{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox President | name=Ronald W. Reagan
| nationality=american
| image name=Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg
| order=40th President
| vicepresident=George_H._W._Bush
| date1=January_20 1981
| date2=January_20 1989
| preceded=Jimmy_Carter
| succeeded=George_H._W._Bush
| date of birth=February_6 1911
| place of birth=Tampico,_Illinois
| dead= dead
| date of death=June_5 2004
| place of death=Bel-Air, California
| wife=Nancy_Reagan
| party=Republican
}}
'''Ronald Wilson Reagan''' (February_6, 1911 – June_5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United_States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975). Before entering politics, Reagan was also a broadcaster, Film Actor, and head of the Screen_Actors_Guild. After his death, Reagan was voted the Greatest American on the Discovery Channel.
Reagan's presidency is regarded as a turning point for the United_States_Republican_Party and the American conservative movement and he has been dubbed The Greatest Communicator by many who knew him well. His presidency was marked by new economic policies, dubbed Reaganomics and a confrontational foreign policy towards the Soviet_Union and Socialist movements around the world.
Reagan defeated incumbent President Jimmy_Carter to win election in a 1980 electoral college landslide, the start of the so-called "Reagan Revolution" that marked a major shift in American electoral politics and brought a 12-seat change in the United_States_Senate, giving the Republican Party a majority for the first time in 28 years. Upon his election, Reagan became the oldest president to enter office, at the age of 69. He was the first Republican to defeat an incumbent Democratic president since 1888, and the first from any party to defeat an incumbent elected president since 1932. Reagan was reelected in a landslide in the 1984 presidential election, defeating Carter's Vice President Walter_Mondale by winning 49 of 50 states and receiving nearly 60 percent of the popular vote.
He died at his home in Bel-Air, California in 2004 at the age of 93 , after a decade suffering from Alzheimer's_disease.
==Early life and career==
Reagan was born in Tampico, Illinois, the second of two sons to Catholic, Irish-American Democrat John "Jack" Reagan and Nelle Wilson, who was of Scottish and English descent. His paternal great-grandfather, Michael Reagan, immigrated to the United States from Ballyporeen, County_Tipperary,_Ireland in the 1860s. Prior to his immigration, the family name was spelled ''Regan''. His maternal great-grandfather, John Wilson, immigrated to the United States from Paisley, Scotland in the early 1800s.
In 1920, after years of moving from town to town, the family settled in Dixon,_Illinois. In 1921, at the age of 10, Reagan was baptized in his mother's Disciples_of_Christ church in Dixon (although his brother, Neil, became a Roman_Catholic, like their father, Jack), and in 1924 Ronald Reagan began attending Dixon's Northside High School. Reagan always considered Dixon to be his hometown.
Image:Reagan_family.jpg-1917)]]
In 1927, at age 16, Reagan took a summer job as a Lifeguard in Lowell Park, two miles away from Dixon on the nearby Rock River. He continued to work as a lifeguard for the next seven years, reportedly saving 77 people from drowning. Reagan would later joke that none of them ever thanked him. In future years, he would point to that achievement proudly showing visitors a picture of Rock River in the Oval Office.
In 1928, Reagan entered Eureka_College in Eureka,_Illinois, majoring in Economics and Sociology, and graduating in 1932. In 1929 Reagan joined the Tau_Kappa_Epsilon fraternity which he later recalled during numerous interviews and conversations as one of the greatest experiences he had during his college years. Though earning mediocre grades, he made many lasting friendships. Reagan developed an early gift for storytelling and acting. He was a radio Announcer as an affiliate of the Chicago_Cubs Baseball games, getting only the bare outlines of the game from a ticker and relying on his imagination and storytelling gifts to flesh out the game. Once in 1934, during the ninth inning of a Cubs-St._Louis_Cardinals game, the wire went dead. Reagan smoothly improvised a fictional play-by-play (in which hitters on both teams fouled off pitches) until the wire was restored.
===Hollywood===
In 1937, when in California to cover spring training for the Chicago_Cubs as a Headline radio announcer, Reagan took a screen test that led to a seven-year contract with the Warner_Brothers studio. Reagan's clear voice and athletic physique made him popular with some audiences; the majority of his screen roles were as the leading man in B_movies. His first screen credit was the starring role in the 1937 movie ''Love_Is_On_the_Air''. By the end of 1939, he had appeared in 19 films. In 1940 he played the role of George "The Gipper" Gipp in the film ''Knute_Rockne,_All_American''. From this role he acquired the nickname ''the Gipper'', which he retained the rest of his life. Reagan considered his best acting work to have been in ''Kings_Row'' (1942). He played the part of a young man whose legs were amputated. He used a line he spoke in this film, "Where's the rest of me?", as the title for his autobiography. Other notable Reagan films include ''Hellcats_of_the_Navy'', ''This_Is_the_Army'', and ''Bedtime_for_Bonzo''. Reagan was kidded widely about the last named film because his co-star was a Chimpanzee. He has a star on the Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame at 6374 Hollywood Boulevard.
Image:Nancy_and_Ronald_Reagan.jpg. Nancy Reagan became a powerful and important background advisor in Ronald Reagan's rise and roles as governor and president.]]
Reagan was commissioned as a reserve Cavalry officer in the U.S. Army in 1935. After the Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor, he was activated and assigned, partially due to his poor eyesight, to the First_Motion_Picture_Unit in the United_States_Army_Air_Forces, which made training and education films. He remained in Hollywood for the duration of the war, attaining the rank of Captain. Reagan tried repeatedly to go overseas for combat duty, but was turned down because of his Astigmatism.
Reagan later married actress Jane_Wyman in 1940. They had a daughter, Maureen in 1941 and adopted a son, Michael in 1945. Their second daughter, Christine_Reagan , was born four months prematurely on June_26, 1947 and lived only one day. They divorced in 1948, later making Reagan the first American President to have been divorced. Reagan remarried in 1952 to actress Nancy Davis. Their daughter Patti was born on October_21 of the same year. On 20_May 1958 they had a second child, Ron.
As Reagan's film roles became fewer in the late 1950s, he moved into Television as a host and frequent performer for ''General_Electric_Theater''. Reagan appeared in many live television plays and often co-starred with Nancy. Reagan served as the president of the Screen_Actors_Guild (SAG) from 1947 until 1952, and again from 1959 to 1960. In 1952, a Hollywood scandal raged over his granting of a SAG blanket waiver to MCA, which allowed it to both represent and employ talent for its burgeoning TV franchises. He went from host and program supervisor of ''General Electric Theater'' to producing and claiming an equity stake in the TV show itself. At one point in the late 1950s, Reagan was earning approximately $125,000 per year. His final regular acting job was as host and performer on ''Death_Valley_Days''. Reagan's final big-screen appearance came in the 1964 film ''The Killers'', in which, uncharacteristically, he played a mob chieftain. This film was a remake of an earlier version, based on a short story by Ernest_Hemingway. Reagan's co-stars were John_Cassavetes and Lee_Marvin.
==Early political career==
Reagan began his political life as a Democrat, supporting Franklin_D._Roosevelt and his New_Deal. He gradually became a staunch social and fiscal Conservative, and, in 1976, said "fascism was really the basis of the New Deal." He embarked upon the path that led him to a career in politics during his tenure as president of the Screen Actors Guild. In this position, he testified before the House_Un-American_Activities_Committee on Communist influence in Hollywood. He also kept tabs on actors he considered disloyal and informed on them to the FBI under the code name "Agent T-10," but he would not denounce them publicly. He supported the practice of blacklisting in Hollywood. Believing that the Republican Party was better able to combat communism, Reagan gradually abandoned his left-of-center political views, supporting the presidential candidacies of Dwight_D._Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 and Richard_Nixon in 1960—all while Reagan was still a Democrat.
His employment by the General_Electric company further enhanced his political image; he travelled widely as a GE spokesman, and was noted for his Anti-Communist speeches. By the 1964 election, Reagan was an outspoken supporter of conservative Republican Barry_Goldwater. His nationally televised speech "A_Time_for_Choosing" electrified conservatives; soon after, several top Republican contributors visited Reagan at his home in Pacific_Palisades, California, urging him to seek the governorship in 1966. Though these requests were initially "laughed off" by Reagan, he says in his autobiography, he eventually gave in, after countless sleepless nights.
===Party Affiliation: From Democrat to Republican===
Ronald Reagan was a well-known Democrat before becoming a Republican. Growing up, his father was a staunch Democrat. Reagan remembered that his father had refused to take him to the movie "Birth_of_a_Nation", because of its racial stereotypes. He bragged about his father's not wanting to stay in a certain hotel because they did not accept Jews; his only alternative was to sleep in his car. Ronald Reagan himself had supported FDR and gave speeches for Harry_S_Truman. Reagan’s change in party affiliation came about at a time when the country seemed to be making a different turn. In the 60's Reagan became a Republican due to the party's hard-line stance against communism. He began to campaign for Barry_Goldwater in 1964.
==Governorship==
{| {{prettyinfobox}}
|-
| '''Order:''' || 33rd Governor of California
|-
| '''Term of Office:''' || 1966–1975
|-
| '''Predecessor:''' || Pat_Brown
|-
| '''Successor:''' || Jerry_Brown
|-
| '''Political Party:''' || Republican
|-
| '''Lieutenant Governor:''' || Robert_Hutchinson_Finch, Ed_Reinecke, John_L._Harmer
|}
In 1966, he was elected the 33rd Governor of California, defeating two-term incumbent Pat_Brown; he was reelected in 1970, defeating Jesse_Unruh, but chose not to seek a third term. During the People's_Park protests, he sent 2,200 National Guard troops onto the Berkeley campus of the University_of_California. Reagan made it clear that the policies of his administration would not be influenced by student agitation, saying "If it takes a bloodbath, let's get it over with, no more appeasement." When left-wing SLA terrorists kidnapped Patty_Hearst in Berkeley and gave a list of demands that included free distribution of food to the Poor, Reagan suggested that it would be a good time for an outbreak of Botulism. After the media caught wind of the comment, he apologized.
In his first term, he froze government hiring, but also approved tax hikes to balance the budget. He worked with Democrat Assembly Speaker, Bob_Moretti, to reform Welfare in 1971. Reagan also opposed the construction of a large federal Dam, the Dos_Rios, which would have flooded a valley of Indian ranches. Later, Reagan and his family took a summer backpack trip into the high Sierra to a place where a proposed trans-Sierra highway would be built. Once there, he declared it would not be built. One of Reagan's greatest frustrations in office concerned Capital_punishment. He had campaigned as a strong supporter; however, his efforts to enforce the state's laws in this area were thwarted when the Supreme_Court_of_California issued its ''People_v._Anderson'' decision, which invalidated all Death_sentences passed in California prior to 1972, although the decision was quickly overturned by a Constitutional_amendment. Although he was a supporter of death penalty; in capital cases which arrived his office, Reagan granted two clemencies and a temporary repreive. As of December 2005; no other clemency has been granted to a condemned man in California. The only execution during Reagan's governership was on April 12, 1967, when Aaron Mitchell's life ended in San Quentin's gas chamber. There would not be another execution in California until 1992.
Reagan promoted the dismantling of the public Psychiatric_hospital system, proposing that community-based housing and treatment replace involuntary hospitalization, which he saw as a violation of Civil_liberties issue. According to some Reagan critics, the community replacement facilities were never adequately funded, either by Reagan or by his successors.
==Presidential campaigns==
Reagan's first attempt to gain the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 was unsuccessful. He tried again in 1976 against incumbent Gerald_Ford, but was narrowly defeated at the Republican National Convention.
The 1976 campaign was a critical moment for Ronald Reagan's political development. Gerald Ford was largely a symbol of the "old guard" of the Republican party. Reagan's success was remarkable considering Ford's status as an incumbent President. At the convention in 1976, Reagan gave a stirring speech in which he discussed the dangers of nuclear war and the moral threat of the Soviet Union. After that speech, to many at the convention, they felt like "they had voted for the wrong man."
In 1980, Ronald Reagan finally succeeded in gaining the Republican nomination for president. During the convention, Reagan discussed the possibility of choosing former President Gerald_Ford as his running mate, but he ultimately selected George_H._W._Bush. As an opponent of Reagan's during the presidential primaries, Bush had declared he would never be Reagan's Vice-President. Bush was many things Reagan was not--a lifelong Republican, a combat veteran and an internationalist with UN, CIA and China experience. Bush's economic and political philosophies were decidedly more moderate than Reagan's. Bush had, in fact, referred to Reagan's supply-side influenced proposal for a 30% across-the-board tax cut as "voodoo economics."
After the Republican National Convention, Ronald Reagan gave a campaign speech at an annual county fair outside of Philadelphia,_Mississippi, the site of the Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Workers_Murders of 1964.
During the speech, Reagan stated "I believe in states' rights" and "I believe we have distorted the balance of our government today by giving powers that were never intended to be given in the Constitution to that federal establishment." He went on to promise to "restore to states and local governments the power that properly belongs to them." http://gadflyer.com/articles/?ArticleID=134
Image:ElectoralCollege1980-Large.png
The campaign, led by William_J._Casey, was conducted in the shadow of the Iran_hostage_crisis; some analysts believe President Jimmy_Carter's inability to solve the hostage crisis played a large role in Reagan's victory against him in the 1980 election. On the other hand, Carter's inability to deal with double-digit Inflation and Unemployment, lackluster economic growth, instability in the Petroleum_market leading to long Gas_lines, and the perceived weakness of the U.S. national defense may have had a greater impact on the electorate. With respect to the economy, Reagan famously said, "A Recession is when your neighbor loses his job. A depression is when you lose yours. And recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his."
Reagan's showing in the televised debates boosted his campaign. He seemed more at ease, deflecting President Carter's criticisms with remarks like "There you go again." Perhaps his most influential remark was a closing question to the audience, during a time of skyrocketing global oil prices and highly unpopular Federal_Reserve interest rate hikes, "Are you better off today than you were four years ago?"
Carter's eventual ouster was accompanied by a 12-seat change in the Senate from Democratic to Republican hands, giving the Republicans a majority in the Senate for the first time in 28 years. Upon his election, Reagan became the oldest president to enter office, at the age of 69.
Image:ElectoralCollege1984-Large.png
In the 1984 presidential election, he was reelected in a landslide over Carter's Vice President Walter_Mondale, winning 49 of 50 states and receiving nearly 60 percent of the popular vote. At the Democratic_National_Convention, Mondale accepted the party nomination with a speech that is believed to have constituted a self-inflicted mortal wound. In it he remarked "Mr. Reagan will raise your taxes, I will raise your taxes. He won't tell you this, I just did."http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/conventions/chicago/facts/famous.speeches/mondale.84.shtml Reagan accepted the Republican nomination in Dallas,_Texas, on a wave of good feeling bolstered by the recovering economy and the dominating performance by the U.S. athletes at the Los Angeles Olympics that summer.
The campaign of 1984 also featured one of Reagan's most famous gaffes -- The infamous quotation "My fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever. We begin bombing in five minutes", spoken as a sound check prior to a radio address. Spoken during a time of great tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, it left many (particularly outside the United States) questioning Reagan's understanding of some of the realities of his foreign policy and of international affairs in general. Samples of the recording of the quotation were later turned into the dance record "Five Minutes" by Jerry_Harrison and Bootsy_Collins.
Despite a weak performance in the first debate, Reagan recovered in the second and was considerably ahead of Mondale in polls taken throughout much of the race. Reagan's landslide win in the 1984 presidential election is often attributed by political commentators to be a result of his conversion of the "Reagan_Democrats," the traditionally Democratic voters who voted for Reagan in that election.
==Presidency==
{{main|Reagan Administration}}
===Domestic record===
Image:Reagan_assassination.jpg after the assassination attempt on President Reagan in 1981.]]
Reagan portrayed himself as being economically Libertarian, in favor of Tax_cuts, smaller government, and Deregulation. He also took a strong "tough-on-crime" stance.
The high point of the Reagan presidency's first 100 days was the end of the Iran_hostage_crisis after the American hostages were freed within minutes of his inauguration. Reagan's first official act upon entering office was to terminate oil price controls, a policy designed to boost America's domestic production and exploration of oil. http://cato.org/pubs/pas/pa-261.html
Image:Bush_reagan.jpg
In the summer of 1981 Reagan fired a majority of federal Air_traffic_controllers when they went on an illegal strike. Since this union was one of only two unions to support Reagan in the prior election, this action proved to be a political coup. This set limits for public employee unions, and also signaled that it was acceptable for businesses to play hardball with unions.
A major focus of Reagan's first term was reviving the economy his administration inherited, which was plagued by a new phenomenon known as Stagflation (a stagnant economy combined with high inflation). His administration fought double-digit inflation by supporting Federal_Reserve_Board chairman Paul_Volcker's decision to tighten the money supply by dramatically hiking Interest_rates (Paul Volcker was appointed by President Carter in 1979). While successfully lowering inflation, this policy caused a short term recession from 1981-1982, which temporarily lowered Reagan's public support. Others commended him for taking a tough strategy. Nobel economist Milton_Friedman praises him for "being willing to take a severe recession to end inflation" and said in 2004: "In my opinion, no other post-war president would have been willing to back the Volcker Fed in its tough stance in 1981–82. I can testify from personal knowledge that Reagan knew what he was doing. He understood that there was no way of ending inflation without monetary restraint and a temporary recession. As in every area, he stuck to his principles and looked at the long term" (''Freedom's Friend'').
Reagan pursued a strategy of combining this tight-money policy with across-the-board tax cuts designed to boost business investment (in Reagan's words: "Chicago school economics, Supply-side_economics, call it what you will — I noticed that it was even known as Reaganomics at one point until it started working..."). http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1987/071087a.htm While ridiculed by opponents as "voodoo," "trickle-down," and "Reaganomics," he managed to push across-the-board tax cuts through congress in 1981. At the same time, the administration also slowed the growth of welfare and other social programs, eliciting protests from Democrats.
Following the recession of 1981-82, the economy staged a dramatic recovery beginning in 1983. The Reagan administration claimed the tax cuts helped revive the economy and create jobs, which led to the increase of federal income tax revenues during the 1980's from $517 billion to over $1 trillion per annum.
Despite this, increases in the military budget stemming from the administration's new cold war strategy led to the federal Deficit reaching record highs. The U.S. House of Representatives, with a Democrat majority, opposed slowing the growth of social welfare spending. To cover the deficit, the administration borrowed heavily both domestically and abroad, and by the end of Reagan's second term the National_debt had increased from 32.6% to 53.1% of annual GDP.
During the Reagan presidency, the inflation rate dropped from 13.6% in 1980 (President Carter's final year in office) to 4.1% by 1988, the economy added 16,753,000 jobs and the unemployment rate fell from 7.5% to 5.3%.
While Reagan's opponents charged that his economic policies created an increase in the gap between the rich and the poor, it should be noted that during the Reagan presidency, all economic groups saw their income rise in real terms, including the bottom quintile, which rose 6% (Bureau of the Census, Income Statistics Branch, Current Population Reports, Series P60, 1996).
A renewal of the "War_on_drugs" was also declared during his presidency, spearheaded by Nancy Reagan's high-profile "Just_Say_No" series of messages.
President Reagan was criticized by the Gay_rights movement and others for the perception that his administration and others did not respond quickly enough to the HIV-AIDS situation. The first official mention of the disease in the White House was on October_15, 1982 when Reagan's press secretary Larry_Speakes, in response to a reporter's inquiry about "the gay plague," said "I don't have it, do you?" to general laughter. (Note that the term ''AIDS'' was not yet widely used, hence the reporter calling it "the gay plague," and that HIV was not identified until 1984.) Reagan himself first publicly discussed the federal government's role in fighting the disease at a press conference in 1985.
Despite the criticism, under Reagan $5.7 billion was spent on AIDS and HIV, with large amounts going to the National_Institutes_of_Health. The resources for research increased by 450% in 1983, 134% in 1984, 99% the next year, and 148% the year after. In September of 1985, Reagan said: "Including what we have in the budget for '86, it will amount to over a half a billion dollars that we have provided for research on AIDS, in addition to what I'm sure other medical groups are doing. And we have $100 million in the budget this year; it'll be $126 million next year. So this is a top priority with us. Yes, there's no question about the seriousness of this and the need to find an answer." By 1986 Reagan had endorsed a large prevention and research effort and declared in his budget message that AIDS "remains the highest Public_health priority of the Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services."
Reagan's policies in regard to AIDS and gay rights became a subject of controversy after his death. Liberals and Libertarians pointed out that he had gone on record as supporting Sodomy laws, opposing anti-discrimination laws including Sexual_preference, and the conservative United_States_Supreme_Court Justices that he appointed would help produce the majority opinion in the 1986 case of ''Bowers_v._Hardwick.'' Yet, after his death, family members and homosexual Republicans (known as Log Cabin Republicans) pointed out that he opposed the 1978 California anti-gay Briggs_Initiative. In 1984 he had the first openly homosexual couple spend the night in the White House. He is also said to have taught his children that Homosexuality was a normal state of being for some people and was a longtime friend of Rock_Hudson. In a rare public pronouncement on the topic of AIDS, Reagan stated his belief that morality and science conflate to make Abstinence the best method to prevent the disease.
Reagan made the abolition of communism and the implementation of Supply-side_economics the primary focuses of his presidency, but he also took a strong stand against Abortion. He published the book ''Abortion and the Conscience of a Nation'', which decried what Reagan saw as a disrespect for life, promoted by the practice of abortion. Many conservative activists refer to Reagan as the most Pro-life president in history. (However, two of the three Supreme Court justices he selected, Sandra_Day_O'Connor and Anthony_Kennedy, voted to uphold Roe_v._Wade, to Reagan's disappointment).
Although Reagan's second term was mostly noteworthy for matters related to foreign affairs, his administration supported significant pieces of legislation on domestic matters. In 1982, Reagan signed legislation reauthorizing the Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 for another 25 years. This extension added protections for blind, disabled, and illiterate voters.http://www.aclu.org/VotingRights/VotingRights.cfm?ID=17621&c;=32
Other significant legislation included the overhaul of the Internal Revenue Code in 1986, as well as the Civil_Liberties_Act_of_1988 which compensated victims of the Japanese_American_Internment during World_War_II. Reagan also signed legislation authorizing the Death_penalty for offenses involving murder in the context of large-scale Drug_trafficking; wholesale reinstatement of the federal death penalty would not occur until the presidency of Bill_Clinton.
Milton_Friedman, has pointed to the number of pages added to the Federal_Register each year as evidence of the anti-regulatory nature of Reagan's presidency (the Register records the rules and regulations that federal agencies issue per year). http://www.hooverdigest.org/043/friedman.html The number of pages added to the Register each year declined sharply at the start of the Ronald Reagan presidency breaking a steady and sharp increase since 1960. The increase in the number of pages added per year resumed an upward, though less steep, trend after Reagan left office. In contrast, the number of pages being added each year increased under Ford, Carter, H.W. Bush, Clinton, and others.
===Foreign policy and interventions===
Image:Reagan_and_Gorbachev_hold_discussions.jpg, the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR from 1985 to 1991.]] Reagan forcefully confronted the Soviet_Union, marking a sharp departure from the Détente observed by his predecessors Richard_Nixon, Gerald_Ford, and Jimmy_Carter. Under the assumption that the Soviet Union could not then outspend the US government in a renewed Arms_race, he strove to make the Cold_War economically and rhetorically hot.
The administration oversaw a massive military build-up that represented a policy called "peace through strength." The Reagan administration set a new policy toward the Soviet Union with the goal to win the Cold War through a three-pronged strategy outlined in ''NSDD-32'' (National_Security_Decisions_Directive). The directive outlined Reagan's plan to confront the Soviet Union on three fronts: economic - decrease Soviet access to high technology and diminish their resources, including depressing the value of Soviet commodities on the world market; military - increase American defense expenditures to strengthen the U.S. negotiating position and force the Soviets to devote more of their economic resources to defense; and clandestine - support anti-Soviet factions around the world from Afghani insurgents to Poland's Solidarity movement. He proposed the Strategic_Defense_Initiative, dubbed "Star Wars", a space-based missile shield, widely viewed outside the US as an offensive weapon. In October 1986, Reagan met with Mikhail_Gorbachev in Iceland where Gorbachev ardently opposed this defensive/offensive shield. By 1991, the Soviet Union was officially dissolved. Former Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom Margaret_Thatcher said, "Ronald Reagan won the Cold War without firing a shot."
Many analysts argue that the eventual Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union was due more to the re-emergence of separatist movements under ''Glasnost'', an inherent weakness in communist economic theory, and the depressed global price of Crude_oil, on which the Soviet economy during those years depended heavily. Furthermore, Reagan's much heralded military buildup that increased American military spending by 8% per annum in fact did not appear to have the planned effect of forcing the Soviets to mirror American growth: according to CIA estimates, Soviet military spending levelled off at a growth rate of 1.3% per annum in 1975 and remained at that level for a decade, although it more than tripled to approximately 4.3% in 1985 through 1987 (though spending on offensive strategic weapons continued to grow at 1.3% during that period), before returning to 1.3% in 1988.
Image:President_Reagan_and_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_at_Camp_David_1986.jpg at Camp_David.]]
Among European leaders, his main ally and undoubtedly his closest friend was Thatcher, who as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom supported Reagan's policies of Deterrence against the Soviets.
Although the administration negotiated arms-reduction treaties such as the INF Treaty and START_Treaty with the U.S.S.R., it also aimed to increase strategic defense. A controversial plan, named the Strategic_Defense_Initiative (SDI), was proposed to deploy a space-based defense system to make the U.S. invulnerable to Nuclear_weapon missile attack, by means of a network of armed satellites orbiting the Earth. Critics dubbed the proposal "Star Wars" and argued that SDI was unrealistic, a violation of ABM treaties, and as a weapon that defends the U.S. if it strikes first, would inflame the Arms_Race. Supporters responded that even the threat of SDI forced the Soviets into unsustainable spending to keep up. In fact, the Soviets did not attempt to follow suit with their own program, but instead followed a program of arms reduction treaties. The technology required to implement SDI is still being researched in the U.S., and it is currently in testing with stations in Alaska and islands in the Pacific_Ocean.
Support for anti-communist groups including armed Insurgencies against communist governments was also a part of administration policy, referred to by his supporters as the Reagan_Doctrine. Following this policy, the administration funded groups they called "Freedom_fighters"— described as terrorists by their detractors — such as the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, the Contras in Nicaragua, and Jonas_Savimbi's rebel forces in Angola. The Reagan administration increased military funding for anti-communist dictatorships throughout Latin_America, and has been widely accused of ordering the assassination of several Latin American presidents and prime ministers. The administration also helped fund central European anti-communist groups such as the Polish Solidarity movement and took a hard line against the Communist regime in Cambodia. Covert funding of the Contras in Nicaragua would lead to the Iran_Contra_Affair, while overt support led to a World Court ruling against the United States in ''Nicaragua_v._United_States''.
The administration took a strong stance against the Lebanese Hezbollah terrorist organization, which was taking American citizens hostage and attacking civilian targets after Israel invaded Lebanon in the 1982_Lebanon_War. It similarly took a strong stance against Palestinian terrorists in the West_Bank and Gaza_Strip. More disputed was Reagan's consideration of the Salvadoran FMLN and Honduran guerrilla fighters as terrorists, as the two countries' respective militaries were known to have used Torture and indiscriminate tactics against those suspected of collaboration or sympathy with the Guerrillas. Reagan also considered the anti-Apartheid ANC armed wing known as Umkhonto_we_Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) as a terrorist organization.
U.S. involvement in Lebanon followed a limited-term United_Nations mandate for a multinational force. A force of 800 U.S. Marines was sent to Beirut to evacuate PLO forces. The September_16, 1982 massacre of hundreds of Palestinian civilians in Beirut (see Sabra_and_Shatila_Massacre) prompted Reagan to form a new multinational force. Intense administration diplomatic efforts resulted in a peace agreement between Lebanon and Israel. U.S. forces were withdrawn shortly after the October_23, 1983 bombing of a barracks in which 241 Marines were killed. Reagan called this day the saddest day of his presidency and of his life.
A communist Coup on the small island nation of Grenada in 1983 led the administration to develop an invasion plan to restore the former government. The resulting Operation_Urgent_Fury achieved this goal.
Initially neutral, the administration increasingly became involved in the Iran-Iraq_War. At various times, the administration supported both nations, but mainly sided with Iraq, believing that Iraqi President Saddam_Hussein was less of a threat to the stability of the region than Iranian leader Ayatollah_Khomeini. Henry_Kissinger articulated the administration's policy when he stated "Too bad they both can't lose". The American fear was that an Iranian victory would embolden Islamic_fundamentalists in the Arab states, perhaps leading to the overthrow of secular governments, and Western corporate holdings, in Saudi_Arabia, Jordan, and Kuwait. After initial Iraqi military victories were reversed and an Iranian victory appeared possible in 1982, the American government initiated Operation_Staunch to attempt to cut off the Iranian regime's access to weapons (notwithstanding their later shipment of weapons to Iran in the Iran-Contra_Affair). The U.S. also provided intelligence information and financial assistance to the Iraqi military regime. The administration also allowed the shipment of "dual use" materials, that could be used for chemical and biological weapons, which Iraq claimed were required for agriculture, medical research, and other civilian purposes, but which were diverted to use in Saddam's Weapons_of_mass_destruction programshttp://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node;=&contentId;=A52241-2002Dec29¬Found;=true. After Saddam Hussein used the "dual use" materials to gass the Kurds in Halabja in 1988, the Reagan administration continued to supply nerve gas and technology.
Image:IranContraTimeCover.jpg'' cover of Oliver_North testimony about the Iran-Contra_Affair (pub. July_20, 1987.)]]
Concurrently with the support of Iraq, the administration also engaged in covert arms sales to Iran in order to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua. The resulting Iran-Contra_Affair became a scandal. Reagan professed ignorance of the plot's existence and quickly called for an Independent Counsel to investigate. Ten officials in the Reagan administration were later convicted and others forced to resign as a result of the investigation. His secretary of defense Weinberger was indicted for Perjury and later received a presidential pardon from George_H_W_Bush, days before the trial was to begin.
On April_11, 1985, it was announced that Reagan would visit the Kolmeshohe_Cemetery near Bitburg, at the suggestion of Chancellor Helmut_Kohl of West_Germany, to pay respects to the soldiers interred there. The White_House staff was under the impression that those interred included both American and German soldiers. The visit was intended to be symbolic of the goodwill between the two countries, but unbeknownst to Reagan and deputy chief of staff Michael_Deaver, who visited the cemetery in advance of the event, 49 of the graves contained the remains of men who had served in the Waffen-SS. The cemetery also contained remains of about 2,000 other German soldiers who had died in both World Wars, but no Americans.
Reagan also visited the Bergen-Belsen Concentration_camp, where he cited Anne_Frank and ended his speech with the words, "Never again."
==="The Great Communicator"===
Image:ReaganBerlinWall.jpg on June_12, 1987 Ronald
Reagan challenged reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, exclaiming: "Mr. Gorbachev, Tear_down_this_wall!"]]
Reagan was dubbed "The Great Communicator" for his ability to express ideas and emotions in an almost personal manner, even when making a formal address. He honed these skills as an actor, live television and radio host, and politician, and as president hired skilled speechwriters who could capture his folksy charm.
Reagan's rhetorical style varied. He used strong, even ideological language to condemn the Soviet Union and communism, particularly during his first term.
Whatever may be said of Reagan, he was an advocate of liberty and above all, free speech. Unlike Richard_Nixon before him, Reagan never attempted to suppress criticism, even when it was directed at him. This is one reason why his legacy has better survived the test of time than Nixon's. Those who honor Reagan's memory would also cherish the right of free speech and the right of public dissent.
But he could also evoke lofty ideals and a vision of the United States as a defender of liberty. His October_27, 1964 speech entitled "A Time for Choosing" reintroduced a phrase, "rendezvous with destiny," first made famous by Franklin_D._Roosevelt, to popular culture.http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1983/32183e.htm Other speeches recalled America as the "shining city on a hill", "big-hearted, idealistic, daring, decent, and fair," whose citizens had the "right to dream heroic dreams." http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/second.asphttp://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/first.asp
On January_28, 1986, after the Challenger accident, he postponed his State_of_the_Union address and addressed the nation on the disaster. In a speech written by Peggy_Noonan, he said, "We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved good-bye and 'slipped the surly bonds of earth' to 'touch the face of God.'" http://www.reaganfoundation.org/reagan/speeches/challenger.asp (quotations in this speech are from the famous poem "High Flight" by John_Gillespie_Magee,_Jr..)
It was perhaps Reagan's humor, especially his one-liners, that disarmed his opponents and endeared him to audiences the most. Discussion of his advanced age led him to quip in his second debate against Walter_Mondale during the 1984 campaign, "I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to exploit, for political purposes, my opponent's youth and inexperience." On his career he joked, "Politics is not a bad profession. If you succeed there are many rewards, if you disgrace yourself you can always write a book."
Both opponents and supporters noted his "sunny optimism", which was welcomed by many in comparison to his Presidential predecessor, the often smiling, but somewhat dour and serious, Carter.
===Assassination Attempt===
While leaving the Hilton_Hotel in Washington,_DC on March_30, 1981, Reagan, his Press Secretary James_Brady, Secret_Service agent Tim_McCarthy, and MPDC officer Thomas_Delehanty were shot by John_Hinckley,_Jr. during an assassination attempt. Reagan turned what could have been a low point in his first 100 days into another high point by joking, "I hope you're all Republicans," to his surgeons (While they were not, he received the reply, "We're all Republicans today" from Dr. Joseph_Giordano) and "Honey, I forgot to duck" to his wife. http://edition.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/06/05/reagan.obit/ Reagan also said that he forgave Hinckley and hoped he would ask for God's forgiveness as well.
According to the March 31, 1981 edition of the Houston Post, and reported by AP, UPI, NBC News and Newsweek, Hinckley is the son of one of George H.W. Bush's better supporters in his 1980 presidential campaign against Ronald Reagan; John Hinckley Sr.'s Vanderbilt Energy was threatened with a $2-million fine the morning of the assassination attempt. John Jr.'s older brother Scott Hinckley and Neil Bush had a dinner appointment for the next day.
===Criticisms===
A frequent objection by his critics, however, was that his personal charm also permitted him to say nearly anything and yet prevail, a quality that earned him the nickname "the Teflon President" (i.e., nothing sticks to him). His denial of awareness of the Iran-Contra scandal was belied by quotations in now-archived notes by his defense secretary, Casper_Weinberger, that he (Reagan) could survive violating the law or Constitution, but not the negative public image that "big, strong Ronald Reagan passed up a chance to get the hostages free." In December 1985, Reagan signed a secret presidential "finding" describing the deal as "arms-for-hostages." Reagan-era papers which might provide further details were originally scheduled to be released starting in 2001, but President George_W._Bush enacted a rule change to allow many of these to be withheld indefinitely.
Reagan's fiscal and tax policies were purported to have increased social inequality and economic instability, his efforts to cut Welfare and income taxes becoming common flashpoints between critics who charged that this primarily benefited the well off in America. The unprecedented growth of the national debt during his presidency also sparked charges of endangering the economic health of the nation.
Reagan's foreign policy also drew criticisms, many opponents making the charge that rather than genuinely upholding the cause of human rights throughout the globe, Reagan used it merely as a ideological tool against socialist and communist countries. Often cited are the administration's support of many widely condemned and bloody regimes, including Apartheid-era South_Africa, the Pinochet military Junta in Chile, and the Suharto regime in Indonesia. One opponent was East Timorese Nobel_Peace_Prize recipient Jose_Ramos-Horta:
:"Reagan, like Carter, ignored the rights of black South Africans who languished under a system of institutionalized terrorism and racism; the widespread and systematic use of torture in Chile and Guatemala. They not only ignored, but actively supported the mass murder of Timorese women, men, and children, orchestrated by their friend and ally, General Suharto of Indonesia. Under Carter, there were crocodile tears for the oppressed; under Reagan, there hasn't even been a pretence of concern for those in Timor, Chile, Paraguay, South Africa." (''Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor'', 87)
Reagan's support of apartheid South Africa has been among the most heavily criticized aspects of his foreign policy, though it was considerably lessened during his second term. Among the most vocal critics is Nobel Peace Prize recipient Bishop Desmond_Tutu who commented in 1984 that Reagan was "immoral, evil, and totally un-Christian...you are either for or against apartheid and not by rhetoric." He was unconvinced by the later reformist "constructive engagement" posture of Reagan. Following a 1986 speech in which Reagan called proposed sanctions against South Africa "a historic act of folly," Tutu's response was "nauseating...your president is the pits as far as blacks are concerned."http://www.commondreams.org/views04/0609-03.htm. Although Reagan sought an end to apartheid and liberalization of South Africa, he opposed economic sanctions "on grounds that it would diminish influence on the South African government and create economic hardship for the very people in South Africa that the sanctions were ostensibly designed to help" (Donald T. Regan, "For the Record").
Residents of Western_European countries often saw Reagan very differently from many Americans. In the United_Kingdom, though Reagan had the strong support of Margaret_Thatcher, he was routinely lampooned by much of the media as being dim-witted, if not Senile. This was fueled by certain real-life incidents, including a November_9, 1985, speaking engagement in which he forgot the name of Diana,_Princess_of_Wales and after some hesitation referred to her as 'Princess David', to widespread embarrassment. In the nations of Eastern_Europe, however, Reagan enjoyed a good deal of popularity among residents (though not their governments) for his harsh criticism of communism, and has been praised extensively for his role in ending the Cold War.
===Appointments===
====Cabinet====
Image:1981_US_Cabinet.jpg, 1981)]]
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4" style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000000;" align="left"
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|President||align="left" |'''Ronald_Reagan'''||align="left"|1981–1989
|-
|align="left"|Vice President||align="left"|'''George_H._W._Bush'''||align="left"|1981–1989
|-
!bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|State||align="left"|'''Alexander_M._Haig'''||align="left"|1981–1982
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''George_P._Shultz'''||align="left"|1982–1989
|-
|align="left"|Treasury||align="left"|'''Donald_Regan'''||align="left"|1981–1985
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''James_A._Baker_III'''||align="left"|1985–1988
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Nicholas_F._Brady'''||align="left"|1988–1989
|-
|align="left"|Defense||align="left"|'''Casper_Weinberger'''||align="left"|1981–1987
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Frank_C._Carlucci'''||align="left"|1987–1989
|-
|align="left"|Justice||align="left"|'''William_F._Smith'''||align="left"|1981–1985
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Edwin_A._Meese_III'''||align="left"|1985–1988
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Richard_L._Thornburgh'''||align="left"|1988–1989
|-
|align="left"|Interior||align="left"|'''James_G._Watt'''||align="left"|1981–1983
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''William_P._Clark,_Jr.'''||align="left"|1983–1985
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Donald_P._Hodel'''||align="left"|1985–1989
|-
|align="left"|Commerce||align="left"|'''Malcolm_Baldrige'''||align="left"|1981–1987
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''C._William_Verity,_Jr.'''||align="left"|1987–1989
|-
|align="left"|Labor||align="left"|'''Raymond_J._Donovan'''||align="left"|1981–1985
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''William_E._Brock'''||align="left"|1985–1987
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Ann_Dore_McLaughlin'''||align="left"|1987–1989
|-
|align="left"|Agriculture||align="left"|'''John_Block'''||align="left"|1981–1986
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Richard_E._Lyng'''||align="left"|1986–1989
|-
|align="left"|HHS||align="left"|'''Richard_S._Schweiker'''||align="left"|1981–1983
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Margaret_Heckler'''||align="left"|1983–1985
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Otis_R._Bowen'''||align="left"|1985–1989
|-
|align="left"|Education||align="left"|'''Terrell H. Bell'''||align="left"|1981–1984
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''William_J._Bennett'''||align="left"|1985–1988
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Lauro_Cavazos'''||align="left"|1988–1989
|-
|align="left"|HUD||align="left"|'''Samuel R. Pierce, Jr.'''||align="left"|1981–1989
|-
|align="left"|Transportation||align="left"|'''Drew_Lewis'''||align="left"|1981–1982
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Elizabeth_Hanford_Dole'''||align="left"|1983–1987
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''James_H._Burnley_IV'''||align="left"|1987–1989
|-
|align="left"|Energy||align="left"|'''James_B._Edwards'''||align="left"|1981–1982
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''Donald_P._Hodel'''||align="left"|1982–1985
|-
|align="left"| ||align="left"|'''John_S._Herrington'''||align="left"|1985–1989
|}
====Supreme Court appointments==== Reagan nominated the following people to the Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States: *Sandra_Day_O'Connor – 1981 *William_Rehnquist – Chief Justice, 1986 (an associate justice since 1972) *Antonin_Scalia – 1986 *Robert_Bork – 1987 (rejected by Senate) *Douglas_Ginsburg – 1987 (withdrawn) *Anthony_M._Kennedy – 1988 ===Major legislation approved=== * Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 * Tax_Equity_and_Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_1982 * Social Security Amendments of 1983 * Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986 * Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 ==Religious beliefs== Image:RonaldReaganandMargaretThatcher.jpg and Ronald Reagan]] Reagan was a committed Christian from his childhood, and frequently addressed Christian groups. (He rarely attended church during his presidency, citing security concerns, but became a member and regular attendee of Bel Air Presbyterian Church after leaving office.) He argued that Communism's atheistic worldview was one of its worst features. In a March 1978 letter to a liberal Methodist minister who was skeptical about Christ's divinity—and accused Reagan of a "limited Sunday school level theology"—Reagan argued strongly for Christ's divinity: :Perhaps it is true that Jesus never used the word "Messiah" with regard to himself (although I'm not sure that he didn't) but in John 1, 10 and 14 he identifies himself pretty definitely and more than once. Is there really any ambiguity in his words: "I am the way, the truth and the life: no man cometh unto the Father but by me?"… In John 10 he says, "I am in the Father and the Father in me." And he makes reference to being with God, "before the world was," and sitting on the "right hand of God."… :These and other statements he made about himself, foreclose in my opinion, any question as to his divinity. It doesn't seem to me that he gave us any choice; either he was what he said he was or he was the world's greatest liar." :It is impossible for me to believe a liar or charlatan could have had the effect on mankind that he has had for 2000 years. We could ask, would even the greatest of liars carry his lie through the Crucifixion, when a simple confession would have saved him? … Did he allow us the choice you say that you and others have made, to believe in his teachings but reject his statements about his own identity?" This was similar to the "Trilemma" argument of C.S. Lewis. Even though Reagan was firmly Christian, his funeral was an interfaith service. Reagan was a Creationist and favored teaching Creationism in public schools. ==Legacy and retirement from public life== On January_11, 1989, Reagan addressed the nation one last time on television from the Oval_Office of the White House, nine days before handing over the presidency to George_H._W._Bush. After Bush's Inauguration, Reagan returned to his estate, Rancho_del_Cielo, near Santa_Barbara,_California, to write his autobiography, ride his horses, and chop wood. He eventually moved to a new home in Bel-Air, Los Angeles . As_of_2005, Reagan is one of only three presidents to serve two full terms since the adoption of the 22nd Amendment in 1951 (The others are Dwight_D._Eisenhower and Bill_Clinton). Reagan received an honorary British knighthood, as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order_of_the_Bath, and thus was entitled to use the postnominal ''GCB'', but not to call himself "Sir Ronald". In the autumn of 1989, Fujisankei_Communications_Group of Japan hired him to make two speeches and attend a small number of corporate functions. Reagan's weekly fee was about $2 million, more than he had earned during eight years as president. Reagan made occasional appearances on behalf of the Republican Party, including a well-received speech at the 1992_Republican_National_Convention. He publicly spoke out in favor of a Line-item_veto, a Constitutional_amendment requiring a Balanced_budget, and repealing the 22nd Amendment, which prohibits a president from serving more than two terms. Image:FordNixonBushReagenCarter.jpg, Richard_Nixon, George_H._W._Bush, Ronald_Reagan, and Jimmy_Carter at the dedication of the Reagan Presidential Library.]] Image:Pres38-42.jpg and first ladies attended the funeral of Richard_Nixon on April_27, 1994, in Nixon's hometown of Yorba Linda, California. From left: Bill and Hillary_Clinton, George H.W. and Barbara_Bush, Ronald and Nancy_Reagan, Jimmy and Rosalynn_Carter, Gerald and Betty_Ford.]] In 1994, Reagan was officially diagnosed with Alzheimer's_disease. He informed the nation of his condition on November_5, 1994 with a hand-written letter, which displayed his trademark optimism, stating in conclusion: "I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Thank you, my friends. May God always bless you." As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed his mental capacity, forcing him to live in quiet isolation. Reagan's health was further destabilized by a fall in 2001, which shattered part of his hip and rendered him virtually immobile. By 2004, Reagan had begun to enter the final stage of Alzheimers disease. ===Job approval rating=== According to ABC News by date: {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- !style="background-color: whitesmoke;"|Date !style="background-color: whitesmoke;"|Event !style="background-color: whitesmoke;"|Approval (%) !style="background-color: whitesmoke;"|Disapproval (%) |- |April_22, 1981 |Shot by Hinckley |style="text-align: center"| 73 |style="text-align: center"| 19 |- |January_22, 1983 |High unemployment |style="text-align: center"| 42 |style="text-align: center"| 54 |- |April_26, 1986 |Libya bombing |style="text-align: center"| 70 |style="text-align: center"| 26 |- |February_26, 1987 |Iran-Contra affair |style="text-align: center"| 44 |style="text-align: center"| 51 |- |January, 1989 |End-of-Presidency |style="text-align: center"|64 |style="text-align: center"|– |- |N/A |Career average |style="text-align: center"| 57 |style="text-align: center"| 39 |- |July_30, 2001 |(Retrospective) |style="text-align: center"| 66 |style="text-align: center"| 27 |} ===Death=== {{main|Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan}} Reagan died on June_5, 2004 at his home in Bel-Air and is buried at the Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library in Simi_Valley. Reagan holds the record as the longest lived U.S. president, at 93 years and 120 days. Since Reagan's death, Gerald_Ford is now the oldest surviving president at 92, and will overtake Reagan's record if he lives to or beyond November_11, 2006. Reagan also holds the record as the oldest-elected president at 69 and oldest president to serve at 77. ===Honors=== right {{see|List of things named after Ronald Reagan}} In a 1995 poll of 2,307 coin collectors by the Littleton_Coin_Company, Reagan was ranked as the most popular person to appear on a future U.S. coin. On February_6, 1998, Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald_Reagan_National_Airport by a bill signed into law by President Bill_Clinton. Three years later, on March_4, 2001, USS ''Ronald Reagan'' was christened by the Navy. It is one of few ships christened in honor of a living person and the first to be named in honor of a living former president. Many other highways, schools and institutions were also named after Reagan in the years after his retirement and death. In 2005, Reagan was given two posthumous honors: *On May_14, CNN, along with the editors of ''TIME'', named him the "most fascinating person" of the network's first 25 years on a broadcast anchored by Bill_Hemmer. http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/02/cnn25.top.fascinating/index.html http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/14/se.02.html *On June_26, participating voters selected Reagan as the "Greatest American" during a live television special sponsored by AOL and broadcast live on the Discovery_Channel. The honors were "a final win for the Gipper," as Hemmer said on May 14 to close his broadcast. ====Awards and Decorations==== * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, UK 1989 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japan 1989 * Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom, US 1993 ==Scholarly Secondary Sources== * Lou Cannon. ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime '' Public Affairs. ISBN 1891620916 (2nd ed 2001), considered the best biography. * Lou Cannon. ''Governor Reagan: His Rise To Power'' Public Affairs. ISBN 1586480308 * Lou Cannon. ''Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1891620843 * Matthew Dallek. ''The Right Moment: Ronald Reagan's First Victory and the Decisive Turning Point in American Politics.'' (2004) scholarly study of 1966 election as governor. * Michael_Deaver and Mickey Herskowitz. ''Behind the Scenes''. William Morrow. 1987. Memoir by a top aide. * Elizabeth Drew. ''Campaign Journal: The Political Events of 1981-1984''. Macmillan. 1985. Journalist's columns. * Dinesh_D'Souza. ''Ronald Reagan: How An Ordinary Man Became An Extraordinary Leader''. Free Press. 1999. ISBN 0684848236 * John Ehrman. ''The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan.'' (2005) solid overview. * Frances_Fitzgerald. ''Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War''. Touchstone. (political history of Reagan's S.D.I.) 2000. ISBN 0684844168. * Marlin FitzWater. ''Call the Briefing! Bush and Reagan, Sam and Helen, a Decade with Presidents and the Press''. Times Books 1995. Memoir by press spokesman. * Curt Gentry. ''Last Days of the Late Great State of California'', (political history of the gubernatorial period). * Jack_W._Germond and Jules Witcover. ''Blue Smoke & Mirrors: How Reagan Won & Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980''. Viking Press. 1981. Detailed journalism. * Steven Greffenius. ''The Last Jeffersonian: Ronald Reagan's Dreams of America''. June, July, & August Books. 2002. * Paul Kengor. ''God and Ronald Reagan : A Spiritual Life'' Regan Books, 2004. ISBN 0060571411. * Levy, Peter B. ''Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years'' (1996) *Edmund_Morris. ''Dutch'', the "authorized" biography which became controversial over a number of acknowledged fictitious interpolations by the author * James T. Patterson. ''Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush vs. Gore.'' (2005), standard scholarly synthesis. * Reeves, Richard. ''President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination'' (2005) major scholarly appraisal. * Peter Schweizer. ''Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union''. Atlantic Monthly Press. 1996. ISBN 0871136333 * Troy, Gill. ''Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980's'' (2004) scholarly study of Reagan's image. ==Primary Sources== * Reagan, Ronald. ''An American Life: The Autobiography'' (1991) * Reagan, Ronald. ''Reagan, In His Own Hand: The Writings of Ronald Reagan That Reveal His Revolutionary Vision for America'' (2001) ==Polemical or Humorous Attacks== *Reed_Brody. ''Contra Terror in Nicaragua''. South End Press. 1985. ISBN 0896083136. *Alan_Moore Bill_Sienkiewicz, Martha_Honey, Tony_Avirgan. ''Brought to Light: Shadowplay : The Secret Team/Flashpoint: The LA Penca Bombing (Two Books in One)'' ISBN 091303567X * Marc Green and Gail MacColl. ''Reagan's Reign of Error'' ISBN 0-394-75644-4 (a compendium of reversals and inaccuracies). 1983, 1987. ==Reagan documentaries== * ''Ronald Reagan - An American President'' (The Official Reagan Library Tribute), January_25 2005. * ''Great Speeches'', October_19 2004. * ''Stand Up Reagan'', September_7 2004. * ''NBC News Presents - Ronald Reagan'', August_10 2004. * ''ABC News Presents Ronald Reagan - An American Legend'', July_13 2004. * ''Ronald Reagan - His Life and Legacy'', June_22 2004. * ''Ronald Reagan - His Life and Times'', May_11 2004. * ''Ronald Reagan - A Legacy Remembered (History Channel)'', 2002 * ''Ronald Reagan - The Great Communicator'', 2002. * ''Salute to Reagan - A President's Greatest Moments'', 2001. * ''American Experience - Reagan'', 1998. * ''Tribute to Ronald Reagan'', 1996. ==See also== * Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan * "Five Minutes" speech * October_Surprise * Reagan_Administration * Republican_Senatorial_Medal_of_Freedom * USS ''Ronald Reagan'' (CVN-76) * Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library * Ramones (Controversy involving Reagan by Joey Ramone and Johnny Ramone) *Reagan_Youth ==External links== {{commons|Ronald Reagan}} {{wikisourcecat}} {{wikiquote}} ===Biographical information=== * White House biography * Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Foundation * Ronald Reagan Legacy Project * Ronald Reagan Memorial Foundation * Find-A-Grave profile for Ronald Reagan * Ronald and Nancy Reagan Marriage Profile * Ronald Reagan's Health and Medical History * Ronald Reagan in the 1920 and 1930 Census *{{imdb name|id=0001654|name=Ronald Reagan}} * Prominent People - Ronald Reagan ===Speeches and Interviews=== * Reagan 2020 - numerous speeches collected * Audio recordings of Reagan's speeches * {{Gutenberg|no=5046|name=State of the Union Address}} * Profile, Portrait and Inaugural Addresses as California Governor * ''Inside Governor Ronald Reagan'' A 1975 interview with Reason_magazine concerning his political philosophy ===Multimedia links=== * RonaldReagan.tk - a large Audio/Video archive * Kudlow & Company - Short clip with Ronald Reagan on government spending * A GE Tribute to Ronald Reagan * Public Domain video in Quicktime of CNN reporting attempted assassination of President Reagan (Courtesy of CNN.com) * "Remembering The Dead: DemocracyNow! coverage of the week after Reagan's passing. {{start box}} {{succession box|title=President of Screen Actors Guild|before=Robert_Montgomery|after=Walter_Pidgeon|years=1947 – 1952}} {{succession box|title=President of Screen Actors Guild|before=Howard_Keel|after=George_Chandler|years=1959 – 1960}} {{succession box|title=Governor of California|before=Pat_Brown|after=Jerry_Brown|years=1967 – 1975}} {{succession box|title=Republican Party Presidential candidate|before=Gerald_Ford|after=George_H._W._Bush|years=1980 (won), 1984 (won)}} {{succession box| title=President of the United States| before=Jimmy_Carter| after=George_H._W._Bush| years=20_January, 1981–20_January, 1989}} {{end box}} {{start box}} {{USpresidents | before=Carter | after=G.H.W. Bush| years=1981–1989}} {{end box}} {{USRepPresNominees}} {{CAGovernors}} {{Link FA|sv}} Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald W. Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald W. Reagan, Ronald W. Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald W. Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Category:Political_history_of_the_United_States Reagan, Ronald W. Reagan, Ronald Ar:رونالد_ريغان Bg:Роналд_Рейгън Ca:Ronald_Reagan Cy:Ronald_Reagan Da:Ronald_Reagan De:Ronald_Reagan Et:Ronald_Reagan Es:Ronald_Reagan Eo:Ronald_REAGAN Fr:Ronald_Reagan Gl:Ronald_Reagan Ko:로널드_레이건 Io:Ronald_Reagan Id:Ronald_Reagan It:Ronald_Reagan He:רונלד_רייגן Hu:Ronald_Reagan Nl:Ronald_Reagan Ja:ロナルド・レーガン Nn:Ronald_Reagan No:Ronald_Reagan Pl:Ronald_Reagan Pt:Ronald_Reagan Ro:Ronald_Reagan Simple:Ronald_Reagan Sk:Ronald_Reagan Sl:Ronald_Reagan Fi:Ronald_Reagan Sv:Ronald_Reagan Th:โรนัลด์_เรแกน Tr:Ronald_Reagan Uk:Рейган_Рональд_Вілсон Zh:罗纳德·里根
====Supreme Court appointments==== Reagan nominated the following people to the Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States: *Sandra_Day_O'Connor – 1981 *William_Rehnquist – Chief Justice, 1986 (an associate justice since 1972) *Antonin_Scalia – 1986 *Robert_Bork – 1987 (rejected by Senate) *Douglas_Ginsburg – 1987 (withdrawn) *Anthony_M._Kennedy – 1988 ===Major legislation approved=== * Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 * Tax_Equity_and_Fiscal_Responsibility_Act_of_1982 * Social Security Amendments of 1983 * Tax_Reform_Act_of_1986 * Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 ==Religious beliefs== Image:RonaldReaganandMargaretThatcher.jpg and Ronald Reagan]] Reagan was a committed Christian from his childhood, and frequently addressed Christian groups. (He rarely attended church during his presidency, citing security concerns, but became a member and regular attendee of Bel Air Presbyterian Church after leaving office.) He argued that Communism's atheistic worldview was one of its worst features. In a March 1978 letter to a liberal Methodist minister who was skeptical about Christ's divinity—and accused Reagan of a "limited Sunday school level theology"—Reagan argued strongly for Christ's divinity: :Perhaps it is true that Jesus never used the word "Messiah" with regard to himself (although I'm not sure that he didn't) but in John 1, 10 and 14 he identifies himself pretty definitely and more than once. Is there really any ambiguity in his words: "I am the way, the truth and the life: no man cometh unto the Father but by me?"… In John 10 he says, "I am in the Father and the Father in me." And he makes reference to being with God, "before the world was," and sitting on the "right hand of God."… :These and other statements he made about himself, foreclose in my opinion, any question as to his divinity. It doesn't seem to me that he gave us any choice; either he was what he said he was or he was the world's greatest liar." :It is impossible for me to believe a liar or charlatan could have had the effect on mankind that he has had for 2000 years. We could ask, would even the greatest of liars carry his lie through the Crucifixion, when a simple confession would have saved him? … Did he allow us the choice you say that you and others have made, to believe in his teachings but reject his statements about his own identity?" This was similar to the "Trilemma" argument of C.S. Lewis. Even though Reagan was firmly Christian, his funeral was an interfaith service. Reagan was a Creationist and favored teaching Creationism in public schools. ==Legacy and retirement from public life== On January_11, 1989, Reagan addressed the nation one last time on television from the Oval_Office of the White House, nine days before handing over the presidency to George_H._W._Bush. After Bush's Inauguration, Reagan returned to his estate, Rancho_del_Cielo, near Santa_Barbara,_California, to write his autobiography, ride his horses, and chop wood. He eventually moved to a new home in Bel-Air, Los Angeles . As_of_2005, Reagan is one of only three presidents to serve two full terms since the adoption of the 22nd Amendment in 1951 (The others are Dwight_D._Eisenhower and Bill_Clinton). Reagan received an honorary British knighthood, as a Knight Grand Cross of the Order_of_the_Bath, and thus was entitled to use the postnominal ''GCB'', but not to call himself "Sir Ronald". In the autumn of 1989, Fujisankei_Communications_Group of Japan hired him to make two speeches and attend a small number of corporate functions. Reagan's weekly fee was about $2 million, more than he had earned during eight years as president. Reagan made occasional appearances on behalf of the Republican Party, including a well-received speech at the 1992_Republican_National_Convention. He publicly spoke out in favor of a Line-item_veto, a Constitutional_amendment requiring a Balanced_budget, and repealing the 22nd Amendment, which prohibits a president from serving more than two terms. Image:FordNixonBushReagenCarter.jpg, Richard_Nixon, George_H._W._Bush, Ronald_Reagan, and Jimmy_Carter at the dedication of the Reagan Presidential Library.]] Image:Pres38-42.jpg and first ladies attended the funeral of Richard_Nixon on April_27, 1994, in Nixon's hometown of Yorba Linda, California. From left: Bill and Hillary_Clinton, George H.W. and Barbara_Bush, Ronald and Nancy_Reagan, Jimmy and Rosalynn_Carter, Gerald and Betty_Ford.]] In 1994, Reagan was officially diagnosed with Alzheimer's_disease. He informed the nation of his condition on November_5, 1994 with a hand-written letter, which displayed his trademark optimism, stating in conclusion: "I now begin the journey that will lead me into the sunset of my life. I know that for America there will always be a bright dawn ahead. Thank you, my friends. May God always bless you." As the years went on, the disease slowly destroyed his mental capacity, forcing him to live in quiet isolation. Reagan's health was further destabilized by a fall in 2001, which shattered part of his hip and rendered him virtually immobile. By 2004, Reagan had begun to enter the final stage of Alzheimers disease. ===Job approval rating=== According to ABC News by date: {|border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- !style="background-color: whitesmoke;"|Date !style="background-color: whitesmoke;"|Event !style="background-color: whitesmoke;"|Approval (%) !style="background-color: whitesmoke;"|Disapproval (%) |- |April_22, 1981 |Shot by Hinckley |style="text-align: center"| 73 |style="text-align: center"| 19 |- |January_22, 1983 |High unemployment |style="text-align: center"| 42 |style="text-align: center"| 54 |- |April_26, 1986 |Libya bombing |style="text-align: center"| 70 |style="text-align: center"| 26 |- |February_26, 1987 |Iran-Contra affair |style="text-align: center"| 44 |style="text-align: center"| 51 |- |January, 1989 |End-of-Presidency |style="text-align: center"|64 |style="text-align: center"|– |- |N/A |Career average |style="text-align: center"| 57 |style="text-align: center"| 39 |- |July_30, 2001 |(Retrospective) |style="text-align: center"| 66 |style="text-align: center"| 27 |} ===Death=== {{main|Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan}} Reagan died on June_5, 2004 at his home in Bel-Air and is buried at the Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library in Simi_Valley. Reagan holds the record as the longest lived U.S. president, at 93 years and 120 days. Since Reagan's death, Gerald_Ford is now the oldest surviving president at 92, and will overtake Reagan's record if he lives to or beyond November_11, 2006. Reagan also holds the record as the oldest-elected president at 69 and oldest president to serve at 77. ===Honors=== right {{see|List of things named after Ronald Reagan}} In a 1995 poll of 2,307 coin collectors by the Littleton_Coin_Company, Reagan was ranked as the most popular person to appear on a future U.S. coin. On February_6, 1998, Washington National Airport was renamed Ronald_Reagan_National_Airport by a bill signed into law by President Bill_Clinton. Three years later, on March_4, 2001, USS ''Ronald Reagan'' was christened by the Navy. It is one of few ships christened in honor of a living person and the first to be named in honor of a living former president. Many other highways, schools and institutions were also named after Reagan in the years after his retirement and death. In 2005, Reagan was given two posthumous honors: *On May_14, CNN, along with the editors of ''TIME'', named him the "most fascinating person" of the network's first 25 years on a broadcast anchored by Bill_Hemmer. http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/05/02/cnn25.top.fascinating/index.html http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0505/14/se.02.html *On June_26, participating voters selected Reagan as the "Greatest American" during a live television special sponsored by AOL and broadcast live on the Discovery_Channel. The honors were "a final win for the Gipper," as Hemmer said on May 14 to close his broadcast. ====Awards and Decorations==== * Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath, UK 1989 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japan 1989 * Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom, US 1993 ==Scholarly Secondary Sources== * Lou Cannon. ''President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime '' Public Affairs. ISBN 1891620916 (2nd ed 2001), considered the best biography. * Lou Cannon. ''Governor Reagan: His Rise To Power'' Public Affairs. ISBN 1586480308 * Lou Cannon. ''Ronald Reagan: The Presidential Portfolio''. Public Affairs. ISBN 1891620843 * Matthew Dallek. ''The Right Moment: Ronald Reagan's First Victory and the Decisive Turning Point in American Politics.'' (2004) scholarly study of 1966 election as governor. * Michael_Deaver and Mickey Herskowitz. ''Behind the Scenes''. William Morrow. 1987. Memoir by a top aide. * Elizabeth Drew. ''Campaign Journal: The Political Events of 1981-1984''. Macmillan. 1985. Journalist's columns. * Dinesh_D'Souza. ''Ronald Reagan: How An Ordinary Man Became An Extraordinary Leader''. Free Press. 1999. ISBN 0684848236 * John Ehrman. ''The Eighties: America in the Age of Reagan.'' (2005) solid overview. * Frances_Fitzgerald. ''Way Out There in the Blue: Reagan, Star Wars and the End of the Cold War''. Touchstone. (political history of Reagan's S.D.I.) 2000. ISBN 0684844168. * Marlin FitzWater. ''Call the Briefing! Bush and Reagan, Sam and Helen, a Decade with Presidents and the Press''. Times Books 1995. Memoir by press spokesman. * Curt Gentry. ''Last Days of the Late Great State of California'', (political history of the gubernatorial period). * Jack_W._Germond and Jules Witcover. ''Blue Smoke & Mirrors: How Reagan Won & Why Carter Lost the Election of 1980''. Viking Press. 1981. Detailed journalism. * Steven Greffenius. ''The Last Jeffersonian: Ronald Reagan's Dreams of America''. June, July, & August Books. 2002. * Paul Kengor. ''God and Ronald Reagan : A Spiritual Life'' Regan Books, 2004. ISBN 0060571411. * Levy, Peter B. ''Encyclopedia of the Reagan-Bush Years'' (1996) *Edmund_Morris. ''Dutch'', the "authorized" biography which became controversial over a number of acknowledged fictitious interpolations by the author * James T. Patterson. ''Restless Giant: The United States from Watergate to Bush vs. Gore.'' (2005), standard scholarly synthesis. * Reeves, Richard. ''President Reagan: The Triumph of Imagination'' (2005) major scholarly appraisal. * Peter Schweizer. ''Victory: The Reagan Administration's Secret Strategy That Hastened the Collapse of the Soviet Union''. Atlantic Monthly Press. 1996. ISBN 0871136333 * Troy, Gill. ''Morning in America: How Ronald Reagan Invented the 1980's'' (2004) scholarly study of Reagan's image. ==Primary Sources== * Reagan, Ronald. ''An American Life: The Autobiography'' (1991) * Reagan, Ronald. ''Reagan, In His Own Hand: The Writings of Ronald Reagan That Reveal His Revolutionary Vision for America'' (2001) ==Polemical or Humorous Attacks== *Reed_Brody. ''Contra Terror in Nicaragua''. South End Press. 1985. ISBN 0896083136. *Alan_Moore Bill_Sienkiewicz, Martha_Honey, Tony_Avirgan. ''Brought to Light: Shadowplay : The Secret Team/Flashpoint: The LA Penca Bombing (Two Books in One)'' ISBN 091303567X * Marc Green and Gail MacColl. ''Reagan's Reign of Error'' ISBN 0-394-75644-4 (a compendium of reversals and inaccuracies). 1983, 1987. ==Reagan documentaries== * ''Ronald Reagan - An American President'' (The Official Reagan Library Tribute), January_25 2005. * ''Great Speeches'', October_19 2004. * ''Stand Up Reagan'', September_7 2004. * ''NBC News Presents - Ronald Reagan'', August_10 2004. * ''ABC News Presents Ronald Reagan - An American Legend'', July_13 2004. * ''Ronald Reagan - His Life and Legacy'', June_22 2004. * ''Ronald Reagan - His Life and Times'', May_11 2004. * ''Ronald Reagan - A Legacy Remembered (History Channel)'', 2002 * ''Ronald Reagan - The Great Communicator'', 2002. * ''Salute to Reagan - A President's Greatest Moments'', 2001. * ''American Experience - Reagan'', 1998. * ''Tribute to Ronald Reagan'', 1996. ==See also== * Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan * "Five Minutes" speech * October_Surprise * Reagan_Administration * Republican_Senatorial_Medal_of_Freedom * USS ''Ronald Reagan'' (CVN-76) * Ronald_Reagan_Presidential_Library * Ramones (Controversy involving Reagan by Joey Ramone and Johnny Ramone) *Reagan_Youth ==External links== {{commons|Ronald Reagan}} {{wikisourcecat}} {{wikiquote}} ===Biographical information=== * White House biography * Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Foundation * Ronald Reagan Legacy Project * Ronald Reagan Memorial Foundation * Find-A-Grave profile for Ronald Reagan * Ronald and Nancy Reagan Marriage Profile * Ronald Reagan's Health and Medical History * Ronald Reagan in the 1920 and 1930 Census *{{imdb name|id=0001654|name=Ronald Reagan}} * Prominent People - Ronald Reagan ===Speeches and Interviews=== * Reagan 2020 - numerous speeches collected * Audio recordings of Reagan's speeches * {{Gutenberg|no=5046|name=State of the Union Address}} * Profile, Portrait and Inaugural Addresses as California Governor * ''Inside Governor Ronald Reagan'' A 1975 interview with Reason_magazine concerning his political philosophy ===Multimedia links=== * RonaldReagan.tk - a large Audio/Video archive * Kudlow & Company - Short clip with Ronald Reagan on government spending * A GE Tribute to Ronald Reagan * Public Domain video in Quicktime of CNN reporting attempted assassination of President Reagan (Courtesy of CNN.com) * "Remembering The Dead: DemocracyNow! coverage of the week after Reagan's passing. {{start box}} {{succession box|title=President of Screen Actors Guild|before=Robert_Montgomery|after=Walter_Pidgeon|years=1947 – 1952}} {{succession box|title=President of Screen Actors Guild|before=Howard_Keel|after=George_Chandler|years=1959 – 1960}} {{succession box|title=Governor of California|before=Pat_Brown|after=Jerry_Brown|years=1967 – 1975}} {{succession box|title=Republican Party Presidential candidate|before=Gerald_Ford|after=George_H._W._Bush|years=1980 (won), 1984 (won)}} {{succession box| title=President of the United States| before=Jimmy_Carter| after=George_H._W._Bush| years=20_January, 1981–20_January, 1989}} {{end box}} {{start box}} {{USpresidents | before=Carter | after=G.H.W. Bush| years=1981–1989}} {{end box}} {{USRepPresNominees}} {{CAGovernors}} {{Link FA|sv}} Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald W. Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald W. Reagan, Ronald W. Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald W. Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Reagan, Ronald Category:Political_history_of_the_United_States Reagan, Ronald W. Reagan, Ronald Ar:رونالد_ريغان Bg:Роналд_Рейгън Ca:Ronald_Reagan Cy:Ronald_Reagan Da:Ronald_Reagan De:Ronald_Reagan Et:Ronald_Reagan Es:Ronald_Reagan Eo:Ronald_REAGAN Fr:Ronald_Reagan Gl:Ronald_Reagan Ko:로널드_레이건 Io:Ronald_Reagan Id:Ronald_Reagan It:Ronald_Reagan He:רונלד_רייגן Hu:Ronald_Reagan Nl:Ronald_Reagan Ja:ロナルド・レーガン Nn:Ronald_Reagan No:Ronald_Reagan Pl:Ronald_Reagan Pt:Ronald_Reagan Ro:Ronald_Reagan Simple:Ronald_Reagan Sk:Ronald_Reagan Sl:Ronald_Reagan Fi:Ronald_Reagan Sv:Ronald_Reagan Th:โรนัลด์_เรแกน Tr:Ronald_Reagan Uk:Рейган_Рональд_Вілсон Zh:罗纳德·里根