returned with Mary and the court to Holyrood on 24 February. The next day he heard John Knox preach, and he danced a galliard with Mary at night. From then on he was constantly in Mary's company.[2]
On 15 May 1565, Darnley was created knight of Tarbolton, Lord Ardmannoch, and Earl of Ross, swearing allegiance to Mary and this was the beginning of the couple’s engagement. The marriage of Henry Stewart to Mary Queen of Scots was dynastically ideal for the kingdom. it avoided the uncertainty of a foreign match and promised a monarchy free of England and France, while strengthening the Scottish claim to the English throne. Then on 22 July Darnley was made Duke of Albany in the abbey of Holyrood house and the banns of marriage were called in the parish of Canongate. A proclamation was made at the Mercat Cross on 28 July that government would be in the joint names of the king and queen of Scots, thus giving Darnley equality with, and precedence over, Mary. This was confirmed in the circulation of a silver ryal in the names of Henry and Mary. On 29 July 1565 the marriage took place by Roman Catholic rites in Mary's private chapel at Holyrood, after which Darnley left Mary to hear the nuptial mass alone. [2] Lord Darnley’s religious beliefs were unstable as he was raised Roman Catholic but during his later years became influenced by Protestantism.[8]This led to Darnley’s refusal of accompanying Mary on their wedding day in Mass, leaving her to hear the nuptial mass alone.[2]
Darnley was related to his future wife in at least four ways: they shared a grandmother in English princess Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England and the elder sister of Henry VIII (Mary descending from Margaret's marriage to James IV of Scotland, Darnley from Margaret's marriage to Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus), putting both Mary and Darnley high in the line of succession for the English throne; Darnley was a descendant of a daughter of James II of Scotland and thus also in line for the throne of Scotland; both were descendants of Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland (Mary through Joan's marriage to James I of Scotland, Darnley through her marriage to Sir James Stewart, the Black Knight of Lorn, and their family surname was due to a much more ancient connection to his and Mary's male-line ancestor, Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland. As a preliminary to the marriage, Darnley was made Lord of Ardmanoch, and Earl of Ross at Stirling Castle on 15 May 1565. An entourage of 15 men were made knights, including Sir Robert Stewart of Strathdon, one of Mary's half brothers. The title of Duke of Albany was to follow.[9]
In England a concerned Privy Council debated the perils of the intended marriage on 4 June 1565. One of their resolutions was to relax the displeasure shown to Lady Catherine Grey, another rival to Mary Stuart for the English throne.[10] Mary sent John Hay, Commendator of Balmerino, to speak to Elizabeth, and Elizabeth demanded Darnley's return, and gave John Hay plainly to understand her small satisfaction.[11] The marriage itself took place on Monday 9 July 1565,[12] in the Chapel-Royal of the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. On 28 July 1565 Darnley was given the title of King of Scots at a proclamation published at the Cross of Edinburgh.[13] At the same time, it was announced that all official documents would be signed by both Mary and Henry.[14] These events were tracked in the letters of Thomas Randolph, an English resident in Edinburgh.[15]
The Lennox Crisis
The Lennox crisis arose from the dynastic ambition of the Lennoxes: Matthew Stewart, fourth Earl of Lennox, third in line to the Scottish throne, his wife Margaret Douglas, niece to Henry VIII and granddaughter of Henry VII, and their son, Henry, Lord Darnley.[16] Sarah Macauley states in her article that the Lennoxes were Roman Catholic, adding: "At a time when Elizabeth was trying to accommodate everyone under the spiritual umbrella of the Church of England, their resistance could prove fatal to her policy, and, if they achieved enough support, even her majesty. The Lennox threat became a brief crisis during the first three years of Elizabeth's reign when the possibility of a Roman Catholic backlash was understandably viewed as a likely response to her policies."[16]
The Lennoxes put spies on Mary and their own son, Lord Darnley. When Henri II of France died in July 1559, Lennox's brother, the Sieur d'Aubigny, elevated in the French court as kinsman of the new Queen, Mary, was accused of supporting her title to the throne of England and hinting that even his nephew had a stronger claim than Elizabeth. Aubigny also arranged for Darnley to be dispatched to the French Court in order to congratulate Mary and Francis on their accession and seek restoration for Lennox. Mary did not restore Lennox, but she did give 1000 crowns to Darnley and asked him to her coronation.[17] Lennox's plan was to appeal directly to the Queen of Scots via her ambassador, above the heads of both Elizabeth and the Guise. Nesbit's mission appears to have been a desperate one; not only was Lennox willing to hand over both Darnley and his brother Charles as hostages for his restoration, but he also supplied pedigrees of Darnley, indicating his right to the inheritance of England and Scotland, and the houses of Hamilton and Douglas.[18]
Nesbit was a spy assigned to watch Mary and Darnley, another spy was John Elder, who had accompanied Lennox into England in 1544 and who was responsible for Darnley's fine penmanship and precocious writings to Mary Tudor and the Bishop of Caithness. Elder had presented Mary Tudor with samples of Darnley's hand, and a fanciful map of 'New Utopia'. Elder was a useful emissary for the Lennoxes, and may well have been encouraged by them to establish himself in France. He certainly continued to serve his former patrons in their endeavour to ingratiate themselves and their heir with the Scottish Queen. In 1559, Nicholas Throckmorton, the English ambassador in Paris, alarmed at the Scots' associations, warned Elizabeth that Elder was "as dangerous for the matters of England as any he knew."[19] Sarah Macauley notes, "After the Queen of Scots, Lord Darnley was the strongest dynastic claimant to Elizabeth's throne. He was also the natural choice for many of Elizabeth's enemies as male, English born and Catholic. Paget supposed in March 1560 that talk of the Catholics raising Darnley to the throne in the event of the Queen's death was 'well founded'".[citation needed]
By the summer of the same year Elizabeth's position was considerably strengthened.[20] A notable spy who was interrogated was Francis Yaxley, a Catholic, who had been a clerk of the Signet, employed by William Cecil since 1549 and travelled in France for him.[21] Yaxley had placed Mabel Fortescue and other ladies as servants in the Lennox household at Settrington in November 1560.[22] Yaxley's interrogation at the Tower of London in February 1562 was a brief one; "Yaxley had obtained much intelligence about the Court from the Spanish ambassador, and that the said ambassador had entrusted him and Hugh Allen with messages and tokens for the Lennoxes and Darnley. Yaxley also admitted that his missions had been sought to arrange the marriage of the Queen of Scots with Darnley, that Darnley's religion guaranteed him greater success in his suit than the Earl of Arran, and that Margaret had many friends 'in the nurtht.'"[23] Although the Lennox threat never died out, Elizabeth did not convict the family of treason in 1562. Nor did she encourage the steps made to annul Margaret's claim to her throne by inquiring into her legitimacy. "Perhaps, as has been suggested, the English Queen feared that such investigations could be directed at herself, or her actions were intended merely to ensure the survival of the monarchy by not reducing the number of potential heirs. In any case, the family was released in February 1563, and within a few months Darnley and his mother were conspicuous by their presence at Court, and the favour they received there from the Queen, although she could not yet bring herself to accommodate the Earl at Court."[24]
Sarah Macauley found three outcomes of the courts' final decision of the trial: "Their elevation at Court was, as it turned out in 1563, a useful complication in the succession issue. First, it presented a public statement that the preferences of parliament (the claim of Catherine Grey in the succession crisis) could not dictate her own policy. Secondly, favouring the Lennoxes could serve as some kind of appeasement of the English Roman Catholics, who, like the Spanish ambassador, might foresee Elizabeth naming Darnley as her successor ... [S]uch speculation would also distract them from favouring the more alarming claim of the Queen of Scots ... [T]hirdly, and most significantly, the elevation of the Lennoxes presented an obstacle between the Queen of Scots and the English throne. Thus was Darnley's uniquely 'British' inheritance put to use at last."[24] In conclusion, Macauley posited, “The subsequent release of Darnley into Scotland and the restoration of his father at the Scottish Court were part of this policy: the political disaster of the Darnley marriage as yet unforeseen."[25]
Estrangement
Soon after Mary became married to Darnley she became aware of his vain, arrogant and unreliable qualities that concerned the well-being of the state. Henry was three years younger than Mary (their birthdays were only a day apart) and not particularly mature. He was unpopular with the other nobles and had a mean and violent streak, aggravated by a drinking problem.[1] Already in August 1565, William Cecil heard that Darnley's insolence drove Lennox from the Scottish court.
A main problem surrounding the couple’s marriage was Mary’s refusal to grant Darnley the Crown matrimonial. If granted, this would have carried him with succession to the throne should Mary died childless.[26] Within a short time, Mary became pregnant. According to the English diplomats Thomas Randolph and the Earl of Bedford, the murder of David Rizzio (who was rumored to be the father of Mary's unborn child) was Darnley’s own addition to the plot of winning over the crown matrimonial. Darnley also made a band with his allies to advance his claim to the crown-matrimonial in the Parliament of Scotland in return for restoring their lands and titles.[27]
With Mary was 6 months pregnant, Darnley, along with other Protestant reformers, may have planned for Rizzio's murder to have deathly impact towards the queen and result in a miscarriage and severely damaging Mary’s health. Thus this slow death of the Queen could give her the opportunity to be persuaded into handing over the crown matrimonial to her husband.[2] It is also interesting to note that when the Spanish Ambassador in Paris heard this news, the headlines were that Darnley “had murdered his wife, admitted the exiled heretics, and seized the kingdom.” However on the 20th of March, Darnley posted a declaration denying all knowledge of or complicity in the Rizzio conspiracy. Mary no longer trusted her husband and Darnley was disgraced by the kingdom. On 27 March the Earl of Morton and Lord Ruthven, who were both present at Rizzio's murder and had fled to England, wrote to William Cecil explaining that Darnley had initiated the murder plot and recruited them, because of his "heich quarrel" and "deadly hatred" of Rizzio.[28]
Following the birth of their son, the future James VI, the succession was more secure; in late 1566 and early 1567, Henry and Mary appeared to be close to reconciliation, as she was often seen visiting his chambers. Henry, however, alienated many who would otherwise have been his supporters through his erratic behavior. His insistence that he be awarded the Crown Matrimonial, which would have given him executive ruling powers in Scotland, became a source of marital frustration as well.
Death
On 10 February 1567, the bodies of Henry and his servant at the time were discovered in the orchard of Kirk o' Field, Edinburgh, where they had been staying.
Within the weeks leading up to the murder, Lord Darnley had been healing after a bout of smallpox or speculated syphilis, as he was described having deformed pocks upon his face and body. He was staying with his family in Glasgow, until Mary brought him to their estate Kirk o' Field in Edinburgh, Scotland. She brought him to Kirk O'Field with the intention of incorporating him into the court system again.[30] Darnley stayed in Edinburgh while Mary attended the wedding of one of her friends. Around 2 am on the night of February 10, 1567, while Mary was away, two explosions rocked the foundation of Kirk O'Field. These explosions later attributed to two barrels of gun powder that had been placed in the small room under Lord Darnley's sleeping quarters. This, however, was not what killed Lord Darnley; his body, along with the body of his valet William Taylour, was found outside of the estate. Surrounding Henry and his servant was a cloak, a dagger, a chair and a coat. Henry was dressed only in his nightshirt, suggesting he had fled in some haste from his bedchamber.
After an examination of Darnley and his valet's body it was later determined that they did not show any signs of injuries that could be associated with the explosion. This showed that it was not the explosion that killed him. It was determined that they were killed by strangulation. This is believed to have taken place before the explosion. Before the execution of Morton, he admitted having knowledge of Darnley's murder. Morton claimed Bothwell and Douglas were "chief actors" in the murder of Lord Darnley.[31]
A soldier under the pay of the Earl, William Blackadder of the Clan Blackadder was allegedly the first non-participant to happen upon the scene, and for that reason was initially treated as a suspect. Although initially cleared of any involvement in the murder, he was offered up by the conspirators and convicted at a show trial, after which he was executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered before each of his limbs was nailed to the gates of a different Scottish town.
Aftermath
Suspicion fell on the Earl of Bothwell and his supporters, notably Archibald Douglas, Parson of Douglas, whose shoes were found at the scene, and Mary herself. Bothwell had long been suspected of having designs on the throne, and his close relationship with the queen gave rise to rumours they were sexually intimate. This was seen as a reason for Bothwell to have Darnley murdered, with help from some of the nobility, and seemingly with royal approval. the queen had been looking at options for removing Darnley, though her ideas were for divorce, and none were suitable. Not Long after darnley's death, Bothwell is believed to kidnapped the queen, taking her to Dunbar Castle and was subsequently raped by the Earl who, knowing that her Catholic faith would command her to marry him, used her as an access route to the throne. She would later miscarry twins by him. Rumours since have said the queen was a willing participant in the kidnapping, and the story of rape a fabrication, so her honour and reputation were not ruined by her marriage to the widely suspected murderer. Suspicions that Mary colluded with conspirators in her husband's death or that she took no action to prevent his death were key factors in the downward spiral that led to Mary's loss of the Scottish crown. The casket letters, alleged to have been written by Mary, seemed to indicate her support for the killing. The letters were purportedly found by James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton in Edinburgh in a silver box engraved with an F (supposedly for Francis II), along with a number of other documents, including the Mary-Bothwell marriage certificate.[32]
Not long after that, both Mary and the Earl were charged with Henry's murder. They were given separate trials in England. The Earl of Bothwell was found not guilty. Mary’s trial took longer, ending with no definitive finding. Mary was kept in captivity until she was implicated in the Babington plot plot against Elizabeth, after which she was convicted of treason and executed.[33]
Titles, styles, honours and arms
Titles and styles
- 7 December 1545 – 15 May 1565: Master of Lennox (Scotland); Lord Darnley (English title)
- 15 May – 20 July 1565: The Earl of Ross and Lord of Ardmanach.[34]
- 20–28 July 1565: The Duke of Albany
- 28 July 1565 – 10 February 1567: His Grace The King of Scots
Honours
- February 1565: Order of Saint Michael, awarded by King Charles IX of France.[35]
In popular culture
- Timothy Dalton played the part of Darnley in the movie Mary, Queen of Scots, starring Vanessa Redgrave. Darnley is portrayed as a snivelling, pathetic character who marries Mary as part of a plot by Elizabeth I (Glenda Jackson) to weaken Mary's claim to the English throne. Dalton portrays Darnley as a bisexual who even beds the Queen's advisor, David Rizzio (Ian Holm), but later falls out with Rizzio and has him murdered by other plotters (referred to in the film as the Lords of the Congregation). Darnley then mourns the death of his former lover. A plot to murder Darnley is later planned and carried out by Lord Bothwell (Nigel Davenport), Mary's illegitimate half-brother Lord Moray (Patrick McGoohan), and the various Scottish Lords who participated in the murder of Rizzio (Huntly, Morton, Falconside, and others). The plot is depicted in the film as having Mary's tacit approval.
- Rizzio's murder at Holyroodhouse is also a crucial plot point in The Italian Secretary, a Sherlock Holmes-pastiche by Caleb Carr.
- The years of Darnley's marriage to Mary, including the murder of David Rizzio and Darnley's subsequent suspicious death, are covered in Jesse Blackadder's historical novel, The Raven's Heart, HaperCollins (Australia) Pty (2011)
Ancestors
Ancestors of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley[36] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References
- ^ a b Antonia Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots.
- ^ a b c d e f Elaine Finnie Greig, ‘Stewart, Henry, duke of Albany [Lord Darnley] (1545/6–1567)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 4 March 2012</
- ^ Daniel, William S. (1852), History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. Pub. Edinburgh: Duncan Anderson. p. 62
- ^ Letters & Papers Henry VIII, vol. 18 part 2, (1902), no. 539: Bannatyne Miscellany, Edinburgh vol. 1, (1827), 1-6
- ^ Calendar State Papers Domestic 1547-1580, (1856), pp. 201, 203
- ^ Ellis, Henry, ed., Original Letters illustrative of British History, 2nd series vol. 2, (1827) pp. 249-251
- ^ Cameron, Annie I., ed., Warrender Papers, vol. 1, SHS (1931), p. 43, Maitland's oration in parliament.
- ^ Davison, Meredith Henry Armstrong. The Casket Letters. 1965. Print.
- ^ Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (1900), p. 161
- ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (1900), pp. 175, 194
- ^ Calendar of State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (1900), pp. 175-177, 178.
- ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (1900), 181, Randolph to Elizabeth, 16 July 1565.
- ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 2 (1900), p. 184, Randolph to Bedford, 28 July 1565.
- ^ Daniel, William S. (1852), History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. Pub. Edinburgh: Duncan Anderson, p. 67
- ^ Ellis, Henry, Original Letters illustrative of British History, (1st series), vol. 2 (1824), pp. 198-204 prints a selection of Randolph's letters relating to the marriage.
- ^ a b Macauley, (2004), p. 267
- ^ Macauley, (2004), p. 268
- ^ Macauley, (2004), pp. 268-269
- ^ Calendar State Papers Foreign Elizabeth, vol. 1
- ^ Macauley, (2004), p. 276
- ^ HMC Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury, vol. 1 (1883), pp. 74, 118, 121, 147; vol. 2 (1888), p. 509: CSP Domestic 1547-1580, (1856), p. 90, 16 March 1557
- ^ CSP Domestic 1547-1580, (1856), pp. 164, 171, 177
- ^ Macauley, (2004), p. 284: CSP Domestic 1547-1580, (1856), p. 195
- ^ a b Macauley, (2004), p. 287
- ^ Macauley, Sarah. 'The Lennox Crisis, 1558-1563.', Northern History 41.2 (2004): pp. 267-287
- ^ Davison, Meredith Henry Armstrong. The Casket Letters. 1965. Print.
- ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol.2 (1900), pp.259-61 no.351, 6 March 1566 (Randolph and Bedford were advised before the murder.)
- ^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol.2 (1900), 270-1 no.364 & no.369.
- ^ "The Darnley Sycamore". Forestry Commission Scotland - Heritage Trees of Scotland website. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/INFD-6U8J4E. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
- ^ "Mary, Mary, quite Contrary." Off Our Backs Feb 12 1971: 11-. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 15 Mar. 2012 .
- ^ The Skull and Portraits of Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley, and their Bearing on The Tragedy of Mary, Queen of Scots Karl Pearson Biometrika , Vol. 20B, No. 1 (Jul., 1928), pp. 1-104
- ^ MacRobert, A. E. (2002). Mary, Queen of Scots and the casket letters. International Library of Historical Studies. 25. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-829-8.
- ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09764a.htm
- ^ Daniel, William S. (1852), History of The Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. Pub. Edinburgh: Duncan Anderson, p. 65.
- ^ Anderson, Duncan (1849). History of the Abbey and Palace of Holyrood. Edinburgh, Scotland: Keeper of the Chapel Royal. pp. 58. Archived from the original on 2011-12-15. http://www.archive.org/details/historyofabbeypa00ande. Retrieved 2011-12-15. "about the beginning of February 1565-6, the Seigneur de Rembouillet, with a deputation from the King of France, arrived at the Palace, to present Darnley with the order of St. Michael, known as the Scallop or Cockle-shell Order, so called from the escallop shells of which the collar was composed. The investiture was performed after the celebration of mass in the Chapel-Royal"
- ^ Jamie's descent from King Robert III
- Darnley: A Life of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, Consort of Mary Queen of Scots by Caroline Bingham
- Mary, Queen of Scots and the Murder of Lord Darnley by Alison Weir
Scottish royalty | ||
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Vacant
Title last held by
Francis II of France |
King consort of Scots 1565–1567 |
Vacant
Title next held by
Anne of Denmarkas queen consort |
Peerage of Scotland | ||
New creation | Duke of Albany 4th creation 1565–1567 |
Succeeded by James Stuart |
Earl of Ross 3rd creation 1565–1567 |
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