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{{Short description|Former unrecognized Islamic state in Iraqi Kurdistan}} |
{{Short description|Former unrecognized Islamic state in Iraqi Kurdistan}} |
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{{Infobox country |
{{Infobox country |
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| conventional_long_name = Islamic Emirate of Byara <br> ئیمارات بیاره ئیسلامی |
| conventional_long_name = Islamic Emirate of Byara <br /> ئیمارات بیاره ئیسلامی |
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| common_name = Byara <br> بیاره |
| common_name = Byara <br /> بیاره |
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| era = |
| era = |
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| flag = |
| flag = |
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| type_house2 = <!-- Default: "Lower house" --> |
| type_house2 = <!-- Default: "Lower house" --> |
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<!-- Area and population of a given year -->| stat_year1 = <!-- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both --> |
<!-- Area and population of a given year -->| stat_year1 = <!-- year of the statistic, specify either area, population or both --> |
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| today = Iraq<br>[[Kurdistan Region|Iraqi Kurdistan]] |
| today = Iraq<br />[[Kurdistan Region|Iraqi Kurdistan]] |
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| stat_area1 = |
| stat_area1 = |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Islamic Emirate of Byara''' was a short-lived unrecognized [[Kurds|Kurdish]] [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[ |
The '''Islamic Emirate of Byara''' was a short-lived unrecognized [[Kurds|Kurdish]] [[Islamic state|Islamic]] [[quasi-state]], which began in 2001 and ended in 2003. |
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==Foundation== |
==Foundation== |
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In 2001, in the city of [[Byara]], located on the highlands of the [[Avroman]] region in the [[Iran–Iraq border]], near the town of [[Halabja]], a Kurdish jihadist group called [[Ansar al-Islam]], set up the Islamic Emirate of Byara, with the city of [[Halabja]] as its capital. [[Mullah Krekar]], leader of Ansar al-Islam, was the head of the Emirate. The emirate was the first time that |
In 2001, in the city of [[Byara]], located on the highlands of the [[Avroman]] region in the [[Iran–Iraq border]], near the town of [[Halabja]], a Kurdish jihadist group called [[Ansar al-Islam]], set up the Islamic Emirate of Byara, with the city of [[Halabja]] as its capital. [[Mullah Krekar]], leader of Ansar al-Islam, was the head of the Emirate. The emirate was the first time that Iraq's [[Kurdish Islamism|Kurdish Islamists]] succeeded at controlling territory and establishing [[Sharia law]]. Kurdish jihadists from Iran provided vital cross-border assistance to the Byara Emirate. With the area under embargo, Iranian Kurdish jihadists set up networks that illegally smuggled to the area, and aided the emirate.<ref name="auto1">https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/03092020</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://iranwire.com/en/features/64660|title=How ISIS Infiltrated Iranian Kurdistan|website=iranwire.com}}</ref><ref name="auto2">https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/23062020</ref><ref name="middleeastreference.org.uk">http://middleeastreference.org.uk/iraqiopposition.html#igk {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305191230/http://middleeastreference.org.uk/iraqiopposition.html |date=2007-03-05 }}</ref> |
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==Life under the Islamic Emirate== |
==Life under the Islamic Emirate== |
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==Collapse== |
==Collapse== |
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{{Further|Operation Viking Hammer}} |
{{Further|Operation Viking Hammer}} |
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The emirate ended after [[United States|America]], with support from the [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan|PUK]] and [[Iraq]], led a series of attacks on Byara with missiles in 2003, then redoubled with an offensive a few days later. After the loss of the emirate, [[Ansar al-Islam|Ansar]] fighters gathered at the [[Iran–Iraq border]], where the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] payed no mind to the Kurdish jihadists' activity, and [[Kurds in Iran|Iranian Kurds]] who gave [[Ansar al-Islam|Ansar]] fighters refuge in [[Iran]] obtained approval from the Iranian side, only if the transportation of Ansar fighters was done quietly and in secret, and also that the jihadists would be housed on the outskirts of cities and in remote neighborhoods in sparsely-populated areas. The [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] warned [[Kurds in Iran|Iranian Kurds]] who were housing Ansar members that if the Ansar members were seen together, or in large cities, they would be detained and [[Deportation|deported]] back to [[Iraq]]. The IRGC also ordered for the treatment of wounded fighters to be done in secret. Some Ansar members brought their families with them to Iran; some were detained by authorities for two brief weeks, and then were released. [[Ansar al-Islam]] allegedly made an agreement with the IRGC that they would not attack Iranian forces. Some jihadists returned to Iraq a few months later, either joining other jihadist groups, or quitting the jihadist lifestyle.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/> |
The emirate ended after [[United States|America]], with support from the [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan|PUK]] and [[Iraq]], led a series of attacks on Byara with missiles in 2003, then redoubled with an offensive a few days later. After the loss of the emirate, [[Ansar al-Islam|Ansar]] fighters gathered at the [[Iran–Iraq border]], where the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] payed no mind to the Kurdish jihadists' activity, and [[Kurds in Iran|Iranian Kurds]] who gave [[Ansar al-Islam|Ansar]] fighters refuge in [[Iran]] obtained approval from the Iranian side, only if the transportation of Ansar fighters was done quietly and in secret, and also that the jihadists would be housed on the outskirts of cities and in remote neighborhoods in sparsely-populated areas. The [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps|IRGC]] warned [[Kurds in Iran|Iranian Kurds]] who were housing Ansar members that if the Ansar members were seen together, or in large cities, they would be detained and [[Deportation|deported]] back to [[Iraq]]. The IRGC also ordered for the treatment of wounded fighters to be done in secret. Some Ansar members brought their families with them to Iran; some were detained by authorities for two brief weeks, and then were released. [[Ansar al-Islam]] allegedly made an agreement with the IRGC that they would not attack Iranian forces. Some jihadists returned to Iraq a few months later, either joining other jihadist groups, or quitting the jihadist lifestyle.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto2"/><ref>[http://www.spirit.tau.ac.il/government/robinson1_Ch13.pdf Masters of Chaos, Chapter 13 p. 7] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214133920/http://www.spirit.tau.ac.il/government/robinson1_Ch13.pdf |date=2012-02-14 }}</ref><ref name="globalsecurity.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/ansar_al_islam.htm|title=Ansar al Islam (Supporters of Islam)|author=John Pike|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="crisisgroup">{{cite web |url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iraq-iran-gulf/iraq/B004-radical-islam-in-iraqi-kurdistan-the-mouse-that-roared.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121202552/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north-africa/iraq-iran-gulf/iraq/B004-radical-islam-in-iraqi-kurdistan-the-mouse-that-roared.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-11-21 |title=Radical Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan: The Mouse that Roared?|publisher=International Crisis Group |date=2014-02-07 |access-date=2014-01-22}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 2003]] |
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 2003]] |
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[[Category:2001 establishments in Asia]] |
[[Category:2001 establishments in Asia]] |
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[[Category:2003 disestablishments in Asia]] |
[[Category:2003 disestablishments in Asia]] |
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[[Category:Former Kurdish states]] |
[[Category:Former Kurdish states]] |
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[[Category:Lists of former countries]] |
[[Category:Lists of former countries]] |
Revision as of 04:56, 22 April 2022
Islamic Emirate of Byara ئیمارات بیاره ئیسلامی | |
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Flag | |
Anthem: None | |
Status | Disestablished; former unrecognized state |
Capital | Halabja |
Official languages | Kurdish (Sorani) |
Common languages | Arabic, Persian |
Religion | Sunni Islam |
Government | Islamic Emirate |
Emir | |
• 2001–2003 | Mullah Krekar |
History | |
• Established | September 2001 |
• Disestablished | March 30, 2003 |
Currency | Iraqi dinar, Iranian rial (de facto) |
Today part of | Iraq Iraqi Kurdistan |
The Islamic Emirate of Byara was a short-lived unrecognized Kurdish Islamic quasi-state, which began in 2001 and ended in 2003.
Foundation
In 2001, in the city of Byara, located on the highlands of the Avroman region in the Iran–Iraq border, near the town of Halabja, a Kurdish jihadist group called Ansar al-Islam, set up the Islamic Emirate of Byara, with the city of Halabja as its capital. Mullah Krekar, leader of Ansar al-Islam, was the head of the Emirate. The emirate was the first time that Iraq's Kurdish Islamists succeeded at controlling territory and establishing Sharia law. Kurdish jihadists from Iran provided vital cross-border assistance to the Byara Emirate. With the area under embargo, Iranian Kurdish jihadists set up networks that illegally smuggled to the area, and aided the emirate.[1][2][3][4]
Life under the Islamic Emirate
Human Rights Watch accused Ansar al-Islam of committing atrocities against civilians in the emirate. It was also alleged that Ansar al-Islam harshly persecuted religious minorities, and enforced strict Sharia law. Human Rights Watch also accused Ansar al-Islam fighters of torturing prisoners and executing any captured Peshmerga, Iraqi Army, or US Army soldiers, usually by beheading.[5][6]
Collapse
The emirate ended after America, with support from the PUK and Iraq, led a series of attacks on Byara with missiles in 2003, then redoubled with an offensive a few days later. After the loss of the emirate, Ansar fighters gathered at the Iran–Iraq border, where the IRGC payed no mind to the Kurdish jihadists' activity, and Iranian Kurds who gave Ansar fighters refuge in Iran obtained approval from the Iranian side, only if the transportation of Ansar fighters was done quietly and in secret, and also that the jihadists would be housed on the outskirts of cities and in remote neighborhoods in sparsely-populated areas. The IRGC warned Iranian Kurds who were housing Ansar members that if the Ansar members were seen together, or in large cities, they would be detained and deported back to Iraq. The IRGC also ordered for the treatment of wounded fighters to be done in secret. Some Ansar members brought their families with them to Iran; some were detained by authorities for two brief weeks, and then were released. Ansar al-Islam allegedly made an agreement with the IRGC that they would not attack Iranian forces. Some jihadists returned to Iraq a few months later, either joining other jihadist groups, or quitting the jihadist lifestyle.[1][2][3][7][8][9]
See also
References
- ^ a b https://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/03092020
- ^ a b "How ISIS Infiltrated Iranian Kurdistan". iranwire.com.
- ^ a b https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/23062020
- ^ http://middleeastreference.org.uk/iraqiopposition.html#igk Archived 2007-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan (Human Rights Watch Backgrounder, )". www.hrw.org.
- ^ "Ansar al-Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2010-06-15. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
- ^ Masters of Chaos, Chapter 13 p. 7 Archived 2012-02-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ John Pike. "Ansar al Islam (Supporters of Islam)". Retrieved 20 March 2015.
- ^ "Radical Islam in Iraqi Kurdistan: The Mouse that Roared?". International Crisis Group. 2014-02-07. Archived from the original on 2011-11-21. Retrieved 2014-01-22.