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== History == |
== History == |
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After the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1988, [[Kunar Province]] fell entirely under mujahideen control. In the recently captured areas, armed groups committed many atrocities against the civilian population, and fought each other for supremacy over the province. Kunar, which had already suffered heavily during repeated Soviet offensives, was devastated by these clashes.<ref name="Rubin2">Rubin, p. 261</ref> [[Jamil al-Rahman]] and his [[Jamaat al Dawa al Quran]] forces, at the time made up of mostly [[Afghan Arabs|Arab volunteers]], also with support from many rich [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] and [[Kuwait|Kuwaiti]] businessmen,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hegghammer |first1=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/jihadinsaudi_hegg_2010_000_10552999 |title=Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979 |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/jihadinsaudi_hegg_2010_000_10552999/page/n57 46] |url-access=registration}}</ref> managed to overpower all their rivals, until the only other remaining force in Kunar was [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin]], led by [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]]. In March 1990, the two groups agreed to form a joint [[Shura]], but differences quickly reappeared, in particular over the question of the [[Gulf War]]. While Hekmatyar took an anti-American, anti-Saudi monarchy stance, Jamil al-Rahman chose to support his Saudi and Kuwaiti patrons.<ref name="Rubin2" /> In January 1991 Jamil al-Rahman proclaimed the creation of the Islamic Emirate of Kunar with himself as the leader.<ref name="Dorronsoro">{{cite book |last=Dorronsoro |first=Gilles |title=Revolution Unending. Afghanistan: 1979 to the present |year=2005 |publisher=Hurst |location= London |isbn= 1-85065-703-3 |page=231}}</ref> He appointed ministers of Defense, Interior, Foreign Affairs, Justice, Information, Finance and Education. In accordance with his [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] creed, Jamil al-Rahman tried to eradicate [[Culture of Afghanistan|Afghan traditions]] which he considered un-Islamic, such as the use of flags over the graves of martyrs fallen in [[Jihad]], and the building of monuments over the tombs of [[Pir (Sufism)|Pirs]]. In the spring of 1991 fighting resumed between [[Jamaat al Dawa al Quran]] and [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin]], which lost most of its bases in Kunar. This prompted [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] to launch a counterattack with several hundred men, with the support of other mujahideen factions.<ref name="Dorronsoro"/> On April 20, 1991, an explosion on Jamil al-Rahman's [[Asadabad, Afghanistan|Asadabad]] headquarters, apparently the result of a [[Scud missile]] strike,<ref>Lewis, George, Fetter, Steve and [[Lisbeth Gronlund|Gronlund, Lisbeth]] (1993). ''Casualties and damage from Scud attacks in the 1991 Gulf War''. Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, Center for International Studies, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], p. 13</ref> killed many of Jamil al-Rahman's followers and he was overthrown by Hekmatyar.<ref name="Adamec">Adamec, Ludwig W. "Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan." Scarecrow Press. Lanham, Maryland, 2003."</ref> Local witnesses reported that the Salafists were massacred by Hekmatyar's men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aan-afghanistan.org/index.asp?id=570 |title=On Kunar’s Salafi Insurgents |accessdate=2010-04-29 |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |date=2010-01-14 |publisher=[[Afghanistan Analysts Network]]}}</ref> Jamil al-Rahman was forced to flee to [[Pakistan]]. |
After the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1988, [[Kunar Province]] fell entirely under mujahideen control. In the recently captured areas, armed groups committed many atrocities against the civilian population, and fought each other for supremacy over the province. Kunar, which had already suffered heavily during repeated Soviet offensives, was devastated by these clashes.<ref name="Rubin2">Rubin, p. 261</ref> [[Jamil al-Rahman]] and his [[Jamaat al Dawa al Quran]] forces, at the time made up of mostly [[Afghan Arabs|Arab volunteers]], also with support from many rich [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] and [[Kuwait|Kuwaiti]] businessmen,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hegghammer |first1=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/jihadinsaudi_hegg_2010_000_10552999 |title=Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979 |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/jihadinsaudi_hegg_2010_000_10552999/page/n57 46] |url-access=registration}}</ref> managed to overpower all their rivals, until the only other remaining force in Kunar was [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin]], led by [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]]. In March 1990, the two groups agreed to form a joint [[Shura]], but differences quickly reappeared, in particular over the question of the [[Gulf War]]. While Hekmatyar took an anti-American, anti-Saudi monarchy stance, Jamil al-Rahman chose to support his Saudi and Kuwaiti patrons.<ref name="Rubin2" /> In January 1991 Jamil al-Rahman proclaimed the creation of the Islamic Emirate of Kunar with himself as the leader.<ref name="Dorronsoro">{{cite book |last=Dorronsoro |first=Gilles |title=Revolution Unending. Afghanistan: 1979 to the present |year=2005 |publisher=Hurst |location= London |isbn= 1-85065-703-3 |page=231}}</ref> He appointed ministers of Defense, Interior, Foreign Affairs, Justice, Information, Finance and Education. In accordance with his [[Salafi movement|Salafi]] creed, Jamil al-Rahman tried to eradicate [[Culture of Afghanistan|Afghan traditions]] which he considered un-Islamic, such as the use of flags over the graves of martyrs fallen in [[Jihad]], and the building of monuments over the tombs of [[Pir (Sufism)|Pirs]]. In the spring of 1991 fighting resumed between [[Jamaat al Dawa al Quran]] and [[Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin]], which lost most of its bases in Kunar. This prompted [[Gulbuddin Hekmatyar]] to launch a counterattack with several hundred men, with the support of other mujahideen factions.<ref name="Dorronsoro"/> On April 20, 1991, an explosion on Jamil al-Rahman's [[Asadabad, Afghanistan|Asadabad]] headquarters, apparently the result of a [[Scud missile]] strike,<ref>Lewis, George, Fetter, Steve and [[Lisbeth Gronlund|Gronlund, Lisbeth]] (1993). ''Casualties and damage from Scud attacks in the 1991 Gulf War''. Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, Center for International Studies, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]], p. 13</ref> killed many of Jamil al-Rahman's followers and he was overthrown by Hekmatyar.<ref name="Adamec">Adamec, Ludwig W. "Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan." Scarecrow Press. Lanham, Maryland, 2003."</ref> Local witnesses reported that the Salafists were massacred by Hekmatyar's men.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aan-afghanistan.org/index.asp?id=570 |title=On Kunar’s Salafi Insurgents |accessdate=2010-04-29 |last=Ruttig |first=Thomas |date=2010-01-14 |publisher=[[Afghanistan Analysts Network]] |archive-date=2011-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721130505/http://www.aan-afghanistan.org/index.asp?id=570 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jamil al-Rahman was forced to flee to [[Pakistan]]. |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
Revision as of 19:13, 2 July 2022
Islamic Emirate of Kunar د کونړ اسلامي امارت | |
---|---|
1991-1991 | |
Flag | |
Status | Unrecognized independent state (1991-1991) |
Capital and largest city | Asadabad, Kunar Province |
Official languages | Pashto |
Religion | Salafi Sunni Islam |
Demonym(s) | Kunari |
Government | Islamic Emirate |
Emir | |
• 1991–1991 | Jamil al-Rahman |
History | |
• Established | 1991 |
• Disestablished | 1991 |
Currency | Afghan afghani (de facto) |
Today part of | Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan |
The Islamic Emirate of Kunar (Pashto: د کونړ اسلامي امارت) was a short-lived unrecognized Salafi quasi-state in Kunar Province, which was led by Jamil al-Rahman and established by his group, Jamaat al Dawa al Quran.
History
After the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1988, Kunar Province fell entirely under mujahideen control. In the recently captured areas, armed groups committed many atrocities against the civilian population, and fought each other for supremacy over the province. Kunar, which had already suffered heavily during repeated Soviet offensives, was devastated by these clashes.[1] Jamil al-Rahman and his Jamaat al Dawa al Quran forces, at the time made up of mostly Arab volunteers, also with support from many rich Saudi and Kuwaiti businessmen,[2] managed to overpower all their rivals, until the only other remaining force in Kunar was Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar. In March 1990, the two groups agreed to form a joint Shura, but differences quickly reappeared, in particular over the question of the Gulf War. While Hekmatyar took an anti-American, anti-Saudi monarchy stance, Jamil al-Rahman chose to support his Saudi and Kuwaiti patrons.[1] In January 1991 Jamil al-Rahman proclaimed the creation of the Islamic Emirate of Kunar with himself as the leader.[3] He appointed ministers of Defense, Interior, Foreign Affairs, Justice, Information, Finance and Education. In accordance with his Salafi creed, Jamil al-Rahman tried to eradicate Afghan traditions which he considered un-Islamic, such as the use of flags over the graves of martyrs fallen in Jihad, and the building of monuments over the tombs of Pirs. In the spring of 1991 fighting resumed between Jamaat al Dawa al Quran and Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin, which lost most of its bases in Kunar. This prompted Gulbuddin Hekmatyar to launch a counterattack with several hundred men, with the support of other mujahideen factions.[3] On April 20, 1991, an explosion on Jamil al-Rahman's Asadabad headquarters, apparently the result of a Scud missile strike,[4] killed many of Jamil al-Rahman's followers and he was overthrown by Hekmatyar.[5] Local witnesses reported that the Salafists were massacred by Hekmatyar's men.[6] Jamil al-Rahman was forced to flee to Pakistan.
See also
References
- ^ a b Rubin, p. 261
- ^ Hegghammer, Thomas (2010). Jihad in Saudi Arabia: Violence and Pan-Islamism since 1979. Cambridge University Press. p. 46.
- ^ a b Dorronsoro, Gilles (2005). Revolution Unending. Afghanistan: 1979 to the present. London: Hurst. p. 231. ISBN 1-85065-703-3.
- ^ Lewis, George, Fetter, Steve and Gronlund, Lisbeth (1993). Casualties and damage from Scud attacks in the 1991 Gulf War. Defense and Arms Control Studies Program, Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, p. 13
- ^ Adamec, Ludwig W. "Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan." Scarecrow Press. Lanham, Maryland, 2003."
- ^ Ruttig, Thomas (2010-01-14). "On Kunar's Salafi Insurgents". Afghanistan Analysts Network. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-04-29.