Ottoman Turkish language
Ottoman Turkish لسان عثمانى lisân-ı Osmânî |
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Spoken in: | Ottoman Empire | |
Language extinction: | Reformed into Modern Turkish in 1928 | |
Language family: | Altaic[1] (controversial) Turkic Oghuz Ottoman Turkish |
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Writing system: | Ottoman Turkish alphabet (abandoned in 1928) | |
Language codes | ||
ISO 639-1: | none | |
ISO 639-2: | ota | |
ISO 639-3: | ota | |
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. |
Ottoman Turkish (Turkish: Osmanlıca or Osmanlı Türkçesi, Ottoman Turkish: لسان عثمانی lisân-ı Osmânî) was the variant of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire. It contains extensive borrowings from Arabic and Persian languages. As a result of this process, Ottoman Turkish was largely unintelligible to the less educated members of society[citation needed]. Ultimately, however, spoken Turkish would come to be greatly influenced by Ottoman Turkish.
Contents |
Structure
That Ottoman Turkish's Arabic borrowings were not the result of the direct exposure of the language to Arabic is evidenced by the typically Persian phonological mutation of the words of Arabic origin.[citation needed], the conservation of archaic phonological features of the Arabic borrowings suggests that the Arabic-enriched Persian was absorbed into pre-Ottoman Turkic at an early stage, when the speakers were still located to the northeast of Persia, prior to the westward migration of the Turkic tribes under Islam. An additional argument for this is that Ottoman Turkish shares the Persianate character of its Arabic borrowings with other Turkic languages that had even less interaction with Arabic, such as Tatar.
In a social and pragmatic sense, there were (at least) three variants of Ottoman Turkish:
- Fasih Türkçe (Eloquent Turkish): Language of poetry and administration.
- Orta Türkçe (Middle Turkish): Language of higher classes and trade.
- Kaba Türkçe (Vulgar Turkish): Language of lower classes.
A person would use each of variants above for different purposes. For example, a scribe would use the Arabic asel (عسل) for honey when drafting documents but the Turkish bal when buying it.
History
Historically, Ottoman Turkish was transformed in three eras:
- Eski Osmanlı Türkçesi (Old Ottoman Turkish): The version of Ottoman Turkish used until 16th century. It was almost identical with the Turkish used by Seljuks and Anatolian Turkish Beyliks, thus often regarded as part of Eski Anadolu Türkçesi (Ancient Anatolian Turkish).
- Orta Osmanlı Türkçesi (Middle Ottoman Turkish) or Klasik Osmanlıca (Classical Ottoman Turkish): Language of poetry and administration from 16th century until Tanzimat. This is the version of Ottoman Turkish that comes to most people's minds.
- Yeni Osmanlı Türkçesi (New Ottoman Turkish): Shaped from 1850s to 20th century under influence of journalism and Western-oriented literature.
Language reform
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For more details on this topic, see Turkish language.
In 1928, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire after World War I and the establishment of Republic of Turkey, widespread language reforms (a part in the greater framework of Atatürk's Reforms) instituted by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the replacement of many Persian and Arabic origin loanwords in the language with their Turkish equivalents. It also saw the replacement of the Arabic script with the extended Latin alphabet. The changes were meant to encourage the growth of a new variety of written Turkish that more closely reflected the spoken vernacular, as well as to foster a new variety of spoken Turkish that more explicitly reflected Turkey's new national identity as being a post-Ottoman state.
Please see the list of replaced loanwords in Turkish for more examples on Ottoman Turkish words and their modern Turkish counterparts. Three examples of Persian loanwords are found below.
English | Ottoman | Modern Turkish |
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obligatory | واجب vâcib | zorunlu |
hardship | مشکل müşkül | güçlük, zorluk |
city | شهر şehir | kent/şehir |
Legacy
Historically speaking, Ottoman Turkish is not the predecessor of modern Turkish, but rather the standard Turkish of today is essentially Yeni Osmanlı Türkçesi as written in the Latin alphabet and with an abundance of neologisms added. One major difference between modern Turkish and Ottoman Turkish is the former's abandonment of compound word formation according to Arabic and Persian grammar rules. The usage of such phrases still exists in modern Turkish, but only to a very limited extent and usually in specialist contexts; for example, the Arabic genitive construction takdîr-i ilâhî (which reads literally as "the preordaining of the divine", and translates as "divine dispensation" or "destiny") is used, as opposed to the normative modern Turkish construction, ilâhî takdîr (literally, "divine preordaining").
Alphabet
Ottoman Turkish was primarily written in the Ottoman Turkish script (الفبا elifbâ), a heavily Persian-influenced variant of the Arabic script. It was not, however, unknown for Ottoman Turkish to also be written using the Armenian script: for instance, the first novel to be written in the Ottoman Empire was 1851's Akabi, written in the Armenian script by Vartan Pasha. Similarly, when the Armenian Düzoğlu family managed the Ottoman mint during the reign of Sultan Abdülmecid, they kept records in Ottoman Turkish, but used the Armenian script. Other scripts, too—such as the Greek alphabet and the Rashi script of Hebrew—were used by non-Muslim groups to write the language, since the Arabic alphabet was identified with Islam. On the other hand, for example, Greek-speaking Muslims would write Greek using the Ottoman Turkish script.
Isolated | Final | Middle | Initial | Name | ALA-LC Transliteration | Modern Turkish |
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ﺍ | ﺎ | — | elif | a, â | a, e | |
ﺀ | — | hemze | ˀ | ', a, e, i, u, ü | ||
ﺏ | ﺐ | ﺒ | ﺑ | be | b, p | b |
ﭖ | ﭗ | ﭙ | ﭘ | pe | p | p |
ﺕ | ﺖ | ﺘ | ﺗ | te | t | t |
ﺙ | ﺚ | ﺜ | ﺛ | se | s | s |
ﺝ | ﺞ | ﺠ | ﺟ | cim | c, ç | c |
ﭺ | ﭻ | ﭽ | ﭼ | çim | ç | ç |
ﺡ | ﺢ | ﺤ | ﺣ | ha | ḥ | h |
ﺥ | ﺦ | ﺨ | ﺧ | hı | ẖ | h |
ﺩ | ﺪ | — | dal | d | d | |
ﺫ | ﺬ | — | zel | z | z | |
ﺭ | ﺮ | — | re | r | r | |
ﺯ | ﺰ | — | ze | z | z | |
ﮊ | ﮋ | — | je | j | j | |
ﺱ | ﺲ | ﺴ | ﺳ | sin | s | s |
ﺵ | ﺶ | ﺸ | ﺷ | şın | ş | ş |
ﺹ | ﺺ | ﺼ | ﺻ | sad | ṣ | s |
ﺽ | ﺾ | ﻀ | ﺿ | dad | ż, ḍ | d, z |
ﻁ | ﻂ | ﻄ | ﻃ | tı | ṭ | t |
ﻅ | ﻆ | ﻈ | ﻇ | zı | ẓ | z |
ﻉ | ﻊ | ﻌ | ﻋ | ayın | ʿ | ', h |
ﻍ | ﻎ | ﻐ | ﻏ | gayın | ġ | g, ğ |
ﻑ | ﻒ | ﻔ | ﻓ | fe | f | f |
ﻕ | ﻖ | ﻘ | ﻗ | kaf | ḳ | k |
ﻙ | ﻚ | ﻜ | ﻛ | kef | k, g, ñ | k, g, ğ, n |
ﮒ | ﮓ | ﮕ | ﮔ | gef¹ | g | g, ğ |
ﯓ | ﯔ | ﯖ | ﯕ | nef, sağır (deaf) kef | ñ | n |
ﻝ | ﻞ | ﻠ | ﻟ | lam | l | l |
ﻡ | ﻢ | ﻤ | ﻣ | mim | m | m |
ﻥ | ﻦ | ﻨ | ﻧ | nun | n | n |
ﻭ | ﻮ | — | vav | v, o, ô, ö, u, û, ü | v, o, ö, u, ü | |
ﻩ | ﻪ | ﻬ | ﻫ | he | h, e, a | h, e, a |
ﻻ | ﻼ | — | lamelif | lâ | la | |
ﻯ | ﻰ | ﻴ | ﻳ | ye | y, ı, i, î | y, ı, i |
1A correct Ottoman variant of gef will have the "mini-kaf" of ﻙ and the doubled upper stroke of گ. This feature is surely rare in current fonts.
The educational opportunities for Ottoman Turkish (Osmanli Turki) is too many to list. This is just an attempt to provide the list of major known sources and institutes with substantive courses and resources in this language.
Educational opportunities in Ottoman Turkish language
Currently thousands of courses in Ottoman Turkish Literature are offered around the world. In Turkey alone it is estimated that more than thirty thousand students learning Ottoman Turkish[2], as a classical language with great historical significance.
Tertiary-level studies in Ottoman Turkish language (outside Turkey)
- University of "Sts. Cyril and Methodius" - Makedonia
Courses for Ottoman Turkish Literature.
- University of Oxford
-Course Objectives: Introduction to the worlds of modern Turkish and Ottoman Turkish literature.
- University Of California UCLA
-Intoductory and Advanced courses for elaborate high style of classical Ottoman period (15th to 19th century).
- California State University
-2007-2008 ACADEMIC YEAR GRANT PROGRAM
- The University of Michigan
-Course Guide
- Princeton University
-Courses in Modern Turkish and Ottoman Turkish
- The Ohio State University
-Course in Classical Turkish Poetry (Reading and analysis of Turkish poetry of the 13th through 18th centuries; Turkish metrics and literary theory.)
Courses in Turkish universities
- Erciyes Üniversitesi http://fef.erciyes.edu.tr/pxp/posts/tar-141-osmanlica-i702.php Faculty of Literature - Course contents and schedual.
- Sabanci University
-Beginning and Intermediate Ottoman
- Bogazici University
-A study of various texts from the early period up to the 19th century
- Beykent University
-Ottoman Language Course details
- Eastern Mediterranean University
-Ottoman Language and Script
- Baskent University
- Ottoman Language and Ottoman Divan Literature.
- Mersin UniversityFaculty of Turkish Language and Literature.
- İstanbul University History (tarih)
- Kastamonu University Turkish Teacher (Türkçe öğretmenliği)
- Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi Turkish Teacher(Türkçe öğretmenliği)
- Uluslararası Kıbrıs Üniversitesi Turkish Literature (Türk Dili ve EDebiyatı)
- Selçuk Üniversitesi Literature Teacher (Edebiyat Öğretmenliği)
- Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi History Teacher (Tarih Öğretmenliği)
- Trakya Üniversitesi Art History (Sanat Tarihi)
- İstanbul University Librarianship (kütüphanecilik)
- Yeditepe University History (Tarih)
- Lefke Avrupa Üniversitesi History (Tarih)
- Abant İzzet Baysal University History
Courses on state-run colleges
- [3] 36 Branches of Istanbul Education Centers, Ottoman language courses.
Online courses
Online Ottoman Turkish resources
Ottoman dictionaries and tools
- Online Ottoman Turkish - Turkish Dictionary by Ebruli Sözlük
- Online Ottoman Turkish - Turkish Dictionary by MaxTR
- Ottoman Keyboard
- Ottoman Turkish keyboard
- Ottoman Turkish keyboard with google search
- Sesli Sözlük, online Turkish, Ottoman, English, Spanish, German, French, Italian dictionary with vocabulary translation pronunciations and idioms
See also
Bibliography
- Lewis, Geoffrey. "The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success".
References
External links
- http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com Has a great resource of Ottoman Turkish texts as well as Ottoman Divan Poetry
- A web applet for typing in the Ottoman alphabet
- Ottoman Web resources and links - University of Michigan
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Turkic languages · Mongolic languages · Tungusic languages · Japonic languages* · Korean language* |
Notes: *Japonic and Korean are not generally recognized as belonging to the Altaic language family. See also Buyeo languages. |
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Oghur | Bulgar† · Chuvash · Hunnic† · Khazar† · Turkic Avar† |
Uyghur | Old Turkic† · Aini² · Chagatai† · Ili Turki · Lop · Uyghur · Uzbek |
Kypchak | Altay · Baraba · Bashkir · Crimean Tatar¹ · Cuman† · Karachay-Balkar · Karaim · Karakalpak · Kazakh · Kipchak† · Krymchak · Kumyk · Kyrgyz · Nogai · Old Tatar† · Tatar · Urum¹ |
Oghuz | Afshar · Azerbaijani · Crimean Tatar¹ · Gagauz · Balkan Gagauz Turkish · Khorasani Turkic · Ottoman Turkish† · Pecheneg† · Qashqai · Salar · Turkish · Turkmen · Urum¹ |
Arghu | Khalaj |
Northeastern | Chulym · Dolgan · Fuyü Gïrgïs · Khakas · Shor · Tofa · Tuvan · Western Yugur · Sakha/Yakut |
Notes: ¹Listed in more than one group, ²Mixed language, ³Disputed, †Extinct |