Propachlor | |
---|---|
2-Chloro-N-isopropyl-N-phenylacetamide |
|
Other names
2-Chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide |
|
Identifiers | |
PubChem | 4931 |
ChemSpider | 4762 |
Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
|
|
|
|
Properties | |
Molecular formula | C11H14ClNO |
Molar mass | 211.69 g mol−1 |
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
Infobox references |
Propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide)[1] is an herbicide first marketed by Monsanto. It was registered for use in the United States during 1965.[2]
The preparation acts on annual grasses and on some broadleaf plants.[1]
Between 1987 and 1996, about 2.1 million pounds of its active ingredient were used in the United States.[3] 75% was applied to sorghum crops and 24% to maize.[3]
Monsanto voluntarily discontinued its manufacture in 1998.[4] It is currently listed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory.[5] In 2008, the European Commission issued a decision withdrawing its approval for use as of March 18, 2009, citing the presence of its metabolites in groundwater.[6] Propachlor was added to California's Proposition 65 list as a carcinogen in 2001.[7]
Current manufacturers
It is currently being produced by Makhteshim Agan Group and Shenzhen Qinfeng Pesticides Co., Ltd.[8]
References
- ^ a b Warholic, DT; Gutenmann, WH; Lisk, DJ (1983). "Propachlor herbicide residue studies in cabbage using modified analytical procedure". Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 31 (5): 585–7. PMID 6640157.
- ^ "Propachlor (Ramrod, Bexton) Herbicide Profile 2/85". Cornell University. http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/herb-growthreg/naa-rimsulfuron/propachlor/propach_prf_0285.html. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ a b "Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) - Propachlor". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/0177red.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ "Illinois Pesticide Review". University of Illinois Extension Service. http://web.extension.uiuc.edu/ipr/i4189_829.html. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ "Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Chemicals in TOXMAP". http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/toxmap/main/chemicals.jsp. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ "COMMISSION DECISION of 18 September 2008 concerning the non-inclusion of propachlor in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC and the withdrawal of authorisations for plant protection products containing that substance". European Commission. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:251:0039:0040:EN:PDF. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ "CHEMICALS KNOWN TO THE STATE TO CAUSE CANCER OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY AUGUST 7, 2009". State of California Environmental Protection Agency. http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single080709.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
- ^ Farm Chemicals International. "Propachlor". http://www.farmchemicalsinternational.com/cropprotection/cpd/?op=cpdproductdetail&pid=323760. Retrieved 6/27/2012.