:''For other meanings see: Pyrenees,_Victoria and Montes_Pyrenaeus.''
Image:Central_pyrenees.jpg
The '''Pyrenees''' (French: ''Pyrénées''; Spanish: ''Pirineos''; Occitan: ''Pirenèus'' or ''Pirenèas''; Catalan ''Pirineus''; Aragonese: ''Perinés''; Basque: ''Pirinioak'') are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the Iberian_Peninsula from France, and extend for about 430km (267 mi) from the Bay_of_Biscay on the Atlantic_Ocean to Cap_de_Creus on the Mediterranean_Sea.
For the most part the main crest forms the Franco-Spanish frontier, with the principality of Andorra sandwiched between them. The principal exception to this rule is formed by the Val_d'Aran, which belongs to Spain but lies on the north face of the range. Other minor orographical anomalies include the Cerdagne fall and the Spanish Exclave of the town Llívia.
==Geography==
Image:Pyrenees_composite_NASA.jpg)]]
The Pyrenees are part of the following French ''départements'', from east to west: Pyrénées-Orientales, Aude, Ariège, Haute-Garonne, Hautes-Pyrénées, and Pyrénées-Atlantiques.
The Pyrenees are also part of the following Spanish provinces, from east to west: Girona, Barcelona, Lleida, Huesca, Zaragoza, Navarre, and Guipúzcoa.
Finally, the Pyrenees are also part of the independent principality of Andorra.
The Pyrenees are typically divided into three sections: the Central, the Atlantic or Western, and the Eastern.
The Central Pyrenees extend eastward from the Port_de_Canfranc to the Val d'Aran, and include the highest summits of the range:
* Aneto or Pic de Néthou (3,404 m / 11,167.9 ft ) in the Maladetta ridge,
* Mont_Posets (3,375 m / 11,072 ft),
* Mont_Perdu or Monte Perdido or Mont Perdut (3,355 m / 11,007 ft).
In the Atlantic Pyrenees the average elevation gradually decreases from east to west. In the Eastern Pyrenees, with the exception of one break at the eastern extremity of the Pyrénées Ariégeoises, the mean elevation is maintained with remarkable uniformity until a sudden decline occurs in the portion of the chain known as the Albères.
==Geology==
The Pyrenees are older than the Alps: their Sediments were first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. In the Lower Cretaceous period, the Gulf of Gascony (Bay of Biscay ) fanned out, pushing Spain against France and putting large layers of sediment in a vice grip. The intense pressure and uplifting of the Earth's crust first affected the eastern part and stretched progressively to the entire chain, culminating in the Eocene epoch.
The eastern part of the Pyrenees consists largely of Granite and Gneissose rocks, while in the western part the granite peaks are flanked by layers of Limestone. The massive and unworn character of the chain comes from its abundance of granite, which is particularly resistant to Erosion, as well as weak glacial development.
==Landscape==
Image:LacArtouste.png
Conspicuous features of Pyrenean scenery are:
* the absence of great Lakes, such as fill the lateral valleys of the Alps
* the rarity and great elevation of passes
* the large number of the mountain torrents locally called ''gaves'', which often form lofty Waterfalls, surpassed in Europe only by those of Scandinavia
* the frequency with which the upper end of a valley assumes the form of a semicircle of precipitous cliffs, locally called a ''cirque''.
The highest waterfall is that of Gavarnie (462 m / 1,515 ft), at the head of the Gave_de_Pau; the Cirque_de_Gavarnie, in the same valley, is perhaps the most famous example of the ''cirque'' formation. Low passes are lacking; between the two end of the range, where the principal roads and the railways run between France and Spain, there are only the Col_de_la_Perche, between the valley of the Têt and the valley of the Segre, and the Col_de_Somport or Port de Canfranc, on the old Roman_road from Saragossa to Oloron-Sainte-Marie.
A particularly notable feature is La_Brèche_de_Roland, a gap in the ridge line, in tradition created by Roland.
==Natural resources==
Image:Pic_de_Bugatet.jpg
The metallic Ores of the Pyrenees are not in general of much importance, though there was considerable Iron mines at Vie_de_Sos in Ariège and at the foot of Canigou in Pyrénées-Orientales. Coal deposits capable of being profitably worked are situated chiefly on the Spanish slopes but the French side has numerous beds of Lignite. The open pitt if Trimoun (Ariège) is one of the greatest source of talc in Europe.
Mineral_springs are abundant and very remarkable, and specially noteworthy are the Hot_springs, in which the Alps, on the contrary, are very deficient. The hot springs, among which those of Bagnères-de-Luchon and Eaux-Chaudes may be mentioned, are sulphurous and mostly situated high, near the contact of the granite with the stratified rocks. The lower springs, such as those of Bagnères-de-Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrénées), Rennes-les-Bains (Aude) and Campagne (Aude), are mostly selenitic and not very warm.
==Climate==
Image:Pyrenees_summit_in_summer.jpg
The amount of the precipitation, including Rain and Snow, is much greater in the western than in the eastern Pyrenees, which leads to a marked contrast between these sections of the chain in more than one respect. In the first place, the eastern Pyrenees are without Glaciers, the quantity of snow falling there being insufficient to lead to their development. The glaciers are confined to the northern slopes of the central Pyrenees, and do not descend, like those of the Alps, far down in the valleys, but have their greatest length in the direction of the mountain chain. They form, in fact, a narrow zone near the crest of the highest mountains. Here, as in the other great mountain ranges of central Europe, there are evidences of a much wider extension of the glaciers during the Ice_age. The case of the glacier in the valley of Argelbs in the ''département'' of Hautes-Pyrénées is the best-known instance. The snow-line varies in different parts of the Pyrenees from 2700-2800 m. above sea-level.
==Flora and fauna==
Image:Pyrenees_summer_stream.jpg
A still more marked effect of the preponderance of rainfall in the western half of the chain is seen in the aspect of the vegetation. The lower mountains in the extreme west are very well wooded, but the extent of forest declines eastwards, and the eastern Pyrenees are peculiarly wild and barren, all the more since it is in this part of the chain that granitic masses prevail. There is a change, moreover, in the composition of the flora in passing from west to east. In the west the flora, at least in the north, resembles that of central Europe, while in the east it is distinctly Mediterranean in character, though the difference of latitude is only about 1°, on both sides of the chain from the centre whence the Corbières stretch north-eastwards towards the central plateau of France. The Pyrenees are relatively as rich in endemic species as the Alps, and among the most remarkable instances of that endemism is the occurrence of the sole European species of ''Dioscorea'' (Yam), ''Dioscorea pyrenaica'', at a single high site in the central Pyrenees, and that of the monotypic genus ''Xatardia'', only on a high alpine pass between the Val_d'Eynes and Catalonia. The genus most abundantly represented in the range is that of the Saxifrages, several species of which are endemic here.
In their fauna also the Pyrenees present some striking instances of endemism. The Pyrenean ''desman'' or water-mole (''Galemys_pyrenaicus'') is found only in some of the streams of the northern slopes of these mountains, the only other member of this genus being confined to the rivers of the Caucasus in southern Russia. The pyrenean eurpocte (Euproctus pyrenaicus), an endemic cousin of the salamander, also lives in streams and lakes located at high altitudes. Among the other peculiarities of the Pyrenean fauna are blind insects in the Caverns of Ariège, the principal genera of which are ''Anophthalmus'' and ''Adelops''. The Pyrenean_Ibex mysteriously became extinct in January of 2000; the native Pyrenean Brown Bear was hunted to extinction in the 1920s but was re-introduced in 1996 when 3 bears were brought from Slovenia. The population has bred successfully and there are now believed to be about 15 brown bears in the central region around Fos.
==Demographics==
The ethnology, Folklore, institutions and history of the Pyrenean region form an interesting study: see Andorra; Aragon; Ariege; Basque_Country; Béarn; Catalonia; Navarre; Roussillon.
For their history, see also Almogavars, Marca_Hispanica.
==Sports==
Both sides of the Pyrenees are popular spots for winters sports, like Alpine_skiing and Mountaineering.
Some resorts are Formigal, Panticosa, Baqueira-Beret.
''Pyrena'' is a Mushing competition held in the Pyrenees.
In the summer and autumn, the Pyrenees are featured in two of the sport of cycling's grand tours, the Tour_de_France held annually in July and La Vuelta a España held in September. The stages held in the Pyrenees are often the defining moments of both tours, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators to the region.
===Ski resorts include===
* Arette
* Artouste
* Bourg-d'Oueil
* Cauterets
* Font-Romeu
* Gourette
* Guzet-neige
* La_Mongie
* La_Pierre_Saint_Martin
* Le_Mourtis
* Les Angles
* Luchon-Superbagnères
* Luz-Ardiden
* Nistos_cap_nestes
* Peyragudes
* Piau-Engaly
* Somport
* Superbagnères
==Summits==
THe highest point of the Pyrenees is the Aneto (3,404 m), located on the Spanish side.
===Highest summits===
* Aneto (3,404 m)
* Posets (3,375 m)
* Monte_Perdido (3,355 m)
* Pic_Maudit (3,350 m)
* Pic_du_Cylindre (3,328 m)
* Pic de la Maladeta (3,308 m)
* Vignemale (Pique_Longue) (3,298 m)
===The others above 3,000 m===
* Clot_de_la_Hount (3,289 m)
* Pic_du_Marboré (3,248 m)
* Pic_de_Cerbillona (3,247 m)
* Pic_de_Perdiguère (3,222 m)
* Pic_de_Montferrat (3,220 m)
* Pic_Long (3,192 m)
* Pic_Schrader (Grand Batchimale) (3,177 m)
* Pic_de_Campbieil (3,173 m)
* Pic_de_la_cascade_orientale (3,161 m)
* Pic_Badet (3,160 m)
* Pic_du_Balaïtous (3,144 m)
* Pic_du_Taillon (3,144 m)
* Pique_d'Estats (3,143 m)
* Punta_del_Sabre (3,136 m)
* Pic_de_la_Munia (3,134 m)
* Pointe_de_Literole (3,132 m)
* Pic_des_Gourgs_Blancs (3,129 m)
* Pic_de_Royo (3,121m)
* Pic_des_Crabioules (3,116 m)
* Pic_de_Maupas (3,109 m)
* Pic_Lézat (3,107 m)
* Pic_de_la_cascade_occidental (3,095 m)
* Pic_de_Néouvielle (3,091 m)
* Pic_de_Troumouse (3,085 m)
* Pics_d'Enfer (3,082 m)
* Pic_de_Montcalm (3,077 m)
* Grand_pic_d'_Astazou (3,077 m)
* Épaule_du_Marboré (3,073 m)
* Pic_du_port_de_Sullo (3,072 m)
* Pic_des_Spijeoles (3,066 m)
* Pic_de_Quayrat (3,060 m)
* Pic_des_Trois_Conseillers (3,039 m)
* Turon_de_Néouvielle (3,035 m)
* Pic_de_Batoua (3,034 m)
* Petit_Vignemale (3,032 m)
* Tour_du_Marboré (3,009 m)
* Casque_du_Marboré (3,006 m)
* Grande_Fache (3,005 m)
===Other famous summits below 3,000 m===
* Pic_de_Palas (2,974 m)
* Pic_de_Comapedrosa (2,942 m) - highest point of Andorra
* Pic_Carlit (2,921 m)
* Pic_du_Midi_d'Ossau (2,885 m)
* Pic_du_Midi_de_Bigorre (2,876 m)
* Mont_Valier (2,838 m)
* Petit_Pic_du_Midi_d'Ossau (2,812 m)
* Pic_du_Canigou (2,786 m)
* Pic_d'Anie (2,504 m)
* Pic_de_Madrès (2,469)
* Grande_Aiguille_d'Ansabère (2,376 m)
* Pic_du_Soularac (2,368 m)
* Pic_du_Saint_Barthélémy (2,348 m)
* Pic_des_Trois_Seigneurs (2,199 m)
* Pic_d'Orhy (2,017 m)
==See also==
* Pyrenees_National_Park
== External link and references ==
{{commons|Pyrenees|Pyrenees}}
* Glaciers in the Pyrenees melting fast
* {{1911}}
* Pyrenees GuideInformation for hikers, mountain bikers, skiers and visitors. Details of accommodation, routes and travel tips.
* Chambres d'hôtes in Pyrenees
* An other site about chambres d'hôtes in Pyrenees
Category:Andorra
Category:Geography_of_Catalonia
Category:Mountains_of_France
Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Europe
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