July 7 is the 188th day of the year (189th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 177 days remaining until the end of the year.
The terms 7th July, July 7th, and 7/7 (pronounced "Seven-seven") have been widely used in the Western media as a shorthand for the 7 July 2005 bombings on London's transport system. In the Chinese language, this term is used to denote the Battle of Lugou Bridge started on July 7, 1937, marking the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Events
- 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death.
- 1534 – European colonization of the Americas: first known exchange between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in New Brunswick.
- 1543 – French troops invade Luxembourg.
- 1575 – Raid of the Redeswire, the last major battle between England and Scotland.
- 1585 – The Treaty of Nemours abolishes tolerance to Protestants in France.
- 1770 – The Battle of Larga between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire takes place.
- 1777 – American Revolutionary War: American forces retreating from Fort Ticonderoga are defeated in the Battle of Hubbardton.
- 1798 – Quasi-War: the U.S. Congress rescinds treaties with France sparking the "war".
- 1807 – Napoleonic Wars: the Peace of Tilsit between France, Prussia and Russia ends the War of the Fourth Coalition.
- 1834 – In New York City, four nights of rioting against abolitionists began.
- 1846 – Mexican–American War: American troops occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena, thus beginning the U.S. acquisition of California.
- 1863 – United States begins its first military draft; exemptions cost $300.
- 1865 – American Civil War: four conspirators in the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln are hanged.
- 1892 – Katipunan: the Revolutionary Philippine Brotherhood is established, contributing to the fall of the Spanish Empire in Asia.
- 1898 – U.S. President William McKinley signs the Newlands Resolution annexing Hawaii as a territory of the United States.
- 1907 – Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr. staged his first Follies on the roof of the New York Theater in New York City.
- 1911 – The United States, Great Britain, Japan, and Russia sign the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 banning open-water seal hunting, the first international treaty to address wildlife preservation issues.
- 1915 – World War I: end of First Battle of the Isonzo.
- 1915 – An International Railway trolley with an extreme overload of 157 passengers crashes near Queenston, Ontario, killing 15.
- 1915 – Militia officer Henry Pedris executed by firing squad at Colombo, Ceylon - an act widely regarded as a miscarriage of justice by the British colonial authorities.
- 1928 – Sliced bread is sold for the first time by the Chillicothe Baking Company of Chillicothe, Missouri.
- 1930 – Industrialist Henry J. Kaiser begins construction of the Boulder Dam (now known as Hoover Dam).
- 1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Lugou Bridge – Japanese forces invade Beijing, China.
- 1941 – World War II: U.S. forces land in Iceland, taking over from an earlier British occupation.
- 1941 – World War II: Beirut is occupied by Free France and British troops.
- 1944 – World War II: Largest Banzai charge of the Pacific War at the Battle of Saipan.
- 1946 – Mother Francesca S. Cabrini becomes the first American to be canonized.
- 1946 – Howard Hughes nearly dies when his XF-11 spy plane prototype crashes in a Beverly Hills neighborhood.
- 1952 – The ocean liner SS United States passes Bishop's Rock on her maiden voyage, breaking the transatlantic speed record to become the fastest passenger ship in the world.
- 1953 – Ernesto "Che" Guevara sets out on a trip through Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, and El Salvador.
- 1954 – Elvis Presley made his radio debut when WHBQ Memphis played his first recording for Sun Records, "That's All Right."
- 1956 – Fritz Moravec and two other Austrian mountaineers make the first ascent of Gasherbrum II (8,035 m).
- 1958 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into law.
- 1959 – Venus occults the star Regulus. This rare event is used to determine the diameter of Venus and the structure of the Venusian atmosphere.
- 1978 – The Solomon Islands become independent from the United Kingdom.
- 1980 – Institution of sharia in Iran.
- 1980 – During the Lebanese Civil War, 83 Tiger militants are killed during what will be known as the Safra massacre.
- 1981 – U.S. President Ronald Reagan appoints Sandra Day O'Connor to become the first female member of the Supreme Court of the United States.
- 1983 – Cold War: Samantha Smith, a U.S. schoolgirl, flies to the Soviet Union at the invitation of Secretary General Yuri Andropov.
- 1985 – Boris Becker becomes the youngest player ever to win Wimbledon at age 17
- 1990 – World wide web born when Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, developed the HyperText Markup Language, which would later be called HTML.[citation needed]
- 1991 – Yugoslav Wars: the Brioni Agreement ends the ten-day independence war in Slovenia against the rest of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
- 1997 – The Turkish Armed Forces withdraw from northern Iraq after assisting the Kurdistan Democratic Party in the Iraqi Kurdish Civil War.
- 2002 – A scandal breaks out in the United Kingdom when news reports accuse MI6 of sheltering Abu Qatada, the supposed European Al-Qaeda leader.
- 2005 – A series of four explosions occurs on London's transport system killing 56 people including four alleged suicide bombers and injuring over 700 others.
- 2011 – Roof of a stand in De Grolsch Veste Stadium in Enschede which was under construction collapsed, killing one and injuring 14.
- 2012 – At least 171 people are killed in a flash flood in the Krasnodar Krai region of Russia.
Births
- 1053 – Emperor Shirakawa of Japan (d. 1129)
- 1119 – Emperor Sutoku of Japan (d. 1164)
- 1207 – Elizabeth of Hungary (d. 1231)
- 1528 – Archduchess Anna of Austria (d. 1590)
- 1586 – Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel, English statesman and art collector (d. 1646)
- 1656 – Guru Har Krishan, Indian eighth of the eleven Sikh Gurus (d. 1664)
- 1746 – Giuseppe Piazzi, Italian astronomer (d. 1826)
- 1752 – Joseph Marie Jacquard, French inventor and merchant, invented the Jacquard loom (d. 1834)
- 1766 – Guillaume Philibert Duhesme, French general (d. 1815)
- 1833 – Félicien Rops, Belgian artist (d. 1898)
- 1843 – Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1926)
- 1848 – Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves, Brazilian politician (d. 1919)
- 1851 – Charles Albert Tindley, American composer (d. 1933)
- 1855 – Ludwig Ganghofer, German writer (d. 1920)
- 1860 – Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (d. 1911)
- 1874 – Erwin Bumke, German jurist (d. 1945)
- 1884 – Lion Feuchtwanger, German dramatist (d. 1958)
- 1887 – Marc Chagall, Russian painter (d. 1985)
- 1891 – Tadamichi Kuribayashi, Japanese general (d. 1945)
- 1891 – Virginia Rappe, American actress (d. 1921)
- 1893 – Miroslav Krleža, Croatian writer (d. 1981)
- 1899 – George Cukor, American director (d. 1983)
- 1900 – Earle E. Partridge, American military commander (d. 1990)
- 1901 – Vittorio De Sica, Italian director (d. 1974)
- 1901 – Sam Katzman, American director and producer (d. 1973)
- 1901 – Eiji Tsuburaya, Japanese director and producer (d. 1970)
- 1902 – Ted Radcliffe, American baseball player and centenarian (d. 2005)
- 1904 – Simone Beck, French chef (d. 1991)
- 1906 – William Feller, Croatian-American mathematician and probabilist (d. 1970)
- 1906 – Anna Marie Hahn, German-American serial killer (d. 1938)
- 1906 – Anton Karas, Austrian zither player (d. 1985)
- 1906 – Satchel Paige, American baseball player (d. 1982)
- 1907 – Robert A. Heinlein, American writer (d. 1988)
- 1908 – Revilo P. Oliver, American academic and author (d. 1994)
- 1911 – Gretchen Franklin, English actress (d. 2005)
- 1911 – Gian Carlo Menotti, Italian composer (d. 2007)
- 1913 – Pinetop Perkins, American singer and pianist (d. 2011)
- 1915 – Margaret Walker, American novelist and poet (d. 1998)
- 1917 – Fidel Sánchez Hernández, Salvadoran general and politician, President of El Salvador (d. 2003)
- 1919 – Jon Pertwee, English actor (d. 1996)
- 1920 – Bhaktaraj Maharaj, Indian saint (d. 1995)
- 1921 – Ezzard Charles, American boxer (d. 1975)
- 1921 – Adolf von Thadden, German politician (d. 1996)
- 1922 – Alan Armer, American producer and director (d. 2010)
- 1922 – Pierre Cardin, Italian-French fashion designer
- 1924 – Mary Ford, American singer and guitarist (d. 1977)
- 1925 – Wally Phillips, American radio host (d. 2008)
- 1927 – Charlie Louvin, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Louvin Brothers) (d. 2011)
- 1927 – Doc Severinsen, American composer and trumpeter (The Tonight Show Band)
- 1929 – Hasan Abidi, Pakistani journalist and poet (d. 2005)
- 1930 – John Little, Scottish footballer
- 1930 – Theodore Edgar McCarrick, American cardinal
- 1930 – Hank Mobley, American composer and saxophonist (d. 1986)
- 1931 – David Eddings, American novelist (d. 2009)
- 1932 – Joe Zawinul, Austrian-American composer and keyboardist (Weather Report) (d. 2007)
- 1933 – Murray Halberg, New Zealand runner
- 1933 – David McCullough, American historian and author
- 1933 – Bruce Wells, English boxer and actor (d. 2009)
- 1936 – Jo Siffert, Swiss race car driver (d. 1971)
- 1936 – Nikos Xilouris, Greek singer and composer (d. 1980)
- 1937 – Tung Chee Hwa, Hong Kong businessman
- 1940 – Ringo Starr, English singer-songwriter, musician, and actor (The Beatles and Plastic Ono Band)
- 1941 – Marco Bollesan, Italian rugby player and coach
- 1941 – Michael Howard, English politician
- 1941 – Bill Oddie, English comedian and ornithologist
- 1942 – Carmen Duncan, Australian actress
- 1943 – Toto Cutugno, Italian singer-songwriter and musician
- 1943 – Joel Siegel, American journalist and critic (d. 2007)
- 1944 – Tony Jacklin, English golfer
- 1945 – Michael Ancram, English politician
- 1945 – Matti Salminen, Finnish opera singer
- 1946 – Joe Spano, American actor
- 1947 – Víctor Manuel, Spanish singer-songwriter
- 1947 – Gyanendra of Nepal
- 1947 – Howard Rheingold, American critic and writer
- 1947 – Felix Standaert, Belgian diplomat
- 1947 – Rob Townsend, English drummer (Family, The Blues Band, The Manfreds, and Axis Point)
- 1948 – Jean Leclerc, French-Canadian actor
- 1949 – Shelley Duvall, American actress
- 1952 – Mando Guerrero, Mexican wrestler
- 1954 – Rami Fortis, Israeli singer (Minimal Compact)
- 1955 – Len Barker, American baseball player
- 1957 – Jonathan Dayton, American director
- 1957 – Berry Sakharof, Turkish-Israeli singer-songwriter and guitarist (Minimal Compact)
- 1959 – Billy Campbell, American actor
- 1959 – Jessica Hahn, American model and actress
- 1959 – Ben Linder, American engineer (d. 1987)
- 1960 – Kevin A. Ford, American astronaut
- 1960 – Ralph Sampson, American basketball player
- 1961 – Eric Jerome Dickey, American author
- 1963 – Vonda Shepard, American singer-songwriter and musician
- 1965 – Mo Collins, American actress and comedian
- 1965 – Paula Devicq, Canadian actress
- 1965 – Jeremy Guscott, English rugby player
- 1965 – Sam Holbrook, American baseball umpire
- 1965 – Jeremy Kyle, English talk show host
- 1966 – Jim Gaffigan, American comedian and actor
- 1966 – Gundula Krause, German violinist
- 1966 – Neil Tobin, American magician and writer
- 1967 – Tom Kristensen, Danish race car driver
- 1967 – Jackie Neal, American singer (d. 2005)
- 1968 – Amy Carlson, American actress
- 1968 – Jorja Fox, American actress
- 1968 – Allen Payne, American actor
- 1968 – Jeff VanderMeer, American writer
- 1969 – Sylke Otto, German luger
- 1969 – Joe Sakic, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1969 – Nathalie Simard, French-Canadian singer
- 1969 – Cree Summer, American singer-songwriter and actress (Subject to Change)
- 1969 – Robin Weigert, American actress
- 1970 – Robia LaMorte, American actress and dancer
- 1970 – Wayne McCullough, Irish boxer
- 1970 – Erik Zabel, German cyclist
- 1971 – Christian Camargo, American actor
- 1971 – Alistair Potts, English rower
- 1972 – Lisa Leslie, American basketball player
- 1972 – Manfred Stohl, Austrian race car driver
- 1972 – Kirsten Vangsness, American actress
- 1973 – Troy Garity, American actor
- 1973 – José Jiménez, Dominican baseball player
- 1973 – Matt Mantei, American baseball player
- 1973 – Kārlis Skrastiņš, Latvian ice hockey player (d. 2011)
- 1973 – Natsuki Takaya, Japanese illustrator
- 1973 – Kailash Kher, Indian singer
- 1974 – Patrick Lalime, Canadian ice hockey player
- 1974 – E.D.I. Mean, American rapper and producer (Outlawz)
- 1975 – Tony Benshoof, American luger
- 1975 – Michael Voss, Australian footballer
- 1976 – Natasha Collins, English actress (d. 2008)
- 1976 – Dominic Foley, Irish footballer
- 1977 – D-Loc, American rapper and producer (Kottonmouth Kings and Kingspade)
- 1978 – Chris Andersen, American basketball player
- 1978 – Davor Kraljević, Croatian footballer
- 1979 – Carl Breeze, English race car driver
- 1979 – Anastasios Gousis, Greek sprinter
- 1980 – John Buck, American baseball player
- 1980 – Deidre Downs, American model, Miss America 2005
- 1980 – Kaisa Jouhki, Indonesian singer (Battlelore)
- 1980 – Michelle Kwan, American figure skater
- 1980 – Dan Whitesides, American drummer (The Used and New Transit Direction)
- 1981 – Mahendra Singh Dhoni, Indian cricketer
- 1981 – Synyster Gates, American singer and musician (Avenged Sevenfold)
- 1982 – Cassidy, American rapper, producer, and actor (Larsiny Family)
- 1982 – Mike Glita, American singer-songwriter and musician (Senses Fail)
- 1982 – Nick Karner, American actor and director
- 1982 – Jan Laštůvka, Czech footballer
- 1982 – George Owu, Ghanaian footballer
- 1983 – Justin Davies, Australian footballer
- 1983 – Ciara Newell, Irish singer (Bellefire)
- 1984 – Minas Alozidis, Greek hurdler
- 1984 – Alberto Aquilani, Italian footballer
- 1984 – Mohammad Ashraful, Bangladeshi cricketer
- 1984 – Marie-Mai, Canadian singer
- 1985 – Marc Stein, German footballer
- 1986 – Ana Kasparian, Armenian-American journalist and producer
- 1986 – Udo Schwarz, German rugby player
- 1987 – Julianna Guill, American actress
- 1987 – Lena Ma, Canadian model, Miss World Canada 2009
- 1988 – Kaci Brown, American singer
- 1989 – Kim Bum, South Korean actor, singer, and model
- 1988 – Lukas Rosenthal, German rugby player
- 1988 – Ilan Rubin, American singer and musician (Angels & Airwaves, Nine Inch Nails, Lostprophets, Denver Harbor, and Fenix TX)
- 1988 – Jack Whitehall, English comedian and actor
- 1990 – Lee Addy, Ghanaian footballer
- 1992 – Toni Garrn, German model
- 1997 – Erina Ikuta, Japanese singer (Morning Musume)
- 2000 – Princess Purnika of Nepal
Deaths
- 1304 – Pope Benedict XI (b. 1240)
- 1307 – Edward I of England (b. 1239)
- 1537 – Madeleine of Valois (b. 1520)
- 1572 – Sigismund II Augustus of Poland (b. 1520)
- 1573 – Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Italian architect, designed the Church of the Gesu and Villa Farnese (b. 1507)
- 1593 – Mohammed Bagayogo, Malian scholar (b. 1523)
- 1647 – Thomas Hooker, English minister, founded the Colony of Connecticut (b. 1586)
- 1663 – Thomas Baltzar, German violinist (b. 1630)
- 1701 – William Stoughton, American judge at the Salem witch trials (b. 1631)
- 1713 – Henry Compton, English bishop (b. 1632)
- 1730 – Olivier Levasseur, French pirate (b. 1690)
- 1764 – William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath, English politician (b. 1683)
- 1776 – Jeremiah Markland, English scholar (b. 1693)
- 1790 – François Hemsterhuis, Dutch philosopher (b. 1721)
- 1816 – Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Irish playwright and politician (b. 1751)
- 1855 – Konstantin Batyushkov, Russian poet (b. 1787)
- 1865 – Mary Surratt, American conspirator in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1823)
- 1865 – Lewis Payne, American conspirator in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1844)
- 1865 – David Herold, American conspirator in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1842)
- 1865 – George Atzerodt, German-American conspirator in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1833)
- 1878 – Yegor Ivanovich Zolotarev, Russian mathematician (b. 1847)
- 1890 – Henri Nestlé, German confectioner and businessman, founder of Nestlé (b. 1814)
- 1901 – Johanna Spyri, Swiss author (b. 1827)
- 1913 – Edward Burd Grubb, Jr., American general (b. 1841)
- 1922 – Cathal Brugha, Irish soldier and politician (b. 1874)
- 1925 – Clarence Hudson White American photographer (b. 1871)
- 1927 – Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Swedish mathematician (b. 1846)
- 1930 – Arthur Conan Doyle, Scottish writer (b. 1859)
- 1932 – Alexander Grin, Russian novelist (b. 1880)
- 1932 – Henry Eyster Jacobs, American theologian (b. 1844)
- 1942 – Thomas Xenakis, Greek gymnast (b. 1875)
- 1949 – Bunk Johnson, American trumpeter (b. 1879 or 1889)
- 1954 – Idabelle Smith Firestone, American composer and songwriter (b. 1874)
- 1956 – Gottfried Benn, German poet (b. 1886)
- 1960 – Francis Browne, Irish photographer (b. 1880)
- 1964 – Lillian Copeland, American discus thrower (b. 1904)
- 1965 – Moshe Sharett, Ukraine-Israeli politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1894)
- 1967 – Vivien Leigh, English actress (b. 1913)
- 1968 – Jo Schlesser, French race car driver (b. 1928)
- 1971 – Claude Gauvreau, Canadian writer (b. 1925)
- 1971 – Ub Iwerks, American artist, director, and cartoonist (b. 1901)
- 1972 – Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople (b. 1886)
- 1972 – Talal of Jordan (b. 1909)
- 1973 – Max Horkheimer, German philosopher and sociologist (b. 1895)
- 1973 – Veronica Lake, American actress (b. 1919)
- 1975 – Ruffian, American race horse (b. 1972)
- 1976 – Walter Giesler, American football coach (b. 1910)
- 1980 – Dore Schary, American writer and producer (b. 1905)
- 1981 – Peace Pilgrim, American activist (b. 1908)
- 1984 – Carl Boenish, American BASE jumper and cinematographer (b. 1941)
- 1984 – Alexander Fu, Hong Kong actor (b. 1954)
- 1987 – Hannelore Schroth, German actress (b. 1922)
- 1990 – Cazuza, Brazilian singer-songwriter and composer (Barão Vermelho) (b. 1958)
- 1990 – Bill Cullen, American game show host (b. 1920)
- 1993 – Mia Zapata, American singer (The Gits) (b. 1965)
- 1994 – Carlo Chiti, Italian engineer (b. 1924)
- 1994 – Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte, German Luftwaffe officer (b. 1907)
- 1998 – Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, Nigerian industrialist and politician (b. 1937)
- 1999 – Vikram Batra, Indian army officer and Param Vir Chakra recipient (b. 1974)
- 1999 – Julie Campbell Tatham, American writer (b. 1908)
- 2000 – Kenny Irwin, Jr., American race car driver (b. 1969)
- 2001 – Fred Neil, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1936)
- 2002 – Bison Dele, American basketball player (b. 1969)
- 2003 – Izhak Graziani, Bulgarian conductor (b. 1924)
- 2003 – Vlado Kristl, Croatian painter, animator and director (b. 1923)
- 2006 – Juan de Ávalos, Spanish sculptor (b. 1911)
- 2006 – Syd Barrett, English singer-songwriter and musician (Pink Floyd and Stars) (b. 1946)
- 2006 – John Money, New Zealand-American sexologist and author (b. 1921)
- 2008 – Bruce Conner, American sculptor, painter, and photographer (b. 1933)
- 2008 – Dorian Leigh, American model (b. 1917)
- 2012 – Mouss Diouf, French-Senegalese actor and comedian (b. 1964)
- 2012 – Leon Schlumpf, Swiss politician (b. 1927)
- 2012 – Jimmy Tansey, English footballer (b. 1929)
Holidays and observances
External links
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