{{Yugoslavia infobox}}
The '''Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia''' was the Yugoslav state that existed from the end of World_War_II to the Yugoslav_wars. It was a communist Republic that comprised the area of the present-day states of Bosnia_and_Herzegovina, Croatia, Republic_of_Macedonia, Serbia_and_Montenegro and Slovenia.
The country was formed in 1945 from remains of the pre-war Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia under the name '''Democratic Federal Yugoslavia''', in 1946 it changed its name to '''Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia''' and again in 1963 to Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Throughout the Cold_War, Yugoslavia was an important member of the Non-Aligned_Movement. The Economy_of_SFRY is known for the organization of that country, and its particular brand of Workers'_self-management system.
==History==
{{main|Yugoslavia}}
Democratic Federative Yugoslavia was reconstituted at the AVNOJ or the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia conference in Jajce (November_29 - December_4 1943) while negotiations with the royal Government_in_exile continued. On November_29 1945 the Federative People's Republic of Yugoslavia was established as a Socialist_state (also by AVNOJ in Jajce). On January_31, 1946, the new constitution of FPR Yugoslavia established the six constituent republics.
The first President was Ivan_Ribar and Prime_minister Josip_Broz_Tito. In 1953, Tito was elected as president and later in 1963 named "President_for_life".
Like the Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia that preceded it, the SFRY bordered Italy and Austria to the northwest, Hungary and Romania to the north, Bulgaria to the east, Greece and Albania to the south, and the Adriatic_Sea to the west.
Yugoslavia, unlike other Eastern and Central European communist countries, chose a course independent of the Soviet_Union (see Informbiro), and was not a member of the Warsaw_pact nor NATO, but rather than that initiated a Non-Aligned_Movement in 1956.
The most significant change to the borders of the SFRY occurred in 1954, when the adjacent Free_Territory_of_Trieste was dissolved by the Treaty_of_Osimo. The Yugoslavian Zone B, which covered 515.5 km2, became part of the SFRY. Zone B was already occupied by the Yugoslav National Army.
After Tito's death in 1980, tensions between the various peoples grew, and in 1991 its constituent republics Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina started breaking away. After the initial Yugoslav_wars, the process ended in 1992 when the remainder of Yugoslavia, now having only two republics, Serbia and Montenegro, formed the Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia, which in 2002 was reformed and renamed to Serbia_and_Montenegro.
==Administrative divisions==
Image:SFRYugoslaviaNumbered.png
Internally, the state was divided into six Socialist Republics, and two Socialist Autonomous Provinces that were part of SR Serbia. The federal capital was Belgrade. Republics and provinces were (in alphabetical order):
# Socialist republic of Bosnia_and_Herzegovina, with capital in Sarajevo,
# Socialist republic of Croatia, with capital in Zagreb,
# Socialist republic of Macedonia, with capital in Skopje,
# Socialist republic of Montenegro, with capital in Titograd,
# Socialist republic of Serbia, with capital in Belgrade, which also contained:
5a. Socialist autonomous province of Kosovo, with capital in Priština
5b. Socialist autonomous province of Vojvodina, with capital in Novi_Sad # Socialist republic of Slovenia, with capital in Ljubljana. ==Demographics== {{main|Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} SFRY recognised "nations" (''narodi'') and "nationalities" (''narodnosti'') separately; the former being reserved for the main and indigenous peoples, and the latter for the minorities and immigrants. The country consisted of six republics, most of which had its own clear national majority: * Slovenes in Slovenia * Croats in Croatia * Serbs in Serbia * Montenegrins in Montenegro * Macedonians in Macedonia The notable exception was Bosnia and Herzegovina, where there were Serbs, Muslims_by_nationality and Croats and none of them were in a majority. There was a separate nationality called the Yugoslavs but it was limited to a small minority of population. The diversity of nations was a major factor for the dissolution of the federation. Nationalism during Tito's rule was cracked down upon wherever it sprung up. Nationalism had sprung up after the death of Tito and fuelled by the then leaders of the federation. Tito's successors chose a different way towards the nationalists, instead promoting their ideas and taking their side on some issues, claiming they will defend them and fight, even war, for their cause. Nationalists from other nationalities responded with arguments such as "During your [Tito's] rule, our culture had been cracked down upon, our people oppressed ... but now you won't anymore" and so forth, initiating hatred towards the different nationalities. The process towards war in order for the leaders to create "ethnically clean" nations had begun, with state-owned media propagating nationalistic ideas, this later led to nationalism seen previously in World_War_II, the dissolution of the federation and the war that followed. ==Economy== {{main|Economy of SFRY}} Despite common origins, the economy of socialist Yugoslavia was much different from economies of the Soviet Union and other Eastern European socialist countries, especially after the Yugoslav-Soviet break-up of 1948. Rather then being owned by the state, companies were socially owned and managed with workers' self-management. The occupation and liberation struggle in World War II left Yugoslavia's infrastructure devastated. Even the most developed parts of the country were largely rural and the little industry the country had was largely damaged or destroyed. With the exception of a recession in mid-1960s, the country's economy prospered formidably. Unemployment was low and the education level of the working force steadily increased. Due to Yugoslavia's neutrality and a leading role in the Non-aligned_Movement, Yugoslav companies exported to both Western and Eastern markets. Yugoslav companies carried out construction of numerous major infrastructural and industrial projects in Africa, Europe and Asia. In 1970s, the economy was reorganized according to Edvard_Kardelj's theory of Associated_labour, in which the right to decision making and a share in profits of Socially_owned_companies is based on the investment of labour. All companies were transformed into ''organizations of associated labour''. The smallest, ''basic organizations of associated labour'', roughly corresponded to a small company or a department in a large company. These were organized into ''enterprises'' which in turn associated into ''composite organizations of associated labour'', which could be large companies or even whole industry branches in a certain area. Most executive decision making was based in Enterprises, so that these continued to compete to an extent even when they were part of a same composite organization. The appointment of managers and strategic policy of composite organizations were, depending on their size and importance, in practice often subject to political and personal influence-peddling. In order to give all employees the same access to decision making, the ''basic organisations of associated labour'' were also introduced into public services, including health and education. The basic organizations were usually made up of just dozens of people and had their own workers councils, whose assent was needed for strategic decisions and appointment of managers in enterprises or public institutions. The Yugoslav_wars, consequent loss of market, as well as mismanagement and/or non-transparent privatization brought further economic trouble for all former republics of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Only Slovenia's economy grew steadily after the initial shock and slump. Croatia reached its 1990 GDP in 2003, a feat yet to be accomplished by other former Yugoslav republics. The money of SFRY was the Yugoslav_dinar. ==Military== {{main|Military of Yugoslavia}} Much like the Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia that preceded it, the socialist Yugoslavia maintained a strong military force. It was an oft-mentioned claim that SFRY had the third strongest army in Europe at its heyday. The Yugoslav_People's_Army or JNA/JLA was the main organization of the military forces. It was composed of the ground army, navy and aviation. The regular army mostly originated from the Yugoslav Partisans of the Second_World_War. Each of the six Republics had their own "territorial defense", a National Guard of a sort, which were established in the frame of a new doctrine called “general people’s resistance” as an answer to the brutal end of the Prague_Spring by the Warsaw_Pact in Czechoslovakia. ==Politics== The defining document of the state was the Constitution_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia, which was amended in 1963 and 1974. The Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia had won the first elections, and remained in power throughout the state's existence. It was also called League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and it was composed of individual parties from each constituent republic. The primary political leader of the state was Josip_Broz_Tito, but there were several other important politicians, particularly after Tito's death: see the List_of_leaders_of_communist_Yugoslavia. When the individual republics organized multi-party elections in the 1990s, the Communist Parties mostly failed to win re-election. ==Culture== {{sect-stub}} See: * Music of former Yugoslavia ==Miscellaneous== * Unique_Master_Citizen_Number ==See also== * Yugoslavia * History_of_the_Balkans {{SFRY}} Category:Yugoslavia Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Bs:SFRJ Es:República_Federal_Socialista_de_Yugoslavia Ko:유고슬라비아_사회주의_연방공화국 It:Repubblica_Socialista_Federale_di_Jugoslavia Lt:Jugoslavija Mk:Социјалистичка_Федеративна_Република_Југославија Pl:Socjalistyczna_Federalna_Republika_Jugosławii Pt:República_Socialista_Federal_da_Iugoslávia Sl:Socialistična_federativna_republika_Jugoslavija Sr:Социјалистичка_Федеративна_Република_Југославија Zh:南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国
5a. Socialist autonomous province of Kosovo, with capital in Priština
5b. Socialist autonomous province of Vojvodina, with capital in Novi_Sad # Socialist republic of Slovenia, with capital in Ljubljana. ==Demographics== {{main|Demographics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} SFRY recognised "nations" (''narodi'') and "nationalities" (''narodnosti'') separately; the former being reserved for the main and indigenous peoples, and the latter for the minorities and immigrants. The country consisted of six republics, most of which had its own clear national majority: * Slovenes in Slovenia * Croats in Croatia * Serbs in Serbia * Montenegrins in Montenegro * Macedonians in Macedonia The notable exception was Bosnia and Herzegovina, where there were Serbs, Muslims_by_nationality and Croats and none of them were in a majority. There was a separate nationality called the Yugoslavs but it was limited to a small minority of population. The diversity of nations was a major factor for the dissolution of the federation. Nationalism during Tito's rule was cracked down upon wherever it sprung up. Nationalism had sprung up after the death of Tito and fuelled by the then leaders of the federation. Tito's successors chose a different way towards the nationalists, instead promoting their ideas and taking their side on some issues, claiming they will defend them and fight, even war, for their cause. Nationalists from other nationalities responded with arguments such as "During your [Tito's] rule, our culture had been cracked down upon, our people oppressed ... but now you won't anymore" and so forth, initiating hatred towards the different nationalities. The process towards war in order for the leaders to create "ethnically clean" nations had begun, with state-owned media propagating nationalistic ideas, this later led to nationalism seen previously in World_War_II, the dissolution of the federation and the war that followed. ==Economy== {{main|Economy of SFRY}} Despite common origins, the economy of socialist Yugoslavia was much different from economies of the Soviet Union and other Eastern European socialist countries, especially after the Yugoslav-Soviet break-up of 1948. Rather then being owned by the state, companies were socially owned and managed with workers' self-management. The occupation and liberation struggle in World War II left Yugoslavia's infrastructure devastated. Even the most developed parts of the country were largely rural and the little industry the country had was largely damaged or destroyed. With the exception of a recession in mid-1960s, the country's economy prospered formidably. Unemployment was low and the education level of the working force steadily increased. Due to Yugoslavia's neutrality and a leading role in the Non-aligned_Movement, Yugoslav companies exported to both Western and Eastern markets. Yugoslav companies carried out construction of numerous major infrastructural and industrial projects in Africa, Europe and Asia. In 1970s, the economy was reorganized according to Edvard_Kardelj's theory of Associated_labour, in which the right to decision making and a share in profits of Socially_owned_companies is based on the investment of labour. All companies were transformed into ''organizations of associated labour''. The smallest, ''basic organizations of associated labour'', roughly corresponded to a small company or a department in a large company. These were organized into ''enterprises'' which in turn associated into ''composite organizations of associated labour'', which could be large companies or even whole industry branches in a certain area. Most executive decision making was based in Enterprises, so that these continued to compete to an extent even when they were part of a same composite organization. The appointment of managers and strategic policy of composite organizations were, depending on their size and importance, in practice often subject to political and personal influence-peddling. In order to give all employees the same access to decision making, the ''basic organisations of associated labour'' were also introduced into public services, including health and education. The basic organizations were usually made up of just dozens of people and had their own workers councils, whose assent was needed for strategic decisions and appointment of managers in enterprises or public institutions. The Yugoslav_wars, consequent loss of market, as well as mismanagement and/or non-transparent privatization brought further economic trouble for all former republics of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. Only Slovenia's economy grew steadily after the initial shock and slump. Croatia reached its 1990 GDP in 2003, a feat yet to be accomplished by other former Yugoslav republics. The money of SFRY was the Yugoslav_dinar. ==Military== {{main|Military of Yugoslavia}} Much like the Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia that preceded it, the socialist Yugoslavia maintained a strong military force. It was an oft-mentioned claim that SFRY had the third strongest army in Europe at its heyday. The Yugoslav_People's_Army or JNA/JLA was the main organization of the military forces. It was composed of the ground army, navy and aviation. The regular army mostly originated from the Yugoslav Partisans of the Second_World_War. Each of the six Republics had their own "territorial defense", a National Guard of a sort, which were established in the frame of a new doctrine called “general people’s resistance” as an answer to the brutal end of the Prague_Spring by the Warsaw_Pact in Czechoslovakia. ==Politics== The defining document of the state was the Constitution_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia, which was amended in 1963 and 1974. The Communist_Party_of_Yugoslavia had won the first elections, and remained in power throughout the state's existence. It was also called League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and it was composed of individual parties from each constituent republic. The primary political leader of the state was Josip_Broz_Tito, but there were several other important politicians, particularly after Tito's death: see the List_of_leaders_of_communist_Yugoslavia. When the individual republics organized multi-party elections in the 1990s, the Communist Parties mostly failed to win re-election. ==Culture== {{sect-stub}} See: * Music of former Yugoslavia ==Miscellaneous== * Unique_Master_Citizen_Number ==See also== * Yugoslavia * History_of_the_Balkans {{SFRY}} Category:Yugoslavia Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Bs:SFRJ Es:República_Federal_Socialista_de_Yugoslavia Ko:유고슬라비아_사회주의_연방공화국 It:Repubblica_Socialista_Federale_di_Jugoslavia Lt:Jugoslavija Mk:Социјалистичка_Федеративна_Република_Југославија Pl:Socjalistyczna_Federalna_Republika_Jugosławii Pt:República_Socialista_Federal_da_Iugoslávia Sl:Socialistična_federativna_republika_Jugoslavija Sr:Социјалистичка_Федеративна_Република_Југославија Zh:南斯拉夫社会主义联邦共和国