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{{Short description|Former unrecognized state in Kurdistan Region}} |
{{Short description|Former unrecognized state in Kurdistan Region}} |
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{{about|the |
{{about|the Kurdishthe other ones|(disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox country |
{{Infobox country |
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| conventional_long_name = |
| conventional_long_name = of Byara<br />میرنشینی ئیسلامی بیارە |
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| common_name = Byara <br /> بیاره |
| common_name = Byara <br /> بیاره |
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| life_span = 2001-2003 |
| life_span = 2001-2003 |
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| flag_size = 400px |
| flag_size = 400px |
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| image_map = Iraq kurdish areas 2003 vector.svg |
| image_map = Iraq kurdish areas 2003 vector.svg |
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| map_caption = |
| map_caption = of Byara (black) at their peak, controlling the entire [[Halabja Governorate]] |
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| capital = [[Byara]] |
| capital = [[Byara]] |
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| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] |
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}} |
}} |
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The ''' |
The ''' of Byara''' was a short-lived unrecognized [[Kurds|Kurdish]] [[Islamic state]] ruled by [[Sharia|Sharia law]] which declared independence from [[Iraq]] in 2001 and ended in 2003. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Foundation=== |
===Foundation=== |
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In September 2001, in the [[Byara District]], located in the [[Avroman]] region, a [[Salafism among Kurds|Kurdish Salafist]] group called [[Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan|Ansar al-Islam]] set up the |
In September 2001, in the [[Byara District]], located in the [[Avroman]] region, a [[Salafism among Kurds|Kurdish Salafist]] group called [[Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan|Ansar al-Islam]] set up the te of Byara, with the city of [[Byara]] as its capital. [[Mullah Krekar]], leader of Ansar al-Islam, was the [[Emir]] of the [[Emirate]], while [[Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i|Wirya Salih]] and [[Ali Bapir]] were his deputies. The emirate was the first time that [[Kurdish-Islamic synthesis|Kurdish-Islamic nationalists]] succeeded at their goal, establishing a Kurdish state under [[Sharia]]. With the area under a [[de facto]] [[Economic sanctions|embargo]] from all sides, [[Kurds|Kurdish]] jihadists from [[Iran]] gave vital cross-border support to the Emirate, setting up [[Smuggling tunnel|networks that illegally smuggled]] to the area.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Komal should 'shed' Islamic label: party leader |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/03092020 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.rudaw.net}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/64660|title=How ISIS Infiltrated Iranian Kurdistan|website=iranwire.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Journey to jihad: Iran's Sunni Kurds fighting a holy war in Idlib |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/23062020 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.rudaw.net}}</ref><ref name="middleeastreference.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://middleeastreference.org.uk/iraqiopposition.html#igk |title= Iraqi political groupings and individuals|website=middleeastreference.org.uk |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305191230/http://middleeastreference.org.uk/iraqiopposition.html |archive-date=2007-03-05}}</ref><ref name=Canadian>{{cite news|last1=Ram|first1=Sunil|title=The Enemy of My Enemy: The odd link between Ansar al-Islam, Iraq and Iran|url=http://www.ciss.ca/Comment_EnemyofMyEnemy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040330135055/http://www.ciss.ca/Comment_EnemyofMyEnemy.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2004|access-date=6 February 2015|publisher=The Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies|date=April 2003}}</ref> |
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===Life under |
===Life under thee=== |
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[[Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan|Ansar al-Islam]] fighters in the |
[[Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan|Ansar al-Islam]] fighters in the f Byara embraced both their [[Kurds|Kurdish]] and [[Islam|Muslim]] identities and advocated for a religious, cultural, and traditional lifestyle, hence why Ansar al-Islam fighters wore Kurdish clothes and spoke only in [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], and encouraged their supporters to do the same. It was also reported that [[Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan|Ansar al-Islam]] committed inhumane atrocities against non-Muslims, enforcing strict [[Sharia|Sharia law]], destroying anything they claimed to be "un-Islamic", and [[Desecration|desecrating]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] [[Dargah|dargahs]]. [[Human Rights Watch]] accused Ansar al-Islam of torturing prisoners and executing any captured [[Peshmerga]], [[Iraqi Armed Forces|Iraqi Army]], [[United States Armed Forces|US Army]], or any foreign soldiers, usually by [[Beheading in Islam|beheading]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/mena/ansarbk020503.htm#Armed+Islamist+groups+in+Iraqi+Kurdistan|title=Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, )|website=www.hrw.org}}</ref><ref name="hrw">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/mena/ansarbk020503.htm |title=Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2014-01-22 |archive-date=2010-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615171931/http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/mena/ansarbk020503.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brynjar |first=Lia |author-link= |date= |title=Understanding Jihadi Proto-States - JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297412|location= |publisher= |page= |jstor=26297412 |isbn=}}</ref> The [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] were criticised for their recklessness about what was happening at their border.<ref name="auto2"/> |
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===Collapse=== |
===Collapse=== |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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* [[Kurdish emirates]] |
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* [[Islamic Emirate of Kunar]] |
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* [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)]] |
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* [[Islamic Emirate of Rafah]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
Revision as of 04:23, 15 September 2023
of Byara میرنشینی ئیسلامی بیارە | |
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2001-2003 | |
Flag | |
Status | Unrecognized independent state (2001–2003) |
Capital and largest city | Byara |
Official languages | Kurdish |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Government | Islamic Emirate |
Emir | |
• 2001–2003 | Mullah Krekar |
Deputies | |
• 2001-2003 | Wirya Salih |
• 2001-2003 | Ali Bapir |
History | |
• Established | September 2001 |
• Disestablished | March 30, 2003 |
Currency | Iranian rial, Iraqi dinar (de facto) |
Today part of | Iraqi Kurdistan |
The of Byara was a short-lived unrecognized Kurdish Islamic state ruled by Sharia law which declared independence from Iraq in 2001 and ended in 2003.
History
Foundation
In September 2001, in the Byara District, located in the Avroman region, a Kurdish Salafist group called Ansar al-Islam set up the te of Byara, with the city of Byara as its capital. Mullah Krekar, leader of Ansar al-Islam, was the Emir of the Emirate, while Wirya Salih and Ali Bapir were his deputies. The emirate was the first time that Kurdish-Islamic nationalists succeeded at their goal, establishing a Kurdish state under Sharia. With the area under a de facto embargo from all sides, Kurdish jihadists from Iran gave vital cross-border support to the Emirate, setting up networks that illegally smuggled to the area.[1][2][3][4][5]
Life under thee
Ansar al-Islam fighters in the f Byara embraced both their Kurdish and Muslim identities and advocated for a religious, cultural, and traditional lifestyle, hence why Ansar al-Islam fighters wore Kurdish clothes and spoke only in Kurdish, and encouraged their supporters to do the same. It was also reported that Ansar al-Islam committed inhumane atrocities against non-Muslims, enforcing strict Sharia law, destroying anything they claimed to be "un-Islamic", and desecrating Sufi dargahs. Human Rights Watch accused Ansar al-Islam of torturing prisoners and executing any captured Peshmerga, Iraqi Army, US Army, or any foreign soldiers, usually by beheading.[6][7][8] The IRGC were criticised for their recklessness about what was happening at their border.[3]
Collapse
The Emirate ended after the USA launched Operation Viking Hammer in 2003. After the loss of the Emirate, Ansar fighters gathered at the Iran–Iraq border, where they were smuggled into Iran by Iranian Kurdish jihadists. The IRGC ignored this as long as the jihadists arrived secretly and quietly, and would be housed in remote areas. The IRGC warned Iranian Kurds who were housing jihadists that if they were seen publicly, they would be arrested and sent back to Iraq. Some Kurdish jihadists brought their families with them to Iran; some were detained by authorities for two brief weeks, and then were released and allowed to stay. Some jihadists settled in Iran, with others returning to Iraq, either joining the Iraqi insurgency, or going back to their ordinary lives and quitting the jihadist lifestyle.[1][2][3][9][10][11]
In late 2016, around the 15th anniversary of Byara, Mullah Krekar said that "I hope we separate from Iraq as soon as possible. I would support it wholeheartedly. We were annexed to the Iraqi state under force in 1921, a state that is a failed state in every sense. The first time Iraq purchased aircraft, they bombed the Kingdom of Kurdistan and Sulaymaniyah. If a tiny part of Kurdistan is separated from Iraq and declares independence, I will endorse it fully. When Mauritania declared independence, they didn't even have a building to wave their flag upon, but still they declared independence." He also said that he holds no animosity against any Kurdish government officials anymore, and that many of his friends and family are in the Kurdish government. Hoshyar Zebari confirmed that the Kurdish government made peace with Krekar.[12]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Komal should 'shed' Islamic label: party leader". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
- ^ a b "How ISIS Infiltrated Iranian Kurdistan". iranwire.com.
- ^ a b c "Journey to jihad: Iran's Sunni Kurds fighting a holy war in Idlib". www.rudaw.net. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
- ^ "Iraqi political groupings and individuals". middleeastreference.org.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-03-05.
- ^ Ram, Sunil (April 2003). "The Enemy of My Enemy: The odd link between Ansar al-Islam, Iraq and Iran" (PDF). The Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2004. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ^ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, )". www.hrw.org.
- ^ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
- ^ Brynjar, Lia. Understanding Jihadi Proto-States - JSTOR. JSTOR 26297412.
- ^ Masters of Chaos, Chapter 13 p. 7 Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ John Pike. "Ansar al Islam (Supporters of Islam)". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ "Radical Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan: The Mouse that Roared?". International Crisis Group. 2014-02-07. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
- ^ Mahmud Yasin Kurdi (29 September 2016). "Time has come to break from Iraq, says radical Kurdish cleric Mulla Krekar". rudaw.net. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.