{{dablink|For other uses of the word Trinidad, see Trinidad_(disambiguation)}}
{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+'''Republic of Trinidad and Tobago'''
|-
| style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 |
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
| align="center" width="140px" | Image:Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg
| align="center" width="140px" height="135px" | 125px
|-
| align="center" width="140px" | (In Detail)
| align="center" | (In Detail)
|-
|}
|-
| align=center style="vertical-align: top;" colspan=2 | ''National motto: Together we aspire, together we achieve''
|-
| align=center colspan=2 style="background: #ffffff;" | Image:LocationTrinidadAndTobago.png
|-
| '''Official_language'''
| English
|-
| '''Capital'''
| Port-of-Spain
|-
| '''President'''
| George Maxwell Richards
|-
| '''Prime Minister'''
| Patrick_Manning
|-
| '''Area'''
- Total
- % water | Ranked 163rd
5,128 km²
Negligible |- | '''Population'''
- Total (2000)
- Density | Ranked 151st
1,262,366
215/km² |- |'''HDI''' (2003) || 0.801 (57th) – high |- | '''Independence''' | 31_August 1962 |- | '''Currency''' | Trinidad_and_Tobago_dollar |- | '''Time_zone''' | UTC - 4 |- | '''National_anthem''' | ''Forged_From_The_Love_of_Liberty'' |- | '''Internet TLD''' | .tt |- | '''Calling Code''' | 1-868 |} The '''Republic of Trinidad and Tobago''' is a nation in the southern Caribbean_Sea, situated 11 km (7 Miles) off the coast of Venezuela. It is an archipelagic state consisting of two main islands, '''Trinidad''' and '''Tobago''', and 21 smaller islands. The larger and more populated island is Trinidad, while Tobago is smaller (303 square kilometres; about 6% of the total area) and less populous (50,000 people; 4% of the total population). Citizens are officially called ''Trinidadians'' or ''Tobagonians'' or ''Citizens of Trinidad and Tobago'', but are informally referred to as ''Trinis'' or ''Trinbagonians''. Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago is a primarily industrialised country whose economy is based on Petroleum and Petrochemicals. People of Indian and African descent make up almost 80% of the population, while the remainder are mostly mixed race with small European, Chinese and Syrian-Lebanese minorities. Trinidad and Tobago is famous for its pre-Lenten Carnival and as the birthplace of Steelpan and Limbo. The capital city Port-of-Spain is currently a leading candidate to serve as the headquarters of the Permanent Secretariat of the Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas (FTAA-ALCA). == History == {{main|History of Trinidad and Tobago}} Both Trinidad and Tobago were originally settled by Amerindians of South_American origin. Trinidad was first settled by pre-agircultural Archaic people at least 7000 years, making it the earliest-settled part of the Caribbean. Ceramic-using agriculturalists settled Trinidad around 250 BCE and then moved up the islands. At the time of European contact Trinidad was occupied by various Arawakan- and Cariban-speaking tribes including the Nepoya, Suppoya and Yao, while Tobago was occupied by the Island Caribs and Galibi. The aboriginal name for Trinidad was Kairi or Iere which is usually said to mean ''The Land of the Hummingbird'', although others have reported that it simply meant ''island''. Christopher_Columbus encountered the island of Trinidad on July_31, 1498 and named it Trinidad after the Holy Trinity; Tobago was named ''Bella Forma'' by him, but this later became Tobago (probably derived from Tobacco). The Spanish settled on Trinidad, while Tobago frequently changed hands between the European sea powers, but the settlements on both islands were small and underdeveloped. After changing hands between the British, French, Dutch and Courlanders, Britain consolidated its hold on both islands during the Napoleonic_Wars, and they were combined into the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago in 1889. Because of the colonial struggles, English, Spanish, and French place names are all common in the country. African slaves and Indian, Chinese, Portuguese and free African indentured labourers were imported to supply labour in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Immigration from Barbados and the Lesser_Antilles and from Syria and Lebanon also impacted on the ethnic make-up of the country. Although originally a sugar colony, Cacao dominated the economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. After the collapse of the cacao crop (due to disease and the Great_Depression) Petroleum increasingly came to dominate the economy. The Depression and the rise of the oil economy led to changes in the social structure. The presence of American military bases in Chaguaramas and Cumuto in Trinidad during World_War_II profoundly changed the character of society. In the post-war period, the wave of decolonisation that swept the British_Empire led to the formation of the West_Indies_Federation in 1958 as a vehicle for independence. Chaguaramas was the proposed site for the federal capital. The Federation dissolved after the withdrawal of Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago elected for independence in 1962. In 1976 the country severed its links with the British_monarchy and became a Republic within the Commonwealth. Petroleum, petrochemicals and Natural_gas continue to be the backbone of the economy. Tourism is the mainstay of the economy of Tobago, although it has declined in the environment after the September_11,_2001_attacks. Trinidad and Tobago is one of the most prosperous nations in the Caribbean, although less so than it was during the "oil boom" between 1973 and 1983. == Politics == ''Main article: Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago'' Trinidad and Tobago is a Liberal_democracy with a Two-party_system and a bicameral parliamentary system based on the Westminster_System. The Head_of_State of Trinidad and Tobago is the President, currently Professor_Emeritus George Maxwell Richards. The Head_of_Government is the Prime Minister. The President is elected by an Electoral_College consisting of the full membership of both houses of Parliament. The Prime_Minister is appointed by the President. The President is required to appoint the leader of the party who in his opinion has the most support of the members of the House of Representatives to this post; this has generally been the leader of the party which won the most seats in the previous election (except in the case of the 2001 General Elections). The Parliament consists of two chambers, the Senate (31 seats) and the House of Representatives (36 seats, will increase to 41 seats after the next election). The members of the Senate are appointed by the president. Sixteen Government Senators are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, six Opposition Senators are appointed on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition and nine Independent Senators are appointed by the President to represent other sectors of civil society. The 36 members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a maximum term of five years. Since December_24 2001, the governing party has been the People's_National_Movement led by Patrick_Manning; the Opposition party is the United_National_Congress led by Basdeo_Panday (Leader_of_the_Opposition) and Winston_Dookeran (UNC political leader). Trinidad and Tobago is an active member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). == Regional Corporations and Municipalities == :''Main article: Regional_Corporations_and_Municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago'' The local government bodies consist of nine Regional Corporations and five municipalities in Trinidad and the Tobago_House_of_Assembly in Tobago. The five towns with municipality status are the Boroughs of Arima, Chaguanas and Point_Fortin and the Cities of Port-of-Spain and San Fernando. The nine Regional Corporations are the Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo, Diego_Martin, Penal-Debe, Princes_Town, Rio Claro-Mayaro, San Juan-Laventille, Sangre_Grande, Siparia and the Tunapuna-Piarco Regional Corporations. Historically, Trinidad was divided into eight counties, and these counties were subdivided into Wards. Tobago was adminstered as a Ward of County Saint David. Counties and Wards still play a role in revenue collection by the government.
- Total
- % water | Ranked 163rd
5,128 km²
Negligible |- | '''Population'''
- Total (2000)
- Density | Ranked 151st
1,262,366
215/km² |- |'''HDI''' (2003) || 0.801 (57th) – high |- | '''Independence''' | 31_August 1962 |- | '''Currency''' | Trinidad_and_Tobago_dollar |- | '''Time_zone''' | UTC - 4 |- | '''National_anthem''' | ''Forged_From_The_Love_of_Liberty'' |- | '''Internet TLD''' | .tt |- | '''Calling Code''' | 1-868 |} The '''Republic of Trinidad and Tobago''' is a nation in the southern Caribbean_Sea, situated 11 km (7 Miles) off the coast of Venezuela. It is an archipelagic state consisting of two main islands, '''Trinidad''' and '''Tobago''', and 21 smaller islands. The larger and more populated island is Trinidad, while Tobago is smaller (303 square kilometres; about 6% of the total area) and less populous (50,000 people; 4% of the total population). Citizens are officially called ''Trinidadians'' or ''Tobagonians'' or ''Citizens of Trinidad and Tobago'', but are informally referred to as ''Trinis'' or ''Trinbagonians''. Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago is a primarily industrialised country whose economy is based on Petroleum and Petrochemicals. People of Indian and African descent make up almost 80% of the population, while the remainder are mostly mixed race with small European, Chinese and Syrian-Lebanese minorities. Trinidad and Tobago is famous for its pre-Lenten Carnival and as the birthplace of Steelpan and Limbo. The capital city Port-of-Spain is currently a leading candidate to serve as the headquarters of the Permanent Secretariat of the Free_Trade_Area_of_the_Americas (FTAA-ALCA). == History == {{main|History of Trinidad and Tobago}} Both Trinidad and Tobago were originally settled by Amerindians of South_American origin. Trinidad was first settled by pre-agircultural Archaic people at least 7000 years, making it the earliest-settled part of the Caribbean. Ceramic-using agriculturalists settled Trinidad around 250 BCE and then moved up the islands. At the time of European contact Trinidad was occupied by various Arawakan- and Cariban-speaking tribes including the Nepoya, Suppoya and Yao, while Tobago was occupied by the Island Caribs and Galibi. The aboriginal name for Trinidad was Kairi or Iere which is usually said to mean ''The Land of the Hummingbird'', although others have reported that it simply meant ''island''. Christopher_Columbus encountered the island of Trinidad on July_31, 1498 and named it Trinidad after the Holy Trinity; Tobago was named ''Bella Forma'' by him, but this later became Tobago (probably derived from Tobacco). The Spanish settled on Trinidad, while Tobago frequently changed hands between the European sea powers, but the settlements on both islands were small and underdeveloped. After changing hands between the British, French, Dutch and Courlanders, Britain consolidated its hold on both islands during the Napoleonic_Wars, and they were combined into the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago in 1889. Because of the colonial struggles, English, Spanish, and French place names are all common in the country. African slaves and Indian, Chinese, Portuguese and free African indentured labourers were imported to supply labour in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Immigration from Barbados and the Lesser_Antilles and from Syria and Lebanon also impacted on the ethnic make-up of the country. Although originally a sugar colony, Cacao dominated the economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. After the collapse of the cacao crop (due to disease and the Great_Depression) Petroleum increasingly came to dominate the economy. The Depression and the rise of the oil economy led to changes in the social structure. The presence of American military bases in Chaguaramas and Cumuto in Trinidad during World_War_II profoundly changed the character of society. In the post-war period, the wave of decolonisation that swept the British_Empire led to the formation of the West_Indies_Federation in 1958 as a vehicle for independence. Chaguaramas was the proposed site for the federal capital. The Federation dissolved after the withdrawal of Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago elected for independence in 1962. In 1976 the country severed its links with the British_monarchy and became a Republic within the Commonwealth. Petroleum, petrochemicals and Natural_gas continue to be the backbone of the economy. Tourism is the mainstay of the economy of Tobago, although it has declined in the environment after the September_11,_2001_attacks. Trinidad and Tobago is one of the most prosperous nations in the Caribbean, although less so than it was during the "oil boom" between 1973 and 1983. == Politics == ''Main article: Politics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago'' Trinidad and Tobago is a Liberal_democracy with a Two-party_system and a bicameral parliamentary system based on the Westminster_System. The Head_of_State of Trinidad and Tobago is the President, currently Professor_Emeritus George Maxwell Richards. The Head_of_Government is the Prime Minister. The President is elected by an Electoral_College consisting of the full membership of both houses of Parliament. The Prime_Minister is appointed by the President. The President is required to appoint the leader of the party who in his opinion has the most support of the members of the House of Representatives to this post; this has generally been the leader of the party which won the most seats in the previous election (except in the case of the 2001 General Elections). The Parliament consists of two chambers, the Senate (31 seats) and the House of Representatives (36 seats, will increase to 41 seats after the next election). The members of the Senate are appointed by the president. Sixteen Government Senators are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, six Opposition Senators are appointed on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition and nine Independent Senators are appointed by the President to represent other sectors of civil society. The 36 members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a maximum term of five years. Since December_24 2001, the governing party has been the People's_National_Movement led by Patrick_Manning; the Opposition party is the United_National_Congress led by Basdeo_Panday (Leader_of_the_Opposition) and Winston_Dookeran (UNC political leader). Trinidad and Tobago is an active member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). == Regional Corporations and Municipalities == :''Main article: Regional_Corporations_and_Municipalities_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago'' The local government bodies consist of nine Regional Corporations and five municipalities in Trinidad and the Tobago_House_of_Assembly in Tobago. The five towns with municipality status are the Boroughs of Arima, Chaguanas and Point_Fortin and the Cities of Port-of-Spain and San Fernando. The nine Regional Corporations are the Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo, Diego_Martin, Penal-Debe, Princes_Town, Rio Claro-Mayaro, San Juan-Laventille, Sangre_Grande, Siparia and the Tunapuna-Piarco Regional Corporations. Historically, Trinidad was divided into eight counties, and these counties were subdivided into Wards. Tobago was adminstered as a Ward of County Saint David. Counties and Wards still play a role in revenue collection by the government.
: ''Related topic: Counties_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago''
== Geography ==
Image:Trinitobmap.gif
''Main article: Geography_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago''
The country consists of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and 21 smaller islands, the most important being Chacachacare, Monos, Huevos, Gaspar_Grande (or Gasparee), Little_Tobago and St. Giles Is. The terrain of the islands is a mixture of mountains and plains. The highest point in the country is found on the Northern_Range at El_Cerro_del_Aripo which is situated at 940 m above sea level. The climate is tropical. There are two seasons annually: the Dry_season for the first six months of the year, and the Wet_season in the second half of the year. Winds are predominantlly from the northeast and are dominated by the Northeast Trade_winds. Unlike most of the other Caribbean islands, Trinidad and Tobago have frequently escaped the wrath of major devastating hurricanes including Hurricane_Ivan, the most powerful storm to pass close to the islands in recent history in September 2004.
As the majority of the population live in Trinidad, this is the location of most major towns and cities. There are four major cities in Trinidad: Port-of-Spain, the capital, San Fernando, Arima and Chaguanas. Of these four, Chaguanas is the fastest growing. The largest town in Tobago is Scarborough.
Trinidad is made up of a variety of soil types, the majority being fine sands and heavy clays. The alluvial valleys of the Northern Range and the soils of the ''East-West_Corridor'' being the most fertile.
The Northern Range consists mainly of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks, mostly Andesites and Schists. The Northern Lowlands (East-West_Corridor and Caroni_Plains) consist of Pleistocene or younger soft sands and clays with superficial gravel terraces and river and swamp alluvia. South of this, the Central_Range is a folded anticlinal uplift consisting of Cretaceous and Eocene rocks, with Miocene formations along the southern and eastern flanks. The Naparima_Plains and the Nariva_Swamp form the southern shoulder of this uplift. The Southern Lowlands consist of Miocene and Pliocene sands, clays, and gravels. These overlie oil and Natural_gas deposits, especially north of the Los_Bajos_Fault. The Southern_Range forms the third anticlinal uplift. It consists of several chains of hills, most famous being the Trinity_Hills. The rocks consist of Sandstones, Shales and Siltstones and clays formed in the Miocene and uplifted in the Pleistocene. Oil sands and Mud_volcanoes are especially common in this area.
Although it is located just off-shore from South_America, Trinidad and Tobago is often considered to be part of the North American continent by virtue of its being a Caribbean country. ''See Bicontinental countries.''
== Economy ==
''Main article: Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago''
Trinidad and Tobago has earned a reputation as an excellent investment site for international businesses. A leading performer the past four years has been the booming Natural_gas sector. Tourism is a growing sector, although not proportionately as important as in many other Caribbean islands. The economy benefits from low Inflation and a trade surplus. The year 2002 was marked by solid growth in the Oil sector, offset in part by domestic political uncertainty.
== Demographics ==
''Main article: Demographics_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago''
The two predominant ethnic groups are Indo-Trinidadians, the descendants of indentured labourers from India (40.3% of the population) and Afro-Trinidadians who descend from African slaves (39.5%). Together the two groups form about 79.8% of the population; most of the remainder are people of mixed descent, with small minorities of Europeans, Chinese, Syrian-Lebanese, South_American, and Carib-Arawaks (descendants of the indigenous inhabitants, not recognized as a distinct census category).
Emigration from Trinidad and Tobago, as with other Caribbean nations, has historically been high; most emigrants go to the United_States, with Canada and Britain receiving most of the rest. Emigration has continued, albeit at a lower rate, even as the birth rate has sharply dropped to levels typical of industrialised countries.
Many different religions are present in Trinidad and Tobago. The largest two are the Roman Catholics and Hindus; the Anglicans, Muslims, Presbyterians, Methodist are among the smaller faiths. Two Afro-Caribbean Syncretic faiths, the Shouter or Spiritual_Baptists and the Orisha faith (formerly called Shangos, a less than complimentary term) are among the fastest growing religious groups, as are a host of American-style evangelical and fundamentalist churches usually lumped as "Pentecostal" by most Trinidadians (although this designation is often inaccurate). The Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints has also expanded its presence in the country since the mid-1980s.
English is the country's only official language, but Hindi is also spoken by some Indo-Trinidadians and widely used in popular music. The main spoken language, Trinidad English is either classified as a Dialect of English or as an English Creole (Trinidadian_Creole_English). The major spoken language in Tobago is Tobagonian_Creole_English. Both languages contain African elements; Trinidad English is also influenced by French and by Hindi. These Creole languages are normally spoken in informal situations only, and there is no formalized system of writing (other than as in standard English). Short-term visitors need not be concerned about learning Creole, as virtually everyone understands English. However, visitors should expect to hear Creole spoken frequently when they are not being directly addressed. Although ''Patois'' (a dialect of French Creole) was once the most widely spoken language on the island, it is now rarely heard.
Due to Trinidad's location on the coast of South_America, the country has been slowly developing a connection with the Spanish-speaking peoples, but has been impeded by the fact that in 2004, only 1500 of Trinidad's 1.3m inhabitants spoke Spanish.{{Ref|1500speakers}} In 2004 the government initiated the ''Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL)'' initiative http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/projects%20and%20programs/SIS_SIE.htm, with a public launch in March 2005. Government regulations now require Spanish to be taught to all high school students, while thirty percent of public employees are to be linguistically competent within five years. Venezuelans often come to Trinidad and Tobago to learn English, and many English schools have expanded to feature both English and Spanish.
== Culture ==
Image:Chaconia_UWI_2005b.jpg
''Main article: Culture_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago''
Trinidad and Tobago is famous for its pre-Lenten Carnival. It is also the birthplace of Calypso_music and the Steelpan, which is widely claimed to be the only acoustic musical instrument invented during the 20th century. The diverse cultural and religious background allows for many festivities and ceremonies throughout the year. Other indigenous art forms include soca (a derivate of calypso), Parang (Venezuelan-influenced Christmas music), chutney, and Pichakaree (musical forms which blend the music of the Caribbean and India) and the famous Limbo dance.
The artistic scene is vibrant. Trinidad and Tobago claims two Noble Prize-winning author, V._S._Naipaul and St. Lucian-born Derek_Walcott. Mas' designer Peter_Minshall is renowned not only for his carnival costumes, but also for his role in opening ceremonies of the Barcelona_Olympics, the 1994_Football_World_Cup, the 1996_Summer_Olympics and the 2002_Winter_Olympics, for which he won an Emmy_Award.
==Sports==
'''Cricket:''' Trinidad and Tobago plays both One_day_international and Test_cricket as a member of the West Indies team. The national team plays at the first-class level in regional competitions.
'''Football:''' The national football team qualifed for the 2006_FIFA_World_Cup by beating Bahrain in Manama on 16_November 2005. Trinidad and Tobago is the least populated country to qualify for the World Cup.
'''Olympics:''' Hasely_Crawford won the first and only Olympic Gold_medal for Trinidad and Tobago in the men's 100 m dash in the 1976_Summer_Olympics. Twelve athletes from Trinidad and Tobago have won medals at the Olympics, beginning with a Bronze_medal won by Rodney_Wilkes in 1948. Ato_Boldon has won the most medals for Trinidad and Tobago.
:''See also Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics
The card-game All-Fours is sometimes described as the "Unofficial national sport".
===Holidays===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|- style="text-align:center"
! Date
! English Name
! Remarks
|-
| January_1
| New_Year's_Day
|
|-
| Variable
| Carnival
| Monday and Tuesday immediately preceding Ash_Wednesday. Even though many businesses and schools close for Carnival Monday and Tuesday, they are not official public holidays.
|-
| Variable
| Eid-ul-Fitr
| End of Ramadan. It is the only public holiday in Trinidad and Tobago that recognizes Islam. Even though it is not the most important holiday on the Islamic_calendar it is the most widely and publicly celebrated Muslim holiday in the country.
|-
| Variable
| Easter
| Good Friday and Easter Monday
|-
| March_30
| Spiritual Baptist/Shouter Liberation Day
| First country in the world to recognize the Spiritual Baptist faith with a national holiday
|-
| Variable
| Corpus_Christi
|
|-
| May_30
| Indian_Arrival_Day
|
|-
| June_19
| Labour_Day
|
|-
| August_1
| Emancipation_Day
|
|-
| August_31
| Independence_Day
|
|-
| September_24
| Republic_Day
|
|-
| Variable
| Divali
| The Hindu festival of lights and the only holiday given in recognition of the Hindu faith.
|-
| December_25
| Christmas
|
|-
| December_26
| Boxing_Day
|
|}
== Notes ==
# {{Note|1500speakers}} ''The_Independent'', 31_August 2005, "Hola! Trinidad drops English and learns to speak Spanish".
== See also ==
*Communications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago
*Cuisine_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago
*Ecology_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago
*Foreign_relations_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago
*List of birds
*List of snakes
*List of towns and cities
*Military_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago
*Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago
*Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago
*Transportation_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago
==References==
*Besson, Gerard & Bereton, Bridget. 1992. ''The Book of Trinidad''. Paria Publishing Co. Ltd., Port of Spain. 2nd Edition. ISBN 976-8054-36-0.
*Mendes, John. 1986. '''''Cote ce Cote la:''' Trinidad & Tobago DICTIONARY''. Arima, Trinidad.
*Saith, Radhica and Lyndersay, Mark. 1993. ''Why not a Woman?'' Paria Publishing Co., Ltd., Port of Spain. ISBN 976-8054-42-5.
== External links ==
{{Commons|Category:Trinidad and Tobago}}
*Official Government Website
*Official Tourism Website
* National emblems of Trinidad and Tobago
*Central Statistical Office, Government of Trinidad and Tobago
*CIA World Factbook : Trinidad and Tobago
*the Trinidad and Tobago Webdirectory
{{West_Indies}}
{{Caricom}}
Category:Caribbean_countries
Category:CARICOM_member_states
Category:Island_nations
Category:Republics
Be:Трынідад_і_Табага
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Fi:Trinidad_ja_Tobago
Sv:Trinidad_och_Tobago
Tl:Trinidad_at_Tobago
Zh:千里達及托巴哥