2a00:f41:2c25:7865:0:5f:1d97:2e01 (talk) No edit summary Tags: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit Disambiguation links added |
I dream of horses (talk | contribs) m Disambiguated: Mahomet → Mahomet (head of state) using Dab solver Tag: Reverted |
||
Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
| official_languages = [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] |
| official_languages = [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] |
||
| currency = [[Iranian rial]], [[Iraqi dinar]] ([[de facto]]) |
| currency = [[Iranian rial]], [[Iraqi dinar]] ([[de facto]]) |
||
| leader1 = [[Mahomet]] |
| leader1 = [[Mahomet (head of state)|Mahomet]] |
||
| year_leader1 = 2001–2003 |
| year_leader1 = 2001–2003 |
||
| title_leader = [[Gubernator]] |
| title_leader = [[Gubernator]] |
||
Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
==Foundation== |
==Foundation== |
||
In September 2001, in the [[Byara District]], located in the [[Avroman]] region on the [[Iran–Iraq border]], a [[Kurds|Kurdish]] jihadist group called [[Ansar al-Islam]], set up the Islamic Emirate of Byara, with the city of [[Byara]] as its centre. [[Mullah Krekar]], leader of Ansar al-Islam, was the head of the Emirate, and [[Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i|Wirya Salih]] and [[Ali Bapir]] were his deputies. The emirate was the first time that [[Kurdish Islamism|Kurdish Islamists]] succeeded at controlling territory and establishing [[Sharia|Sharia law]]. [[Kurds|Kurdish]] jihadists from [[Iran]] provided vital cross-border support to the Emirate. When the area was under embargo, [[Kurds in Iran|Iranian Kurdish]] jihadists set up networks that illegally smuggled to the area, and aided the Emirate.<ref name="auto1">https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/03092020</ref><ref name="auto">{{ |
In September 2001, in the [[Byara District]], located in the [[Avroman]] region on the [[Iran–Iraq border]], a [[Kurds|Kurdish]] jihadist group called [[Ansar al-Islam]], set up the Islamic Emirate of Byara, with the city of [[Byara]] as its centre. [[Mullah Krekar]], leader of Ansar al-Islam, was the head of the Emirate, and [[Abu Abdullah al-Shafi'i|Wirya Salih]] and [[Ali Bapir]] were his deputies. The emirate was the first time that [[Kurdish Islamism|Kurdish Islamists]] succeeded at controlling territory and establishing [[Sharia|Sharia law]]. [[Kurds|Kurdish]] jihadists from [[Iran]] provided vital cross-border support to the Emirate. When the area was under embargo, [[Kurds in Iran|Iranian Kurdish]] jihadists set up networks that illegally smuggled to the area, and aided the Emirate.<ref name="auto1">https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/03092020</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/64660|title=How ISIS Infiltrated Iranian Kurdistan|website=iranwire.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2">https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/23062020</ref><ref name="middleeastreference.org.uk">http://middleeastreference.org.uk/iraqiopposition.html#igk {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305191230/http://middleeastreference.org.uk/iraqiopposition.html |date=2007-03-05 }}</ref><ref name=Canadian>{{cite news|last1=Ram|first1=Sunil|title=The Enemy of My Enemy: The odd link between Ansar al-Islam, Iraq and Iran|url=http://www.ciss.ca/Comment_EnemyofMyEnemy.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040330135055/http://www.ciss.ca/Comment_EnemyofMyEnemy.pdf|archive-date=30 March 2004|access-date=6 February 2015|publisher=The Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies|date=April 2003}}</ref> |
||
==Life under the Islamic Emirate== |
==Life under the Islamic Emirate== |
||
[[Ansar al-Islam]] fighters in the Islamic Emirate of Byara embraced both their [[Kurds|Kurdish]] and [[Islam|Muslim]] identities and advocated for a religious, cultural, and traditional lifestyle, hence why Ansar al-Islam fighters wore Kurdish clothes and spoke only in [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], and encouraged their supporters to do the same. [[Ansar al-Islam]] has also been accused of committing atrocities against civilians, including persecution of non-Muslims, enforcing strict [[Sharia|Sharia law]], destroying anything they claimed to be "un-Islamic", and [[Desecration|desecrating]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] shrines. [[Human Rights Watch]] also accused Ansar al-Islam of torturing prisoners and executing any captured [[Peshmerga]], [[Iraqi Armed Forces|Iraqi Army]], or [[United States Armed Forces|US Army]] soldiers, usually by beheading.<ref>{{ |
[[Ansar al-Islam]] fighters in the Islamic Emirate of Byara embraced both their [[Kurds|Kurdish]] and [[Islam|Muslim]] identities and advocated for a religious, cultural, and traditional lifestyle, hence why Ansar al-Islam fighters wore Kurdish clothes and spoke only in [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]], and encouraged their supporters to do the same. [[Ansar al-Islam]] has also been accused of committing atrocities against civilians, including persecution of non-Muslims, enforcing strict [[Sharia|Sharia law]], destroying anything they claimed to be "un-Islamic", and [[Desecration|desecrating]] [[Sufism|Sufi]] shrines. [[Human Rights Watch]] also accused Ansar al-Islam of torturing prisoners and executing any captured [[Peshmerga]], [[Iraqi Armed Forces|Iraqi Army]], or [[United States Armed Forces|US Army]] soldiers, usually by beheading.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/backgrounder/mena/ansarbk020503.htm#Armed+Islamist+groups+in+Iraqi+Kurdistan|title=Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, )|website=www.hrw.org}}</ref><ref name="hrw">{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/mena/ansarbk020503.htm |title=Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=2014-01-22 |archive-date=2010-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615171931/http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/mena/ansarbk020503.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Brynjar |first=Lia |author-link= |date= |title=Understanding Jihadi Proto-States - JSTOR |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26297412|location= |publisher= |page= |jstor=26297412 |isbn=}}</ref> [[Iran]] was accused of supporting and having ties to the Islamic Emirate of Byara, as well as allowing Ansar al-Islam fighters to hide in Iran.<ref>https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/23062020</ref> |
||
==Collapse== |
==Collapse== |
Revision as of 19:13, 7 May 2022
Islamic Emirate of Byara ئیمارات بیاره ئیسلامی | |
---|---|
Flag | |
Status | Unrecognized independent state (2001–2003) |
Capital and largest city | Byara |
Official languages | Kurdish |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Government | Islamic Emirate |
Gubernator | |
• 2001–2003 | Mahomet |
Deputies | |
• 2001-2003 | Wirya Salih |
• 2001-2003 | Ali Bapir |
History | |
• Established | September 2001 |
• Disestablished | March 30, 2003 |
Currency | Iranian rial, Iraqi dinar (de facto) |
Today part of | Iraqi Kurdistan |
Byar's Islamic Emirate 'is the long-term unrecognized Kurdish Islamic quasi-state which declared independence from Iraq in 2001 and ended in 2004.
Foundation
In September 2001, in the Byara District, located in the Avroman region on the Iran–Iraq border, a Kurdish jihadist group called Ansar al-Islam, set up the Islamic Emirate of Byara, with the city of Byara as its centre. Mullah Krekar, leader of Ansar al-Islam, was the head of the Emirate, and Wirya Salih and Ali Bapir were his deputies. The emirate was the first time that Kurdish Islamists succeeded at controlling territory and establishing Sharia law. Kurdish jihadists from Iran provided vital cross-border support to the Emirate. When the area was under embargo, Iranian Kurdish jihadists set up networks that illegally smuggled to the area, and aided the Emirate.[1][2][3][4][5]
Life under the Islamic Emirate
Ansar al-Islam fighters in the Islamic Emirate of Byara embraced both their Kurdish and Muslim identities and advocated for a religious, cultural, and traditional lifestyle, hence why Ansar al-Islam fighters wore Kurdish clothes and spoke only in Kurdish, and encouraged their supporters to do the same. Ansar al-Islam has also been accused of committing atrocities against civilians, including persecution of non-Muslims, enforcing strict Sharia law, destroying anything they claimed to be "un-Islamic", and desecrating Sufi shrines. Human Rights Watch also accused Ansar al-Islam of torturing prisoners and executing any captured Peshmerga, Iraqi Army, or US Army soldiers, usually by beheading.[6][7][8] Iran was accused of supporting and having ties to the Islamic Emirate of Byara, as well as allowing Ansar al-Islam fighters to hide in Iran.[9]
Collapse
The Emirate ended after the USA, with support from Iraq and the Kurdistan Region, led a series of missile attacks on Byara in 2003, and then launched an offensive. After the loss of the Emirate, Ansar fighters gathered at the Iran–Iraq border, where Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps turned a blind eye to the Kurdish jihadists' activity, and Iranian Kurds who gave Ansar fighters asylum in Iran got approval from Iran, only if the jihadists arrived secretly and quietly, and also that the jihadists would be housed in remote areas. The IRGC warned Iranian Kurds who were housing jihadists that if the jihadists were seen publicly, they would be arrested and sent back to Iraq. The IRGC also wanted the treatment of wounded fighters to be done secretly. Some Kurdish jihadists brought their families with them to Iran; some were detained by authorities for two brief weeks, and then were released and allowed to stay in Iran. It was also alleged that Ansar al-Islam made an agreement with Iran that they would not commit any terrorism in Iran or attack any Iranians. Some jihadists settled in Iran, with others returning to Iraq, either joining other jihadist groups, or quitting the jihadist lifestyle.[1][2][3][10][11][12]
In late 2016, around the 15th anniversary of Byara, Mullah Krekar said that "time has come to break off from Iraq" and that he "wholeheartedly" supports Kurdish independence, even though he didn't support the Kurdish parties (mostly KDP and PUK) due to their secular tendencies, he also said that he holds no negativity against any Kurdish government officials.[13]
See also
References
- ^ a b https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/03092020
- ^ a b "How ISIS Infiltrated Iranian Kurdistan". iranwire.com.
- ^ a b https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/23062020
- ^ http://middleeastreference.org.uk/iraqiopposition.html#igk Archived 2007-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Ram, Sunil (April 2003). "The Enemy of My Enemy: The odd link between Ansar al-Islam, Iraq and Iran" (PDF). The Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2004. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
- ^ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, )". www.hrw.org.
- ^ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
- ^ Brynjar, Lia. Understanding Jihadi Proto-States - JSTOR. JSTOR 26297412.
- ^ https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/23062020
- ^ Masters of Chaos, Chapter 13 p. 7 Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ John Pike. "Ansar al Islam (Supporters of Islam)". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ "Radical Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan: The Mouse that Roared?". International Crisis Group. 2014-02-07. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
- ^ Mahmud Yasin Kurdi (29 September 2016). "Time has come to break from Iraq, says radical Kurdish cleric Mulla Krekar". rudaw.net. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.