Non-Aligned Movement
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is an international organization of states considering themselves not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. It was founded in the 1950s; as of 2007, it has 118 members. The purpose of the organization as stated in the Havana Declaration of 1979 is to ensure "the national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and security of non-aligned countries" in their "struggle against imperialism, colonialism, neo-colonialism, racism, Zionism, and all forms of foreign aggression, occupation, domination, interference or hegemony as well as against great power and bloc politics."[1] They represent nearly two-thirds of the United Nations's members and comprise 55 percent of the world population.
Important members have, at various times, included: Yugoslavia, India, Pakistan, Algeria, Libya, Sri Lanka, Egypt, Indonesia, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, post-1994 South Africa, Iran, Malaysia, and, for a time, the People's Republic of China. Brazil has never been a formal member of the movement, but shares many of the aims of NAM and frequently sends observers to the Non-Aligned Movement's summits. While the organization was intended to be as close an alliance as NATO or the Warsaw Pact, it has little cohesion and many of its members were actually quite closely aligned with one or another of the great powers. For example, Cuba was closely aligned with the former Soviet Union during the Cold War era. India was effectively aligned with the Soviet Union against China for many years. Additionally, some members were involved in serious conflicts with other members (e.g. India and Pakistan, Iran and Iraq). The movement fractured from its own internal contradictions when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979. While the Soviet allies supported the invasion, other members (particularly Muslim nations) of the movement found it impossible to do so.
The Non-Aligned Movement has struggled to find relevance since the end of the Cold War. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, a founding member, its successor states of Yugoslavia have expressed little interest in membership though some have observer status. In 2004, Malta and Cyprus ceased to be members and joined the European Union.
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The origin of the Non-Aligned Movement
The term "Non-Alignment" itself was coined by Indian Prime Minister Nehru during his speech in 1954 in Colombo, Sri Lanka. In this speech, Nehru described the five pillars to be used as a guide for Sino-Indian relations, which were first put forth by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Called Panchsheel (five restraints), these principles would later serve as the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement. The five principles were:
- Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty
- Mutual non-aggression
- Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs
- Equality and mutual benefit
- Peaceful co-existence
A significant milestone in the development of the Non-aligned movement was the 1955 Bandung Conference, a conference of Asian and African states hosted by Indonesian president Sukarno. The attending nations declared their desire not to become involved in the Cold War and adopted a "declaration on promotion of world peace and cooperation", which included Nehru's five principles.
Six years after Bandung, an initiative of Yugoslav president Tito led to the first official Non-Aligned Movement Summit, which was held in September 1961 in Belgrade.
The founding fathers of the Non-aligned movement, apart from Nehru of India, Sukarno of Indonesia and Tito of Yugoslavia, were Gamal Abdul Nasser of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana. Their actions were known as The Initiative of Five.
From the 1960s onwards, critics came to see the movement as unduly dominated by states allied to the Soviet Union. Many questioned how countries in close alliance with the Soviet Union, such as Cuba, could claim to be non-aligned. The movement divided against itself over the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.
Secretaries General
Between summits, the Non-Aligned Movement is run by the Secretary general elected at last summit meeting. As a considerate part of the movement's work is undertaken at the United Nations in New York, the chair country's ambassador to the UN is expected to devote time and effort to matters concerning the Non-Aligned Movement. A Co-ordinating Bureau, also based at the UN, is the main instrument for directing the work of the movement's task forces, committees and working groups.
Secretaries-general of the Non-Aligned Movement | |||
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Name | Country | From | To |
Josip Broz Tito | Yugoslavia | 1961 | 1964 |
Gamal Abdel Nasser | Egypt (United Arab Republic) | 1964 | 1970 |
Kenneth Kaunda | Zambia | 1970 | 1973 |
Houari Boumédienne | Algeria | 1973 | 1976 |
William Gopallawa | Sri Lanka | 1976 | 1978 |
Junius Richard Jayawardene | 1978 | 1979 | |
Fidel Castro | Cuba | 1979 | 1983 |
N. Sanjiva Reddy | India | 1983 | |
Zail Singh | 1983 | 1986 | |
Robert Mugabe | Zimbabwe | 1986 | 1989 |
Janez Drnovšek | Yugoslavia | 1989 | 1990 |
Stjepan (Stipe) Mesić | 1991 | ||
Branko Kostić | 1991 | 1992 | |
Dobrica Ćosić | 1992 | ||
Suharto | Indonesia | 1992 | 1995 |
Ernesto Samper Pizano | Colombia | 1995 | 1998 |
Andrés Pastrana Arango | 1998 | ||
Nelson Mandela | South Africa | 1998 | 1999 |
Thabo Mbeki | 1999 | 2003 | |
Tun Mahathir bin Mohammad | Malaysia | 2003 | |
Datuk Seri Abdullah Ahmad Badawi | 2003 | 2006 | |
Fidel Castro[2]. | Cuba | 2006 |
Member Countries and Representatives
- Afghanistan
- Algeria
- Angola
- Antigua and Barbuda
- Bahamas
- Bahrain
- Bangladesh
- Barbados
- Belarus
- Belize
- Benin
- Bhutan
- Bolivia
- Botswana
- Brunei
- Burkina Faso
- Burundi
- Cambodia
- Cameroon
- Cape Verde
- Central African Republic
- Chad
- Colombia
- Comoros
- Congo
- Côte d'Ivoire
- Cuba
- Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Djibouti
- Dominica
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- Equatorial Guinea
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Fiji
- Gabon
- Gambia
- Ghana
- Grenada
- Guatemala
- Guinea
- Guinea-Bissau
- Guyana
- Haiti
- Honduras
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Jamaica
- Jordan
- Kenya
- Kuwait
- Laos
- Lebanon
- Lesotho
- Liberia
- Libya
- Madagascar
- Malawi
- Malaysia
- Maldives
- Mali
- Mauritania
- Mauritius
- Mongolia
- Morocco
- Mozambique
- Myanmar
- Namibia
- Nepal
- Nicaragua
- Niger
- Nigeria
- North Korea
- Oman
- Pakistan
- Palestine
- Panama
- Papua New Guinea
- Peru
- Philippines
- Qatar
- Rwanda
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Kitts and Nevis
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- São Tomé and Príncipe
- Saudi Arabia
- Senegal
- Seychelles
- Sierra Leone
- Singapore
- Somalia
- South Africa
- Sri Lanka
- Sudan
- Suriname
- Swaziland
- Syria
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Timor-Leste
- Togo
- Trinidad and Tobago
- Tunisia
- Turkmenistan
- Uganda
- United Arab Emirates
- Uzbekistan
- Vanuatu
- Venezuela
- Vietnam
- Yemen
- Zambia
- Zimbabwe
Observers
The following nations have observer status[3]:
See also
- G-77
- Role of India in Non-aligned movement
- Third World
- New World Information and Communication Order
- Hans Köchler (ed.), The Principles of Non-Alignment. The Non-aligned Countries in the Eighties -- Results and Perspectives. London: Third World Centre, 1982. ISBN 0-86199-015-3 (Google Print)
External links
- New relevance for the NAM - Members of the NAM attempt to redefine the movement as a struggle against US imperialism
- Non-Aligned Movement Online (Current Secretariat)
- Official Site: 14th Summit - Fourteenth Non Aligned Movement Summit, (Havana, September 11-16, 2006)
- Non-Aligned Movement - Resource site
- Virtual newspaper "TerraViva" on the 14th summit of the Non-Aligned Movement IPS Inter Press Service reports from the summit in Havana (11 - 16 September, 2006)
References
- ^ Fidel Castro speech to the UN in his position as chairman of the nonaligned countries movement 12 October 1979; Pakistan & Non-Aligned Movement, Board of Investment - Government of Pakistan, 2003
- ^ Fidel Castro, having recently undergone gastric surgery, was unable to attend the conference and was represented by his younger brother, Cuba's acting president Raúl Castro. See "Castro elected President of Non-Aligned Movement Nations", People's Daily, 16-09-2006.
- ^ Observer Countries, Non-Aligned Movement
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Participants NATO · Non-Aligned Movement · People's Republic of China · Warsaw Pact | |
1940s | Yalta Conference · Potsdam Conference · Gouzenko Affair · Iran crisis · Chinese Civil War · Greek Civil War · Restatement of Policy on Germany · Truman Doctrine · Marshall Plan · Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia · Tito-Stalin split · Berlin Blockade |
1950s | Korean War · First Indochina War · 1953 Iranian coup d'état · 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état · Uprising of 1953 in East Germany · First Taiwan Strait Crisis · Poznań 1956 protests · Hungarian Revolution of 1956 · Suez Crisis · Sputnik crisis · Second Taiwan Strait Crisis · Cuban Revolution |
1960s | Congo Crisis · Sino-Soviet split · U-2 Crisis of 1960 · Bay of Pigs Invasion · Cuban Missile Crisis · Berlin Wall · Vietnam War · 1964 Brazilian coup d'état · U.S. Invasion of Dominican Republic · South African Border War · Transition to the New Order · Bangkok Declaration · Laotian Civil War · Greek military junta of 1967-1974 · Prague Spring · Goulash Communism · Détente · Sino-Soviet border conflict |
1970s | Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty · Cambodian Civil War · Ping Pong Diplomacy · Four Power Agreement on Berlin · 1972 Nixon visit to China · 1973 Chilean coup d'état · Yom Kippur War · Strategic Arms Limitation Talks · Angolan Civil War · Mozambican Civil War · Ogaden War · Sino-Vietnamese War · Iranian Revolution |
1980s | Soviet war in Afghanistan · Polish Solidarity Movement · Central American Crisis · Able Archer 83 · Strategic Defense Initiative · Invasion of Grenada · Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 · Singing Revolution · Fall of the Berlin Wall · Revolutions of 1989 |
1990s | Breakup of Yugoslavia · Dissolution of the USSR |
See also | Bricker Amendment · Glasnost · Iron Curtain · McCarthyism · Operation Condor · Operation Gladio · Perestroika · Soviet espionage in US |
Establishments | Central Intelligence Agency · Comecon · European Community · KGB · Stasi |
Races | Arms race · Nuclear arms race · Space Race |
Ideologies | Capitalism · Communism · Stalinism · Trotskyism · Maoism |
Foreign policy | Brezhnev Doctrine · Ulbricht Doctrine · Carter Doctrine · Containment · Domino theory · Eisenhower Doctrine · Johnson Doctrine · Kennedy Doctrine · Nixon Doctrine · Ostpolitik · Peaceful coexistence · Reagan Doctrine · Rollback · Truman Doctrine · Marshall Plan |
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