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The rose-ringed parakeet has proved to be an adaptable species and its adaptations to cold winters in the Himalayan foothills allow it to easily withstand European winter conditions.<ref>{{cite news |url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6478911.stm |title = How do parakeets survive in the UK? |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date = 22 March 2007}}</ref> It has established [[feral]] populations in India, a number of European cities, South Africa and Japan. There are also apparently stable populations in the US (Florida, California and Hawaii) and a small self-sustaining population in [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]] (concentrated in parks), [[Tunis]], Tunisia, and [[Tripoli]], Libya, [[Tehran]], Iran (concentrated in the north side of the city). It is also found throughout Lebanon, Israel, the [[UAE]], Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. There are a small number of escaped birds in Australia. |
The rose-ringed parakeet has proved to be an adaptable species and its adaptations to cold winters in the Himalayan foothills allow it to easily withstand European winter conditions.<ref>{{cite news |url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/6478911.stm |title = How do parakeets survive in the UK? |publisher=[[BBC News Online]] |date = 22 March 2007}}</ref> It has established [[feral]] populations in India, a number of European cities, South Africa and Japan. There are also apparently stable populations in the US (Florida, California and Hawaii) and a small self-sustaining population in [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]] (concentrated in parks), [[Tunis]], Tunisia, and [[Tripoli]], Libya, [[Tehran]], Iran (concentrated in the north side of the city). It is also found throughout Lebanon, Israel, the [[UAE]], Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. There are a small number of escaped birds in Australia. |
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The European populations became established during the mid-to-late 20th century from introduced and escaped birds. There are two main population centres in Britain: the largest is based around London, where they can be regularly seen in places such as [[Battersea Park]], [[Richmond Park]], [[Greenwich Park]] and [[Hampstead Heath]]; the smaller population can be seen in [[Surrey]] and [[Berkshire]], and by 2005 consisted of many thousands of birds, known as the [[Kingston parakeets]]. The winter of 2006 saw three separate roosts of circa 6000 birds around London<ref>{{cite book |title=London Bird Report 2006 |year=2006 |publisher=London Natural History Society |isbn=0-901009-22-9|page=93}}</ref> A smaller population occurs around [[Margate]], [[Broadstairs]] and [[Ramsgate]], Kent. Elsewhere in Britain, smaller feral populations have become established from time to time (e.g., at [[Sefton Park]] and [[Greenbank Park]] in [[Liverpool]], [[Studland]], [[Dorset]], [[Kensington Gardens]], and south [[Manchester]]). It has been suggested that [[feral parrots]] could endanger populations of native British birds, and that the rose-ringed parakeet could even be culled as a result.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/6478815.stm |title = Parakeet 'threat' to native birds |publisher=BBC |date = 22 March 2007}}</ref> A major agricultural pest in locations such as India, as of 2011 the rose-ringed parakeet population was growing rapidly but is generally limited to urban areas in southern England<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last=Rosenthal|first=Elisabeth|title=British Parakeet Boom Is a Mystery, and a Mess|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/14/science/earth/14parakeet.html|accessdate=14 May 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=13 May 2011}}</ref> where their preferred diet of seed, nut, fruits, and berries |
The European populations became established during the mid-to-late 20th century from introduced and escaped birds. There are two main population centres in Britain: the largest is based around London, where they can be regularly seen in places such as [[Battersea Park]], [[Richmond Park]], [[Greenwich Park]] and [[Hampstead Heath]]; the smaller population can be seen in [[Surrey]] and [[Berkshire]], and by 2005 consisted of many thousands of birds, known as the [[Kingston parakeets]]. The winter of 2006 saw three separate roosts of circa 6000 birds around London<ref>{{cite book |title=London Bird Report 2006 |year=2006 |publisher=London Natural History Society |isbn=0-901009-22-9|page=93}}</ref> A smaller population occurs around [[Margate]], [[Broadstairs]] and [[Ramsgate]], Kent. Elsewhere in Britain, smaller feral populations have become established from time to time (e.g., at [[Sefton Park]] and [[Greenbank Park]] in [[Liverpool]], [[Studland]], [[Dorset]], [[Kensington Gardens]], and south [[Manchester]]). It has been suggested that [[feral parrots]] could endanger populations of native British birds, and that the rose-ringed parakeet could even be culled as a result.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/6478815.stm |title = Parakeet 'threat' to native birds |publisher=BBC |date = 22 March 2007}}</ref> A major agricultural pest in locations such as India, as of 2011 the rose-ringed parakeet population was growing rapidly but is generally limited to urban areas in southern England<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last=Rosenthal|first=Elisabeth|title=British Parakeet Boom Is a Mystery, and a Mess|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/14/science/earth/14parakeet.html|accessdate=14 May 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=13 May 2011}}</ref> where their preferred diet of seed, nut, fruits, and berries is available in suburban gardens and [[bird feeder]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=How do parakeets survive in the UK? Parakeets are originally from India. So why are they able to survive – and thrive – here?|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6478911.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=14 May 2011|date=22 March 2007|quote=There is a stable and reliable food supply in suburban gardens for their diet of seeds, berries, fruit and nuts. And there has been an increase in the number of people putting bird-feeders in their garden}}</ref> |
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In the Netherlands, the feral population in the four largest urban areas ([[Amsterdam]], [[Rotterdam]], [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] and especially in [[The Hague]]) was been estimated at 10,000 birds in 2010, almost double the number of birds estimated in 2004.<ref>[http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/article1337990.ece/Aantal_halsbandparkieten_in_Nederland_verdubbeld Aantal halsbandparkieten in Nederland verdubbeld]</ref> There also exists a feral population in Belgium, with as many as 5,000 pairs estimated in [[Brussels]].<ref>[http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=KK2BJC7T&word=halsbandparkieten+ Halsbandparkieten]</ref> These originate from an original population that was set free in 1974 by the owner of the Meli Zoo and Attraction Park near the [[Atomium]] who wanted to make Brussels more colourful. In Germany, these birds are found along the [[Rhine]]<!-- Charadrius19:45 --> in all major urban areas such as [[Cologne]], [[Bonn]], [[Ludwigshafen]] and [[Heidelberg]], [[Wiesbaden]] and in the north-east of [[Hamburg]]. Other populations are found around [[Paris]], [[Rome]] – notably in the gardens of the [[Palatine Hill]] and at [[Villa Borghese gardens|Villa Borghese]], in the [[Orto Botanico di Palermo]] in [[Palermo]], in [[Genoa]],<ref>http://www.viveregenova.comune.genova.it/content/pappagalli-verdi-ex-ldquoprigionierirdquo-che-genova-volano-libertagrave</ref> in [[Barcelona]] and in [[Lisbon]].<ref name=Público>{{cite news|last=Geraldes|first=Helena|title=Que misteriosas aves verdes e estridentes são estas que invadiram Lisboa|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/que-misteriosas-aves-verdes-e-estridentes-sao-estas-que-invadiram-lisboa-1526430|accessdate=25 December 2011|newspaper=Público|date=25 December 2011}}</ref> |
In the Netherlands, the feral population in the four largest urban areas ([[Amsterdam]], [[Rotterdam]], [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]] and especially in [[The Hague]]) was been estimated at 10,000 birds in 2010, almost double the number of birds estimated in 2004.<ref>[http://www.volkskrant.nl/binnenland/article1337990.ece/Aantal_halsbandparkieten_in_Nederland_verdubbeld Aantal halsbandparkieten in Nederland verdubbeld]</ref> There also exists a feral population in Belgium, with as many as 5,000 pairs estimated in [[Brussels]].<ref>[http://www.standaard.be/artikel/detail.aspx?artikelid=KK2BJC7T&word=halsbandparkieten+ Halsbandparkieten]</ref> These originate from an original population that was set free in 1974 by the owner of the Meli Zoo and Attraction Park near the [[Atomium]] who wanted to make Brussels more colourful. In Germany, these birds are found along the [[Rhine]]<!-- Charadrius19:45 --> in all major urban areas such as [[Cologne]], [[Bonn]], [[Ludwigshafen]] and [[Heidelberg]], [[Wiesbaden]] and in the north-east of [[Hamburg]]. Other populations are found around [[Paris]], [[Rome]] – notably in the gardens of the [[Palatine Hill]] and at [[Villa Borghese gardens|Villa Borghese]], in the [[Orto Botanico di Palermo]] in [[Palermo]], in [[Genoa]],<ref>http://www.viveregenova.comune.genova.it/content/pappagalli-verdi-ex-ldquoprigionierirdquo-che-genova-volano-libertagrave</ref> in [[Barcelona]] and in [[Lisbon]].<ref name=Público>{{cite news|last=Geraldes|first=Helena|title=Que misteriosas aves verdes e estridentes são estas que invadiram Lisboa|url=http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/que-misteriosas-aves-verdes-e-estridentes-sao-estas-que-invadiram-lisboa-1526430|accessdate=25 December 2011|newspaper=Público|date=25 December 2011}}</ref> |
Revision as of 11:13, 1 October 2014
Rose-ringed parakeet | |
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Female on left and male on right (Psittacula krameri manillensis) | |
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Species: | P. krameri
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Binomial name | |
Psittacula krameri (Scopoli, 1769)
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Original (wild) range |
The rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri), also known as the ring-necked parakeet, is a gregarious tropical Afro-Asian parakeet species that has an extremely large range. Since the trend of the population appears to be increasing, the species was evaluated as being of least concern by the IUCN in 2012.[1]
Rose-ringed parakeets are popular as pets. The scientific name commemorates the Austrian naturalist Wilhelm Heinrich Kramer.[2]
This non-migrating species is one of few parrot species that have successfully adapted to living in "disturbed habitats", and has withstood the onslaught of urbanisation and deforestation. In the wild, this is a noisy species with an unmistakable squawking call.
Indian rose-ringed parakeets measure on average 40 cm (16 in) in length including the tail feathers. Their average single wing length is about 15–17.5 cm (5.9–6.9 in). The tail accounts for a large portion of their total length.
The rose-ringed parakeet is sexually dimorphic. The adult male sports a red or black neck-ring and the hen and immature birds of both sexes either show no neck rings, or display shadow-like pale to dark grey neck rings.
Phylogeny and distribution
Four subspecies are recognized, though they differ little:
- African subspecies:
- African rose-ringed parakeet (P. k. krameri): western Africa in Guinea, Senegal and southern Mauritania, east to western Uganda and southern Sudan, Egypt. Resident among the Nile valley and certainly Giza sometimes seen on the north coast and Sinai. The African parakeet also started to breed in Israel in the 1980s and is considered an invasive species.
- Abyssinian rose-ringed parakeet (P. k. parvirostris): northwest Somalia, west across northern Ethiopia to Sennar district, Sudan.
- Asian subspecies:
- Indian rose-ringed parakeet (P. k. manillensis) originates from the southern Indian Subcontinent and has feral and naturalized populations worldwide. In Australia, Great Britain (mainly around London), the United States, and other western countries, it is often referred to as the Indian ringneck parrot.
- Boreal rose-ringed parakeet (P. k. borealis) is distributed in Bangladesh, Pakistan, northern India and Nepal to central Burma; introduced populations are found worldwide.
A phylogenetic analysis using DNA (see Psittacula) showed that the Mauritius parakeet (Psittacula echo) is closely related to this species, and probably needs to be placed between the African and Asian subspecies. Consequently, this species is paraphyletic.
Ecology and behaviour
Diet
In the wild, rose-ringed parakeets usually feed on buds, fruits, vegetables, nuts, berries and seeds. Wild flocks also fly several miles to forage in farmlands and orchards causing extensive damage.
In India, they feed on cereal grains, and during winter also on pigeon peas.[3] In Egypt, during the spring they feed on mulbery and in summer they feed on dates and nest inside palm trees and eat from sunflower and corn fields.
Reproduction
In north-west India, Indian rose-ringed parakeets form pairs from September to December. During this cold season, they select and defend nesting sites, and thus avoid competition for sites with other birds. Feeding on winter pea crops provides the female with nutrients necessary for egg production. From April to June, they care for their young. Fledgings are ready to leave the nest before monsoon.[4]
Aviculture
Rose-ringed parakeets are popular as pets and they have a long history in aviculture. The ancient Greeks kept the Indian subspecies P. krameri manillensis, and the ancient Romans kept the African subspecies P. krameri krameri. Colour mutations of the Indian rose-ringed parakeet subspecies have become widely available in recent years.[5]
Mimicry
Both males and females have the ability to mimic human speech. First the bird listens to its surroundings, and then it copies the voice of the human speaker. Some people hand-raise rose-ringed parakeet chicks for this purpose. Such parrots then become quite tame and receptive to learning.[citation needed]
Feral birds
The rose-ringed parakeet has proved to be an adaptable species and its adaptations to cold winters in the Himalayan foothills allow it to easily withstand European winter conditions.[6] It has established feral populations in India, a number of European cities, South Africa and Japan. There are also apparently stable populations in the US (Florida, California and Hawaii) and a small self-sustaining population in Ankara, Turkey (concentrated in parks), Tunis, Tunisia, and Tripoli, Libya, Tehran, Iran (concentrated in the north side of the city). It is also found throughout Lebanon, Israel, the UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman. There are a small number of escaped birds in Australia.
The European populations became established during the mid-to-late 20th century from introduced and escaped birds. There are two main population centres in Britain: the largest is based around London, where they can be regularly seen in places such as Battersea Park, Richmond Park, Greenwich Park and Hampstead Heath; the smaller population can be seen in Surrey and Berkshire, and by 2005 consisted of many thousands of birds, known as the Kingston parakeets. The winter of 2006 saw three separate roosts of circa 6000 birds around London[7] A smaller population occurs around Margate, Broadstairs and Ramsgate, Kent. Elsewhere in Britain, smaller feral populations have become established from time to time (e.g., at Sefton Park and Greenbank Park in Liverpool, Studland, Dorset, Kensington Gardens, and south Manchester). It has been suggested that feral parrots could endanger populations of native British birds, and that the rose-ringed parakeet could even be culled as a result.[8] A major agricultural pest in locations such as India, as of 2011 the rose-ringed parakeet population was growing rapidly but is generally limited to urban areas in southern England[9] where their preferred diet of seed, nut, fruits, and berries is available in suburban gardens and bird feeders.[10]
In the Netherlands, the feral population in the four largest urban areas (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and especially in The Hague) was been estimated at 10,000 birds in 2010, almost double the number of birds estimated in 2004.[11] There also exists a feral population in Belgium, with as many as 5,000 pairs estimated in Brussels.[12] These originate from an original population that was set free in 1974 by the owner of the Meli Zoo and Attraction Park near the Atomium who wanted to make Brussels more colourful. In Germany, these birds are found along the Rhine in all major urban areas such as Cologne, Bonn, Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg, Wiesbaden and in the north-east of Hamburg. Other populations are found around Paris, Rome – notably in the gardens of the Palatine Hill and at Villa Borghese, in the Orto Botanico di Palermo in Palermo, in Genoa,[13] in Barcelona and in Lisbon.[14]
The specimens in these naturalized populations often represent intra-specific hybrids, originally between varying numbers – according to locality – of the subspecies manillensis, borealis, and/or (to a lesser extent) krameri along with[verification needed] some inter-specific hybrids with naturalized Psittacula eupatria (Alexandrine parakeet).[citation needed]
However, in some parts of South Asia – from where the rose-ringed parakeets originated – populations of these birds are decreasing due to trapping for the pet trade. Despite some people's attempts to revive their population by freeing these birds from local markets, the rose-ringed parakeet's population has dropped drastically in many areas of the Indian subcontinent.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b Template:IUCN
- ^ Jobling, J. A. (1991). A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. OUP. ISBN 0-19-854634-3.
- ^ Sailaja, R., Kotak, V. C., Sharp, P. J., Schmedemann, R., Haase, E. (1988). Environmental, dietary, and hormonal factors in the regulation of seasonal breeding in free-living female Indian rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri). Hormones and Behavior 22 (4): 518–527.
- ^ Krishnaprasadan, T. N., Kotak, V. C., Sharp, P. J., Schmedemann, R., Haase, E. (1988). Environmental and hormonal factors in seasonal breeding in free-living male Indian rose-ringed parakeets (Psittacula krameri). Hormones and Behavior 22 (4): 488–496.
- ^ Alderton, David (2003). The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Caged and Aviary Birds. London, England: Hermes House. pp. 189–190. ISBN 1-84309-164-X.
- ^ "How do parakeets survive in the UK?". BBC News Online. 22 March 2007.
- ^ London Bird Report 2006. London Natural History Society. 2006. p. 93. ISBN 0-901009-22-9.
- ^ "Parakeet 'threat' to native birds". BBC. 22 March 2007.
- ^ Rosenthal, Elisabeth (13 May 2011). "British Parakeet Boom Is a Mystery, and a Mess". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
- ^ "How do parakeets survive in the UK? Parakeets are originally from India. So why are they able to survive – and thrive – here?". BBC. 22 March 2007. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
There is a stable and reliable food supply in suburban gardens for their diet of seeds, berries, fruit and nuts. And there has been an increase in the number of people putting bird-feeders in their garden
- ^ Aantal halsbandparkieten in Nederland verdubbeld
- ^ Halsbandparkieten
- ^ http://www.viveregenova.comune.genova.it/content/pappagalli-verdi-ex-ldquoprigionierirdquo-che-genova-volano-libertagrave
- ^ Geraldes, Helena (25 December 2011). "Que misteriosas aves verdes e estridentes são estas que invadiram Lisboa". Público. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
External links
- Species text - The Atlas of Southern African Birds
- Photos - Oriental Bird Images
- Videos, photos and sounds - Internet Bird Collection