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This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism. What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet two criteria:
- They are active movements with living, active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state: for regions with de facto autonomy from the government
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements toward greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations (sometimes called terrorist organisations)
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities
Afghanistan
Badakhshan (Wakhan Corridor)
- Proposed autonomous area: United Badakhshan Peoples Republic[1]
- Political party: Lali Badakhshon
Bangladesh
Chittagong Hill Tracts (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed autonomous area: Chakma Autonomous Region
- Political Party: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti[2][3]
Burma
- Proposed state: Arakan
- Advocacy group: Arakan Independence Alliance
- Proposed state: Chinland
- Militant organisation: Chin National Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Kachinland
- Political party: Kachin National Organization
- Proposed state: Republic of Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Proposed state: United Karenni Independent States
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government
- Proposed state: Kukiland
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state: Mon State
- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Proposed state: Nagalim or Peoples Republic of Nagaland
- Militant organisation: National Socialist Council of Nagaland (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland
- Proposed state:
- Advocacy group: Arakan Rohingya National Organization
Shan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Federated Shan States
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Proposed state: Wa State
- Political party: United Wa State Party
- Militant organisation: United Wa State Army
- Proposed state: Zogam or Federated State of Zomi
- Political parties: Zomi National Congress, Zomi Reunification Organization
- Militant organisations: Zomi National Front/Army, Zomi revolutionary army
China
- Proposed autonomous area: Macau
- Political party: New Democratic Macau Association[4]
- De facto state: Republic of China[5]
- Proposed state: Republic of Taiwan
- Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition (Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party)
- Advocacy groups: Taiwan Foundation for Democracy (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Tibet
- Government-in-exile: The 14th Dalai Lama, head of the Tibetan Government in Exile[6] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political parties: International Tibet Independence Movement, National Democratic Party of Tibet, United Liberation Front of Tibet[7]
- Advocacy group: Students for a Free Tibet
- Proposed state: East Turkistan Republic[8]
- Political party: Government-in-exile of East Turkistan Republic
- Militant organisation: East Turkestan Islamic Movement
- Advocacy groups: World Uyghur Congress (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
India
Andhra Pradesh, Chhattishgarh, Orissa, Jharkhand and Bihar
- Proposed state: People's Republic of Mukto Asia
- Militant organisation: People's War (Maoist)
- Proposed state: Telangana
- Political party: Telangana Rashtra Samithi[9]
- Proposed state: Andhra State
- Political party: Andhra Rastra Samithi
- Proposed state: Rayala Seema
- Political party: RRS
- Proposed autonomous area: Teola country[10]
- Militant organisation: Arunachal Dragon Force
- Proposed state: Assam
- Militant organisation: United Liberation Front of Assam, Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam[11]
- Proposed state: Bodoland
- Political parties: National Democratic Front of Bodoland
- Proposed state: Dimasaland
- Political party: Dima Halim Daogah
- Proposed autonomous area: Achikland
- Militant organisations: People's Liberation Front of Meghalaya, Achik National Volunteer Council[12]
Jammu and Kashmir (occupied/disputed area)
- Proposed state: Independent State of Kashmir
- Political organisations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Militant organisations: Lashkar-e-Toiba, Harkat-ul-mujahideen
- Proposed autonomous area: Kamtapur state curved out of West Bengal
- Political party: Kamtapur Peoples Party (political wing of KLO)
- Militant organisations: Kamtapur Liberation Organisation, Koch-Rajbongshi Liberation Organisation
- Proposed autonomous area: Karbi-Anglong
- Militant organisation: Karbi National Volunteers, United People's Democratic Solidarity[13]
- Proposed state: Manipur
- Proposed state: Zozam
- Militant organisations: Zomi Revolutionary Organization, Mizoram Farmers Liberation Force
- Proposed state: Nagalim or People's Republic of Nagaland
- Government-in-exile: Government of the People's Republic of Nagaland
- Militant organisation: National Socialist Council of Nagaland
- Proposed state: Khalistan
- Proposed state: Tripura
- Militant organisations: National Liberation Front of Tripura (two factions operating), All Tripura Tiger Force
- Proposed state: Vidarbha
- Political parties: Vidarbha Rajya Party, Vidarbha Vikas Party (seeking to separate Vidarbha from Maharashtra)
- Proposed state: Communist Repulic of Bangalarastra
- Political party: Free Bangalarastra Movement
-
- Political parties: Zomi National Congress
Indonesia
- Proposed state: South Moluccas
- Government-in-exile: Republik Maluku Selatan (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Advocacy group: Maluku Sovereignty Front
- Proposed state: West Papua
- Militant organisation: Free Papua Movement
- Proposed state: Riau
- Proposed state: Sulawesi
- Proposed state: Republic of Bali
- Advocacy group: Bali Independence Movement
- Proposed state: Republic of East Java
- Advocacy groups: local community political activists[who?]
Iran
- Proposed state: Assyria
- Advocacy group: Assyrian Universal Alliance (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
-
- Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Kurdistan[16]
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Kurdistan Independence Party
- Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah
Sistan and Baluchestan Province
- Proposed state: Balochistan
- Political party: Balochistan People's Party
Iraq
- See #Iran
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
Turkmens (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Turkmeneli
- Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front
Israel
- De facto autonomous government: Palestinian National Authority
- Proposed state: Palestine
- Political parties: Hamas, Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Fatah, Palestine Liberation Front, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
- Militant organisations: al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (now officially known as al-Shaid Yasser Arafat Brigades), Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, Tanzim
Jewish settlers in the West Bank (Judea and Samaria Area)
- Proposed state: State of Judea
Japan
- Proposed state: Republic of the Ryūkyūs
- Political parties: Ryukyu independence movement, Kariyushi Club (formerly Ryūkyū Independent Party)
Laos
- Proposed state: Hmong ChaoFa Federated State (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
Oman
Pakistan
- Proposed state: Balochistan
- Political party: Balochistan National Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Balochistan Liberation Front, Balochistan Liberation Army, Jundallah
- Proposed state: Republic of Gilgit Baltistan
- Political party: Gilgit Baltistan United Movement
- Proposed autonomous region: Seraikistan/Bahawalpur
- Proposed state: Sindhudesh[18]
- Advocacy group: World Sindhi Institute (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
Philippines
- Proposed state: Federal Republic of Mindanao
- Political party: Moro National Liberation Front
- Militant organisation: Moro Islamic Liberation Front
Cordillera Administrative Region
- Proposed state: Cordillera
- Political party: Cordillera Bodong Association
- Militant organisation: Cordillera People's Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Cordillera Peoples' Alliance (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
Russia
Altai Republic[citation needed]
- Proposed state: Altai Republic
- Proposed state: Buryatia
- Political party: All-Buryat Association for the Development of Culture (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Khakassia
- Proposed state: Sakha Republic
- Political party: Sakha-Amuk
Tuva (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state: Tuva
- Political parties: People's Party of Sovereign Tuva, People's Front "Free Tuva"
Sri Lanka
- Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
- Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam[19]
Syria
- See #Iran
- Proposed state: Kurdistan
- Political party: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria
- Militant organisation: Kurdistan Workers Party
Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region
- Proposed state:
- Political party: Lali Badakhshon[1]
Thailand
- Proposed state: Greater Patani State (Negara Patani Raya)[20]
- Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organization
Turkey
- See #Iran
- Proposed state: Kurdistan[21]
- Militant organisation: Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK)
Uzbekistan
- Proposed state: Karakalpakstan
- Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party[22]
Vietnam
- Proposed autonomous area: Tây Nguyên
- Advocacy group: Montagnard Foundation, Inc.[23] (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
Yemen
- Proposed state: South Yemen[24]
- Political party: Southern Movement
See also
References
- ^ a b "Roots of the Conflict". El Gringo. http://www.geocities.com/Paris/9305/sheproot.html. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People: Adivasis". Minority Rights Group International. http://www.minorityrights.org/5636/bangladesh/adivasis.html. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ Ali, M. Emran and Toshiyuki Tsuchiya. "Land Rights of the Trible People of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh". Center for World Indigenous Studies. http://www.cwis.org/fwj/51/emran_tsuchiya.html. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ Luis Pereira and Jose Ho (2005-09-26). "Strong turnout in Macau legislative poll". The Standard - Hong Kong. http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=12&art_id=2116&sid=4735511&con_type=1. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "Taiwan Solidarity Union rejects China’s latest olive branch as 'old trick'". Bilaterals.org. 2009-01-07. http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=14167. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "Speech of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to the European Parliament, Strasbourg". The Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama. 2001-10-14. http://www.dalailama.com/page.99.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "INTERNATIONAL TIBET INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT". International Tibet Independence Movement. http://www.rangzen.org/. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)". Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr.org/publication/9179/. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ J Balaji (2010-01-10). "Centre to proceed cautiously on Telangana mechanism". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article78275.ece. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
- ^ "Arunachal Dragon Force (ADF)". South Asia Terrorist Portal. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/aunachal/terrorist_outfits/ADF.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam (MULTA)". South Asia Terrorist Portal. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/MULTA.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "People’s Liberation Front of Meghalaya (PLF-M)". South Asia Terrorist Portal. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/meghalaya/terrorist_outfits/plf_m.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "United People’s Democratic Solidarity (UPDS)". South Asia Terrorist Portal. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/upds.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "India - Terrorist, insurgent and extremist groups". South Asia Terrorist Portal. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/index.html. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ http://www.al-ahwaz.com/english/2009/index.php?page=news&a_p_no=1&w_p_no=1&ar_p_no=23-1-2008-1 National Libration [sic] Movement of Ahwaz
- ^ "Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan". Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan. http://pdki.org/lang.php?lang=1. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ http://www.balochvoice.com/
- ^ [1]
- ^ "The Final Countdown". Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence. http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20090117_03. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)". GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/pulo.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ Pike, John (2004-05-21). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. http://fas.org/irp/world/para/pkk.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-23.
- ^ "Uzbekistan: Shadowy Group Agitates For 'Free Karakalpakstan'". Radio Free Europe. 2008-04-05. http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1079744.html. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
- ^ "Montagnard Foundation home page". Montagnard Foundation. http://www.montagnard-foundation.org/homepage.html. Retrieved 2009-04-10.
- ^ "Five killed at secessionist protest in south Yemen". London: BBC. 2009-11-25. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/8378727.stm. Retrieved 2009-11-25.