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The totalitarian architecture was described by the [[Council of Europe]] as a part of European [[cultural heritage]]. According to their website<ref>[https://www.coe.int/en/web/cultural-routes/atrium-architecture-of-totalitarian-regimes-of-the-20th-century ATRIUM - Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the 20th Century In Europe's Urban Memory]</ref> "Studying the architecture of Europe's totalitarian regimes, both the fascist and the communist ones, is a way to enhance the European identity in its unity and diversity. The idea of Europe originated from the wounds of World War II and the fall of Fascism and Nazism. It entered a new phase after the downfall of Communism, opening the way to a broader and more comprehensive idea of a Europe based on fundamental values such as political liberty, freedom of expression and assembly, democracy and the rule of law." However, many buildings from the Communist era are in the state of decay. Hence, the European cultural organization ''ATRIUM'' collects photographs of the abandoned buildings "that still stand as monuments to another time".<ref>[https://www.fastcompany.com/3063559/hunting-for-the-architectural-relics-of-totalitarianism Hunting For The Architectural Relics Of Totalitarianism. A three-year project documents structures that date back to the reigns of Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini] by Katharine Schwab, [[Fast Company]]</ref> |
The totalitarian architecture was described by the [[Council of Europe]] as a part of European [[cultural heritage]]. According to their website<ref>[https://www.coe.int/en/web/cultural-routes/atrium-architecture-of-totalitarian-regimes-of-the-20th-century ATRIUM - Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the 20th Century In Europe's Urban Memory]</ref> "Studying the architecture of Europe's totalitarian regimes, both the fascist and the communist ones, is a way to enhance the European identity in its unity and diversity. The idea of Europe originated from the wounds of World War II and the fall of Fascism and Nazism. It entered a new phase after the downfall of Communism, opening the way to a broader and more comprehensive idea of a Europe based on fundamental values such as political liberty, freedom of expression and assembly, democracy and the rule of law." However, many buildings from the Communist era are in the state of decay. Hence, the European cultural organization ''ATRIUM'' collects photographs of the abandoned buildings "that still stand as monuments to another time".<ref>[https://www.fastcompany.com/3063559/hunting-for-the-architectural-relics-of-totalitarianism Hunting For The Architectural Relics Of Totalitarianism. A three-year project documents structures that date back to the reigns of Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini] by Katharine Schwab, [[Fast Company]]</ref> |
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A number of buildings and memorials created by totalitarian regimes have been demolished, especially in Poland and [[Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine|Ukraine]], based on the legislature such as ''The law On the Prohibition of Propagation of Communism or Any Other Totalitarian System Through The Names of All Public Buildings, Structures and Facilities''<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/then-and-now-photos-show-soviet-monuments-disappearing-in-poland-after-decommunization-law/30905305.html Then And Now: Soviet Monuments Disappear Across Poland], by [[RFE/RL]]</ref><ref>[https://realnoevremya.com/articles/3948-soviet-monuments-are-demolished-in-europe From acceptance to negation: how Soviet war memorials are treated in Europe]</ref> A demolition of the [[Palace of Culture and Science]] in Poland was debated.<ref>[https://nextcity.org/features/view/the-movement-to-destroy-warsaws-tallest-building The Movement to Destroy Warsaw’s Tallest Building]</ref> |
A number of buildings and memorials created by totalitarian regimes have been demolished, especially in Poland and [[Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine|Ukraine]], based on the legislature such as ''The law On the Prohibition of Propagation of Communism or Any Other Totalitarian System Through The Names of All Public Buildings, Structures and Facilities''<ref>[https://www.rferl.org/a/then-and-now-photos-show-soviet-monuments-disappearing-in-poland-after-decommunization-law/30905305.html Then And Now: Soviet Monuments Disappear Across Poland], by [[RFE/RL]]</ref><ref>[https://realnoevremya.com/articles/3948-soviet-monuments-are-demolished-in-europe From acceptance to negation: how Soviet war memorials are treated in Europe]</ref> A demolition of the [[Palace of Culture and Science]] in Poland was debated.<ref>[https://nextcity.org/features/view/the-movement-to-destroy-warsaws-tallest-building The Movement to Destroy Warsaw’s Tallest Building]</ref> |
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Revision as of 23:50, 17 July 2021
Totalitarian architecture refers to the architecture approved by and often preferred by dictatorships and governments of totalitarian regimes, intended to strengthen and spread their ideology.[1] The style of totalitarian architecture shows a preference for "classical symbolism and monumentality",[2] drawing on simplified Neo-Classicism and (in sculpture), realism.[3]
This type of architecture was described as "legacy of dictatorships"[4] and includes Stalinist architecture, Fascist architecture and Nazi architecture.[1][5][6][7] For example, the House of Soviets in Saint Petersburg has been described as "the purest form of totalitarian monumentality".[8]While many examples of totalitarian architecture are European, particularly from the eras of Soviet Union and Nazi Germany,[9] it has also been discussed in the context of other parts of the worlds, such as architecture of North Korea or the architecture of Communist China.[10][3]
According to historians of art, the totalitarian architecture of 20th century represents a variety of religious architecture, with prominent examples like Altar of the Fatherland in Rome, Russian State Library in Moscow built in 1929, or Lenin's Mausoleum similar to the Pyramid of Djoser.[11] Both Nazi and Fascist architectures served to sacralize their leaders.[12]
The intended aim of totalitarian architecture has been described as strengthening and spreading its ideology, and they are an element of the state propaganda.[1][13][14] According to journal Esempi di Architettura, "Architecture and town planning have the potential to support and promote ideological propaganda. In many ways, totalitarian architecture represents the regime that builds it."[15] These architectures are generally described as united by using the megalomania to portray a sense of power, majesty and virility.[16] The style has been criticized for "congenital unwholesomeness" and its "desire to dominate", hiding "feelings of inferiority" and projecting a "massive ego" of totalitarian leaders.[2]
The totalitarian architecture was described by the Council of Europe as a part of European cultural heritage. According to their website[17] "Studying the architecture of Europe's totalitarian regimes, both the fascist and the communist ones, is a way to enhance the European identity in its unity and diversity. The idea of Europe originated from the wounds of World War II and the fall of Fascism and Nazism. It entered a new phase after the downfall of Communism, opening the way to a broader and more comprehensive idea of a Europe based on fundamental values such as political liberty, freedom of expression and assembly, democracy and the rule of law." However, many buildings from the Communist era are in the state of decay. Hence, the European cultural organization ATRIUM collects photographs of the abandoned buildings "that still stand as monuments to another time".[18]
A number of buildings and memorials created by totalitarian regimes have been demolished, especially in Poland and Ukraine, based on the legislature such as The law On the Prohibition of Propagation of Communism or Any Other Totalitarian System Through The Names of All Public Buildings, Structures and Facilities[19][20] A demolition of the Palace of Culture and Science in Poland was debated.[21]
See also
- Architectural propaganda
- Urban planning in communist countries
- Soviet urban planning ideologies of the 1920s
- Urban planning in Nazi Germany
References
- ^ a b c Antoszczyszyn, Marek (2017). "Manipulations of Totalitarian Nazi Architecture". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 245: 052062. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/245/5/052062. ISSN 1757-8981.
Totalitarian architecture. Generally it might be defined as architecture created in frames of totalitarian State activity & under its strict control, due to its thorough character of the policy in order to strengthen & spread its ideology.
- ^ a b Ward, Tony (1970-09-01). "Totalitarianism, Architecture and Conscience". Journal of Architectural Education. 24 (4): 35–49. doi:10.1080/10464883.1970.11102464. ISSN 1046-4883.
- ^ a b Totalitarian architecture by A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, James Stevens Curl, Oxford Reference
- ^ Urbanism, architecture, and dictatorship. Memory in transition by Harald Bodenschatz, The Routledge Companion to Italian Fascist Architecture
- ^ Totalitarianism, Architecture and Conscience by Tony Ward, Journal of Architectural Education
- ^ Totalitarian Art in the Soviet Union, the Third Reich, Fascist Italy and the People's Republic of China by Igor Golomstock
- ^ ATRIUM - Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the 20th Century In Europe's Urban Memory by the Council of Europe
- ^ Sennott, Stephen (2004). "ST. PETERSBURG (LENINGRAD), RUSSIA". Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture. Taylor & Francis. p. 557. ISBN 978-1-57958-433-7.
- ^ Ракочий, Я. В. (2010). "Передумови стилістики тоталітаризму в творах львівської архітектурної школи початку ХХ ст". Bulletin of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic". Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка" (in Ukrainian). 674: 184–187.
Study and research of this topic is an important link in understanding of the evolution of totalitarian architecture as part of European cultural process, and its professional origin.
- ^ Prokopljević, Jelena (2019-09-30). "Hapkak and Curtain Wall: Imaginaries of Tradition and Technology in the Three Kims' North Korean Modern Architecture". S/N Korean Humanities. 5 (2): 59–86. doi:10.17783/ihu.2019.5.2.59. ISSN 2384-0668.
The socialist architecture developed in North Korea has generally been explained through two discursive frameworks: that of totalitarian architecture and that of national formalism, outdated and out-scaled
- ^ Tracing Religion and Cult in the Architecture of European Totalitarian Regimes of the XX Century, by Sasha S. Lozanova and Stela B. Tasheva, Design. Art. Industry (DAI). Issue 5, link
- ^ Nanni Baltzer, "The Duce in the Street. Illumination in Fascism", in Totalitarian Communication. Hierarchies, Codes and Messages. Edited by Kirill Postoutenko, Columbia University Press, 2010, [1], online version, page 135. "In both regimes, the light contributes, as a symbol of the Divine, to the sacralization of profane events. Whereas on the Zeppelin-field the sacral architecture was constructed by light, fascism used the church facade - or so it seems— solely as a carrier for the gigantic portrait of the Duce".
- ^ Ua Caspary (12 January 2017). "Digital Media as Ornament in Contemporary Architectural Facades: Its Historical Dimension". In Stephen Monteiro (ed.). The Screen Media Reader: Culture, Theory, Practice. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-5013-1167-3.
Totalitarian architecture, for instance, utilised specific propagandistic and symbolically loaded icons for its purposes"
- ^ Antoszczyszyn, M. (2016). "Manipulations of architecture of power; German New Reichschancellery in Berlin 1938 - 1939 by Albert Speer". Technical Issues. nr 3. ISSN 2392-3954.
Totalitarian architecture was supposed to achieve political benefits thanks to some perceptional codes, consciously hidden in it.
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has extra text (help) - ^ Totalitarian architecture and urban planning. History and legacy, an editorial by Esempi di Architettura, ISSN (print): 2384-9576
- ^ Dennis P. Doordan. Twentieth-century architecture. H.N. Abrams, 2002. p. 122.
- ^ ATRIUM - Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the 20th Century In Europe's Urban Memory
- ^ Hunting For The Architectural Relics Of Totalitarianism. A three-year project documents structures that date back to the reigns of Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini by Katharine Schwab, Fast Company
- ^ Then And Now: Soviet Monuments Disappear Across Poland, by RFE/RL
- ^ From acceptance to negation: how Soviet war memorials are treated in Europe
- ^ The Movement to Destroy Warsaw’s Tallest Building
Further reading
- Architecture as Propaganda in twentieth-century totalitarian regimes: History and Heritage, by Håkan Hökerberg (Editor), Edizioni Polistampa (November 2, 2018), ISBN 8859618355