July 15 is the 196th day of the year (197th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 169 days remaining until the end of the year.
Events
- 1099 – First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final assault of a difficult siege.
- 1149 – The reconstructed Church of the Holy Sepulchre is consecrated in Jerusalem.
- 1207 – King John of England expels Canterbury monks for supporting Archbishop Stephen Langton.
- 1240 – Swedish–Novgorodian Wars: a Novgorodian army led by Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva.
- 1381 – John Ball, a leader in the Peasants' Revolt, is hanged, drawn and quartered in the presence of King Richard II of England.
- 1410 – Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War: Battle of Grunwald – the allied forces of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the army of the Teutonic Order.
- 1685 – Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth is executed at Tower Hill, England after his defeat at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685.
- 1741 – Aleksei Chirikov sights land in Southeast Alaska. He sends men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska.
- 1789 – Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, is named by acclamation Colonel General of the new National Guard of Paris.
- 1799 – The Rosetta Stone is found in the Egyptian village of Rosetta by French Captain Pierre-François Bouchard during Napoleon's Egyptian Campaign.
- 1806 – Pike expedition: United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike begins an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine near St. Louis, Missouri, to explore the west.
- 1815 – Napoleonic Wars: Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders aboard HMS Bellerophon.
- 1823 – A fire destroys the ancient Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome, Italy.
- 1838 – Ralph Waldo Emerson delivers the Divinity School Address at Harvard Divinity School, discounting Biblical miracles and declaring Jesus a great man, but not God. The Protestant community reacts with outrage.
- 1870 – Reconstruction Era of the United States: Georgia becomes the last of the former Confederate states to be readmitted to the Union.
- 1870 – Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are transferred to Canada from the Hudson's Bay Company, and the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories are established from these vast territories.
- 1888 – The stratovolcano Mount Bandai erupts killing approximately 500 people, in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.
- 1910 – In his book Clinical Psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin gives a name to Alzheimer's disease, naming it after his colleague Alois Alzheimer.
- 1916 – In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing and George Conrad Westervelt incorporate Pacific Aero Products (later renamed Boeing).
- 1918 – World War I: the Second Battle of the Marne begins near the River Marne with a German attack.
- 1920 – The Polish Parliament establishes Silesian Voivodeship before the Polish-German plebiscite.
- 1927 – Massacre of July 15, 1927: 89 protesters are killed by the Austrian police in Vienna.
- 1954 – First flight of the Boeing 367-80, prototype for both the Boeing 707 and C-135 series.
- 1955 – Eighteen Nobel laureates sign the Mainau Declaration against nuclear weapons, later co-signed by thirty-four others.
- 1959 – The steel strike of 1959 begins, leading to significant importation of foreign steel for the first time in United States history.
- 1966 – Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnam begin Operation Hastings to push the North Vietnamese out of the Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone.
- 1974 – In Nicosia, Cyprus, Greek Junta-sponsored nationalists launch a coup d'état, deposing President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as Cypriot president.
- 1975 – Space Race: Apollo–Soyuz Test Project features the dual launch of an Apollo spacecraft and a Soyuz spacecraft on the first joint Soviet-United States human-crewed flight. It was both the last launch of an Apollo spacecraft, and the Saturn family of rockets.
- 1979 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter gives his so-called "malaise" speech, where he characterizes the greatest threat to the country as "this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose for our nation" but in which he never uses the word malaise.
- 1980 – A massive storm tears through western Wisconsin, causing US$160 million in damage.
- 1983 – A terrorist attack is launched by Armenian militant organisation ASALA at the Paris-Orly Airport in Paris; it leaves 8 people dead and 55 injured.
- 1983 – The Nintendo Entertainment System, the best-selling game console of its time, is released in Japan.
- 1996 – A Belgian Air Force C-130 Hercules carrying the Royal Netherlands Army marching band crashes on landing at Eindhoven Airport.
- 1997 – In Miami, Florida, serial killer Andrew Cunanan guns down Gianni Versace outside his home.
- 2002 – "American Taliban" John Walker Lindh pleads guilty to supplying aid to the enemy and to possession of explosives during the commission of a felony.
- 2002 – Anti-Terrorism Court of Pakistan hands down the death sentence to British born Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and life terms to three others suspected of murdering The Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl.
- 2003 – AOL Time Warner disbands Netscape. The Mozilla Foundation is established on the same day.
- 2009 – Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashes in northwestern Iran, killing all 153 aboard.
Births
- 1273 – Ewostatewos, Ethiopian monk and religious leader (d. 1352)
- 1353 – Vladimir the Bold, Russian prince (d. 1410)
- 1471 – Eskender, Ethiopian emperor (d. 1494)
- 1553 – Archduke Ernest of Austria (d. 1595)
- 1573 – Inigo Jones, English architect, designed the Queen's House (d. 1652)
- 1606 – Rembrandt, Dutch painter (d. 1669)
- 1631 – Jens Juel, Danish diplomat (d. 1700)
- 1638 – Giovanni Buonaventura Viviani, Italian composer and violinist (d. 1693)
- 1653 – Agostino Steffani, Italian ecclesiastic, diplomat, and composer (d. 1728)
- 1704 – August Gottlieb Spangenberg, German religious leader (d. 1792)
- 1737 – Princess Louise Marie of France (d. 1787)
- 1779 – Clement Clarke Moore, American educator, author, and poet (d. 1863)
- 1796 – Thomas Bulfinch, American writer (d. 1867)
- 1799 – Reuben Chapman, American lawyer and politician (d. 1882)
- 1808 – Henry Edward Manning, English archbishop and cardinal (d. 1892)
- 1812 – James Hope-Scott, English lawyer (d. 1873)
- 1837 – Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (d. 1859)
- 1848 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist and sociologist (d. 1923)
- 1850 – Francesca S. Cabrini, Italian-American nun and saint (d. 1917)
- 1851 – Eduardo Gutiérrez, Argentinian writer (d. 1889)
- 1858 – Emmeline Pankhurst, English activist (d. 1928)
- 1864 – Marie Tempest, English actress and singer (d. 1942)
- 1865 – Wilhelm Wirtinger, Austrian mathematician (d. 1945)
- 1870 – Vladimir Dmitrievich Nabokov, Russian journalist and politician (d. 1922)
- 1871 – Kunikida Doppo, Japanese writer (d. 1908)
- 1892 – Walter Benjamin, German critic and writer (d. 1940)
- 1893 – Enid Bennett, Australian actress (d. 1969)
- 1893 – Dick Rauch, American football player and coach (d. 1970)
- 1894 – Tadeusz Sendzimir, Polish-American engineer and inventor (d. 1989)
- 1899 – Seán Lemass, Irish politician (d. 1971)
- 1902 – Jean Rey, Belgian politician, 2nd President of the European Commission (d. 1983)
- 1903 – Kumaraswami Kamaraj, Indian politician (d. 1975)
- 1904 – Rudolf Arnheim, German-born American author and psychologist (d. 2007)
- 1905 – Dorothy Fields, American composer (d. 1974)
- 1906 – Rudolf Uhlenhaut, England-German engineer (d. 1989)
- 1910 – Ken Lynch, American actor (d. 1990)
- 1911 – Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton, English geographer and politician (d. 1994)
- 1913 – Cowboy Copas, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1963)
- 1913 – Abraham Sutzkever, Russian poet (d. 2010)
- 1914 – Hammond Innes, English writer (d. 1998)
- 1914 – Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani activist and scientist (d. 1999)
- 1914 – Howard Vernon, Swiss actor (d. 1996)
- 1915 – Albert Ghiorso, American scientist (d. 2010)
- 1918 – Bertram Brockhouse, Canadian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2003)
- 1918 – Joan Roberts, American actress
- 1918 – Nur Muhammad Taraki, Afghan journalist and politician (d. 1979)
- 1919 – Fritz Langanke, German SS lieutenant (d. 2012)
- 1919 – Iris Murdoch, Irish philosopher (d. 1999)
- 1921 – Jack Beeson, American composer (d. 2010)
- 1921 – Henri Colpi, French director (d. 2006)
- 1921 – Robert Bruce Merrifield, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006)
- 1922 – Leon M. Lederman, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
- 1925 – Philip Carey, American actor (d. 2009)
- 1926 – Driss Chraïbi, Moroccan novelist (d. 2007)
- 1926 – Leopoldo Galtieri, Argentine dictator (d. 2003)
- 1927 – Nan Martin, American actress (d. 2010)
- 1927 – Joe Turkel, American actor
- 1928 – Carl Woese, American microbiologist
- 1929 – Charles Anthony, American tenor (d. 2012)
- 1929 – Francis Bebey, Cameroonian-French musician and novelist (d. 2001)
- 1930 – Jacques Derrida, French philosopher (d. 2004)
- 1930 – Stephen Smale, American mathematician
- 1930 – Richard Garneau, French-Canadian journalist
- 1931 – Clive Cussler, American novelist
- 1932 – Ed Litzenberger, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2010)
- 1932 – Paulo Moura, Brazilian clarinetist and saxophonist (d. 2010)
- 1933 – Julian Bream, English guitarist and lutenist
- 1933 – Guido Crepax, Italian writer and illustrator (d. 2003)
- 1934 – Harrison Birtwistle, English composer
- 1934 – Risto Jarva, Finnish director and producer (d. 1977)
- 1935 – Donn Clendenon, American baseball player (d. 2005)
- 1935 – Alex Karras, American football player, wrestler, and actor
- 1935 – Ken Kercheval, American actor
- 1936 – George Voinovich, American politician
- 1938 – Ernie Barnes, American painter and football player (d. 2009)
- 1938 – Barry Goldwater, Jr., American politician
- 1939 – Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Portuguese politician
- 1939 – Patrick Wayne, American actor
- 1940 – Ronald Gene Simmons, American murderer (d. 1990)
- 1941 – Denis Héroux, Canadian director and producer
- 1942 – Mil Máscaras, Mexican wrestler and actor
- 1943 – Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Irish astrophysicist
- 1944 – Millie Jackson, American singer-songwriter and comedian
- 1944 – Jan-Michael Vincent, American actor
- 1945 – Jürgen Möllemann, German politician (d. 2003)
- 1946 – Hassanal Bolkiah, Bruneian sultan
- 1946 – Linda Ronstadt, American singer-songwriter, producer, and actress (Stone Poneys and Free Creek)
- 1947 – Peter Banks, English guitarist and songwriter (Yes, The Syn, and Flash)
- 1948 – Alicia Bridges, American singer-songwriter
- 1948 – Dimosthenis Kourtovik, Greek writer, critic, and anthropologist
- 1948 – Artimus Pyle, American drummer and songwriter (Lynyrd Skynyrd)
- 1949 – Carl Bildt, Swedish politician
- 1949 – Trevor Horn, English singer-songwriter, musician, and producer (The Buggles, Art of Noise, and Producers)
- 1949 – Richard Russo, American novelist
- 1950 – Colin Barnett, Australian politician
- 1950 – Arianna Huffington, Greek-American author and columnist, founded The Huffington Post
- 1951 – Gregory Isaacs, Jamaican singer-songwriter (d. 2010)
- 1951 – Jesse Ventura, American wrestler, actor, and politician, 38th Governor of Minnesota
- 1952 – Celia Imrie, English actress
- 1952 – Judy McGrath, American television executive
- 1952 – Terry O'Quinn, American actor
- 1952 – Johnny Thunders, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (New York Dolls and The Heartbreakers) (d. 1991)
- 1953 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide, Haitian priest and politician and 49th and 53rd President of Haiti
- 1953 – John Denham, English politician
- 1954 – Tarak Dhiab, Tunisian footballer
- 1954 – Jeff Jarvis, American journalist
- 1954 – Giorgos Kaminis, Greek politician
- 1954 – Mario Kempes, Argentine footballer
- 1956 – Ian Curtis, English singer-songwriter (Joy Division) (d. 1980)
- 1956 – Barry Melrose, Canadian ice hockey coach and commentator
- 1956 – Marky Ramone, American drummer and songwriter (Ramones, Richard Hell and the Voidoids, and Misfits)
- 1956 – Joe Satriani, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Chickenfoot and The Greg Kihn Band)
- 1956 – Wayne Taylor, South African race car driver
- 1958 – Gary Heale, English footballer
- 1958 – Mac Thornberry, American politician
- 1959 – Vincent Lindon, French actor
- 1959 – Shep Pettibone, American DJ, producer, and songwriter
- 1960 – Willie Aames, American actor
- 1960 – Kim Alexis, American model and actress
- 1961 – Lolita Davidovich, Canadian actress
- 1961 – Jean-Christophe Grangé, French journalist and screenwriter
- 1961 – Scott Ritter, American weapons inspector
- 1961 – Forest Whitaker, American actor
- 1962 – Steve Brown, American darts player
- 1962 – Nikos Filippou, Greek basketball player
- 1963 – Brigitte Nielsen, Danish model, actress, and singer
- 1963 – Steve Thomas, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1965 – Eleftherios Fotiadis, Greek footballer
- 1965 – David Miliband, English politician
- 1966 – Jason Bonham, English singer-songwriter and drummer (Bonham, Damnocracy, and Black Country Communion)
- 1966 – Irène Jacob, French-Swiss actress
- 1966 – Dimitris P. Kraniotis, Greek poet
- 1967 – Adam Savage, American actor and designer
- 1968 – Eddie Griffin, American comedian and actor
- 1968 – Stan Kirsch, American actor
- 1971 – Danijela Martinović, Croatian singer
- 1972 – Scott Foley, American actor
- 1972 – Beth Ostrosky Stern, American model and actress
- 1973 – Buju Banton, Jamaican singer
- 1973 – John Dolmayan, Lebanese-American drummer and songwriter (System of a Down and Scars on Broadway)
- 1973 – Brian Austin Green, American actor
- 1973 – Kris Holm, Canadian unicyclist
- 1974 – Marilita Lambropoulou, Greek actress
- 1974 – Chris Taylor, Australian comedian, writer, and radio host
- 1974 – Chot Ulep, Filipino bassist and songwriter
- 1975 – Kara Drew, American wrestler
- 1975 – Heather Nedohin, Canadian curler
- 1975 – Ben Pepper, Australian basketball player
- 1976 – Jim Jones, American rapper and actor (The Diplomats)
- 1976 – Diane Kruger, German actress and model
- 1977 – Faraz Anwar, Pakistani guitarist (Mizraab)
- 1977 – Kitana Baker, American model and actress
- 1977 – André Nel, South African cricketer
- 1977 – Lana Parrilla, American actress
- 1977 – John St. Clair, American football player
- 1978 – Miguel Olivo, Dominican baseball player
- 1979 – Laura Benanti, American actress and singer
- 1979 – Alexander Frei, Swiss footballer
- 1979 – Renata Kučerová, Czech tennis player
- 1980 – Reggie Abercrombie, American baseball player
- 1980 – Jonathan Cheechoo, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1980 – Kelli Martin, American fashion designer
- 1980 – Jasper Pääkkönen, Finnish actor and producer
- 1980 – Mike Zambidis, Greek kick-boxer
- 1981 – Alou Diarra, French footballer
- 1981 – Marius Stankevičius, Lithuanian footballer
- 1982 – Alan Pérez, Spanish cyclist
- 1982 – Neemia Tialata, New Zealand rugby player
- 1983 – Nelson Merlo, Brazilian race car driver
- 1983 – Heath Slater, American wrestler
- 1984 – Alex Boyd, Scottish photographer
- 1984 – Vice Cooler, American singer-songwriter and musician (Hawnay Troof and XBXRX)
- 1984 – Angelo Siniscalchi, Italian footballer
- 1985 – Chris Tiu, Filipino basketball player and politician
- 1985 – Burak Yılmaz, Turkish footballer
- 1986 – Tyler Kennedy, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1989 – Steven Jahn, German footballer
- 1989 – Tristan Wilds, American actor
- 1990 – Zach Bogosian, American ice hockey player
- 1990 – J.B. Gaynor, American actor
- 1991 – Derrick Favors, American basketball player
- 1992 – Koharu Kusumi, Japanese singer and actress (Morning Musume and Dream Morning Musume)
- 1992 – Porter Robinson, American DJ and producer
- 1996 – Mason Bennett, English footballer
Deaths
- 1085 – Robert Guiscard, Norman adventurer (b. 1015)
- 1262 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, English soldier (b. 1222)
- 1274 – Bonaventure, Italian theologian and saint (b. 1221)
- 1291 – Rudolph I of Germany (b. 1218)
- 1381 – John Ball, English priest (b. 1338)
- 1406 – William, Duke of Austria (b. 1370)
- 1410 – Ulrich von Jungingen, German knight (b. 1360)
- 1521 – Juan Ponce de León, Spanish explorer, 1st Governor of Puerto Rico (b. 1458)
- 1544 – René of Châlon (b. 1519)
- 1571 – Shimazu Takahisa, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1514)
- 1609 – Annibale Carracci, Italian painter (b. 1560)
- 1614 – Pierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme, French historian and biographer (b. 1540)
- 1655 – Girolamo Rainaldi, Italian architect (b. 1570)
- 1685 – James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth (b. 1649)
- 1750 – Vasily Tatishchev, Russian statesman (b. 1686)
- 1765 – Charles-André van Loo, French painter (b. 1705)
- 1767 – Michael Bruce, Scottish poet (b. 1746)
- 1789 – Jacques Duphly, French composer (b. 1715)
- 1828 – Jean-Antoine Houdon, French sculptor (b. 1741)
- 1839 – Winthrop Mackworth Praed, English poet (b. 1802)
- 1844 – Claude Charles Fauriel, French historian (b. 1772)
- 1857 – Carl Czerny, Austrian composer (b. 1791)
- 1871 – Tad Lincoln, American son of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1858)
- 1885 – Rosalía de Castro, Spanish writer and poet (b. 1837)
- 1890 – Gottfried Keller, Swiss writer (b. 1819)
- 1898 – Jean-Baptiste Salpointe, French-American Archbishop (d. 1825)
- 1904 – Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (b. 1860)
- 1919 – Hermann Emil Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
- 1929 – Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Austrian writer (b. 1874)
- 1930 – Leopold Auer, Hungarian violinist and composer (b. 1845)
- 1930 – Rudolph Schildkraut, Istanbul-American actor (b. 1862)
- 1931 – Ladislaus Bortkiewicz, Russian economist (b. 1868)
- 1932 – Cornelis Jacobus Langenhoven, South African politician and writer (b. 1873)
- 1933 – Irving Babbitt, American critic (b. 1865)
- 1933 – Freddie Keppard, American cornetist (b. 1890)
- 1940 – Eugen Bleuler, Swiss psychiatrist (b. 1857)
- 1940 – Robert Wadlow, American tallest person in the world (b. 1918)
- 1942 – Wenceslao Vinzons, Filipino politician and resistance leader (b. 1910)
- 1944 – Marie-Victorin, Canadian botanist (b. 1885)
- 1946 – Razor Smith, English cricketer (b. 1877)
- 1947 – Walter Donaldson, American songwriter (b. 1893)
- 1948 – John J. Pershing, American general (b. 1860)
- 1953 – Geevarghese Mar Ivanios, Indian bishop, founder of the Order of the Imitation of Christ (b. 1882)
- 1957 – James M. Cox, American politician (b. 1870)
- 1957 – Vasily Maklakov, Russian politician (b. 1869)
- 1958 – Julia Lennon, English mother of John Lennon (b. 1914)
- 1959 – Ernest Bloch, Swiss composer (b. 1880)
- 1959 – Vance Palmer, Australian novelist and critic (b. 1885)
- 1960 – Set Persson, Swedish politician (b. 1897)
- 1960 – Lawrence Tibbett, American singer and actor (b. 1896)
- 1961 – John Edward Brownlee, Canadian politician (b. 1884)
- 1965 – Francis Cherry, American politician (b. 1908)
- 1974 – Christine Chubbuck, American journalist (b. 1944)
- 1977 – Donald Mackay, Australian activist (b. 1933)
- 1979 – Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Mexican politician, 29th President of Mexico (b. 1911)
- 1982 – Bill Justis, American musician, songwriter, and producer (b. 1926)
- 1986 – Billy Haughton, American driver and trainer (b. 1923)
- 1989 – Laurie Cunningham, English footballer (b. 1956)
- 1990 – Margaret Lockwood, English actress (b. 1916)
- 1991 – Bert Convy, American actor (b. 1933)
- 1992 – Hammer DeRoburt, Nauruan politician, 1st President of Nauru (b. 1922)
- 1992 – Chingiz Mustafayev, Azerbaijani journalist and author (b. 1960)
- 1993 – David Brian, American actor (b. 1914)
- 1993 – Bobby Kent, American murder victim (b. 1973)
- 1996 – Dana Hill, American actress (b. 1964)
- 1997 – Gianni Versace, Italian fashion designer, founded Versace (b. 1946)
- 2000 – Louis Quilico, Canadian opera singer (b. 1925)
- 2003 – Roberto Bolaño, Chilean writer (b. 1953)
- 2003 – Tex Schramm, American businessman and manager (b. 1920)
- 2006 – Robert H. Brooks, American businessman, founder of Hooters and Naturally Fresh, Inc. (b. 1937)
- 2008 – György Kolonics, Hungarian canoer (b. 1972)
- 2008 – Karl Unterkircher, Italian mountaineer (b. 1970)
- 2009 – Natalya Estemirova, Russian journalist and activist (b. 1958)
- 2010 – James E. Akins, American politician (b. 1926)
- 2011 – Googie Withers, English actress (b. 1917)
- 2012 – Boris Cebotari, Moldovan footballer (b. 1975)
- 2012 – Tsilla Chelton, French actress (b. 1919)
- 2012 – Grant Feasel, American football player (b. 1960)
- 2012 – Manuel Eguiguren Galarraga, Spanish bishop (b. 1930)
- 2012 – David Fraser, English army officer (b. 1920)
- 2012 – Celeste Holm, American actress (b. 1917)
- 2012 – Yoichi Takabayashi, Japanese director (b. 1931)
Holidays and observances
External links
Months and days of the year
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