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[[File:Red Army Theatre in Moscow.jpg|thumb|Historical photograph of [[Red Army Theatre]] in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. It is designed in the shape of the communist star.]] |
[[File:Red Army Theatre in Moscow.jpg|thumb|Historical photograph of [[Red Army Theatre]] in [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]. It is designed in the shape of the communist star.]] |
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[[File:Arnaldo Dell'Ira (1903-1943), Tempio degli Eroi 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Project of a "Temple of Heroes". by [[Arnaldo dell'Ira]] (1903–1943)]] |
[[File:Arnaldo Dell'Ira (1903-1943), Tempio degli Eroi 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Project of a "Temple of Heroes". by [[Arnaldo dell'Ira]] (1903–1943)]] |
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'''Totalitarian architecture''' refers to the [[architectural style]] approved by and often preferred by dictatorships and governments of [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian regimes]], intended to strengthen and spread their [[ideology]].<ref name=":2" /> The style of totalitarian architecture shows a preference for "classical [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]] and monumentality",<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=Tony|date=1970-09-01|title=Totalitarianism, Architecture and Conscience|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10464883.1970.11102464|journal=Journal of Architectural Education|volume=24|issue=4|pages=35–49|doi=10.1080/10464883.1970.11102464|issn=1046-4883}}</ref> drawing on simplified [[Neo-Classicism]] and (in sculpture), [[Realism (arts)|realism]]<ref name=":3">[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803105035790 Totalitarian architecture] by ''A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture'', James Stevens Curl, [[Oxford Reference]]</ref> |
'''Totalitarian architecture''' refers to the [[architectural style]] approved by and often preferred by dictatorships and governments of [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian regimes]], intended to strengthen and spread their [[ideology]].<ref name=":2" /> The style of totalitarian architecture shows a preference for "classical [[Symbolism (arts)|symbolism]] and monumentality",<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Ward|first=Tony|date=1970-09-01|title=Totalitarianism, Architecture and Conscience|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10464883.1970.11102464|journal=Journal of Architectural Education|volume=24|issue=4|pages=35–49|doi=10.1080/10464883.1970.11102464|issn=1046-4883}}</ref> drawing on simplified [[Neo-Classicism]] and (in sculpture), [[Realism (arts)|realism]].<ref name=":3">[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803105035790 Totalitarian architecture] by ''A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture'', James Stevens Curl, [[Oxford Reference]]</ref> |
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Common examples include [[Stalinist architecture]], [[Fascist architecture]] and [[Nazi architecture]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10464883.1970.11102464?journalCode=rjae20 Totalitarianism, Architecture and Conscience] by Tony Ward, ''Journal of Architectural Education''</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Totalitarian_Art_in_the_Soviet_Union_the/XyHqAAAAMAAJ Totalitarian Art in the Soviet Union, the Third Reich, Fascist Italy and the People's Republic of China] by [[Igor Golomstock]]</ref><ref>[https://www.coe.int/en/web/cultural-routes/atrium-architecture-of-totalitarian-regimes-of-the-20th-century ATRIUM - Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the 20th Century In Europe's Urban Memory] by the [[Council of Europe]]</ref> For example, the [[House of Soviets (Saint Petersburg)|House of Soviets]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] has been described as "the purest form of totalitarian monumentality".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sennott|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=opvy1zGI2EcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Encyclopedia+of+20th+Century+Architecture&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Encyclopedia%20of%2020th%20Century%20Architecture&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture|date=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-433-7|pages=557|language=en|chapter=ST. PETERSBURG (LENINGRAD), RUSSIA}}</ref> While many examples of totalitarian architecture are European, particularly from the eras of [[Soviet Union]] and [[Nazi Germany]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ракочий|first=Я. В.|date=2010|title=Передумови стилістики тоталітаризму в творах львівської архітектурної школи початку ХХ ст.|url=http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/handle/ntb/18560|journal=Bulletin of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic". Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка"|language=uk|volume=674|pages=184–187|quote=Study and research of this topic is an important link in understanding of the evolution of totalitarian architecture as part of European cultural process, and its professional origin.}}</ref> it has also been discussed in the context of other parts of the worlds, such as [[architecture of North Korea]] or the architecture of Communist China.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prokopljević|first=Jelena|date=2019-09-30|title=Hapkak and Curtain Wall: Imaginaries of Tradition and Technology in the Three Kims’ North Korean Modern Architecture|url=https://doi.org/10.17783/IHU.2019.5.2.59|journal=S/N Korean Humanities|volume=5|issue=2|pages=59–86|doi=10.17783/ihu.2019.5.2.59|issn=2384-0668|quote=The socialist architecture developed in North Korea has generally been explained through two discursive frameworks: that of totalitarian architecture and that of national formalism, outdated and out-scaled}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> According to some [[art history|historians of art]], the totalitarian architecture of 20th century represents a variety of [[religious architecture]]<ref> |
Common examples include [[Stalinist architecture]], [[Fascist architecture]] and [[Nazi architecture]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10464883.1970.11102464?journalCode=rjae20 Totalitarianism, Architecture and Conscience] by Tony Ward, ''Journal of Architectural Education''</ref><ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Totalitarian_Art_in_the_Soviet_Union_the/XyHqAAAAMAAJ Totalitarian Art in the Soviet Union, the Third Reich, Fascist Italy and the People's Republic of China] by [[Igor Golomstock]]</ref><ref>[https://www.coe.int/en/web/cultural-routes/atrium-architecture-of-totalitarian-regimes-of-the-20th-century ATRIUM - Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the 20th Century In Europe's Urban Memory] by the [[Council of Europe]]</ref> For example, the [[House of Soviets (Saint Petersburg)|House of Soviets]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] has been described as "the purest form of totalitarian monumentality".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sennott|first=Stephen|url=https://books.google.co.kr/books?id=opvy1zGI2EcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Encyclopedia+of+20th+Century+Architecture&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Encyclopedia%20of%2020th%20Century%20Architecture&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture|date=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-433-7|pages=557|language=en|chapter=ST. PETERSBURG (LENINGRAD), RUSSIA}}</ref> While many examples of totalitarian architecture are European, particularly from the eras of [[Soviet Union]] and [[Nazi Germany]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ракочий|first=Я. В.|date=2010|title=Передумови стилістики тоталітаризму в творах львівської архітектурної школи початку ХХ ст.|url=http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/handle/ntb/18560|journal=Bulletin of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic". Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка"|language=uk|volume=674|pages=184–187|quote=Study and research of this topic is an important link in understanding of the evolution of totalitarian architecture as part of European cultural process, and its professional origin.}}</ref> it has also been discussed in the context of other parts of the worlds, such as [[architecture of North Korea]] or the architecture of Communist China.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prokopljević|first=Jelena|date=2019-09-30|title=Hapkak and Curtain Wall: Imaginaries of Tradition and Technology in the Three Kims’ North Korean Modern Architecture|url=https://doi.org/10.17783/IHU.2019.5.2.59|journal=S/N Korean Humanities|volume=5|issue=2|pages=59–86|doi=10.17783/ihu.2019.5.2.59|issn=2384-0668|quote=The socialist architecture developed in North Korea has generally been explained through two discursive frameworks: that of totalitarian architecture and that of national formalism, outdated and out-scaled}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> According to some [[art history|historians of art]], the totalitarian architecture of 20th century represents a variety of [[religious architecture]]<ref>''Tracing Religion and Cult in the Architecture of European Totalitarian Regimes of the XX Century'', by Sasha S. Lozanova and Stela B. Tasheva, ''Design. Art. Industry (DAI)''. Issue 5, [https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58753807/48_-Petroglyphs_of_Gobustan_as_historical_resourses._M.Farajova._DAI_5_2018-_P_62-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1626373238&Signature=YwobsZHfBLhlEW1-Ko91X02VH-CUul4kr79lqPCC7OuRiGGGVLoz~zms9yb~lt0f-E5XxKBdpNzP-EQykME3jukbfm08iLBo~2fElutpYwLIs84kCxRVcV7SXBWofLXlpUP9yG2-EMn9f4fD-ukqtK8Vskjaavu9GmYCtdx2VLxj94153664rbJ7usqw-zUQU00ta8K2ZFBmNWj-F7IMLgz-nvq2ZcP0nnbyNOedxcIDOKzEDZ~OIXM9drq~s0dd78KasG8y1EyDHzgBAHU9-XPIiCV5s-MKVZSpuyytjrlk6JLrFYB3cOhBMETmWEu~5wknJQ4JhH5ep1tP2oJKVg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA#page=26 online link]</ref> |
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The intended aim of totalitarian architecture has been described as strengthening and spreading its [[ideology]], and they are an element of the state [[propaganda]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Antoszczyszyn|first=Marek|date=2017|title=Manipulations of Totalitarian Nazi Architecture|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/245/5/052062|journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering|volume=245|pages=052062|doi=10.1088/1757-899X/245/5/052062|issn=1757-8981|quote=Totalitarian architecture. Generally it might be defined as architecture created in frames of totalitarian State activity & under its strict control, due to its thorough character of the policy in order to strengthen & spread its ideology.}}</ref><ref name="Monteiro2017">{{cite book|author=Ua Caspary|editor=Stephen Monteiro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5NsDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|title=The Screen Media Reader: Culture, Theory, Practice|date=12 January 2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-5013-1167-3|page=143|chapter=Digital Media as Ornament in Contemporary Architectural Facades: Its Historical Dimension|quote=Totalitarian architecture, for instance, utilised specific propagandistic and symbolically loaded icons for its purposes"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antoszczyszyn|first=M.|date=2016|title=Manipulations of architecture of power; German New Reichschancellery in Berlin 1938 - 1939 by Albert Speer|url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-033583ae-eaf2-43f9-be8c-46ea5431c8ec|journal=Technical Issues|language=en|volume=nr 3|issn=2392-3954|quote=Totalitarian architecture was supposed to achieve political benefits thanks to some perceptional codes, consciously hidden in it.}}</ref> According to journal ''Esempi di Architettura'', "Architecture and [[Urban planning|town planning]] have the potential to support and promote ideological propaganda. In many ways, totalitarian architecture represents the regime that builds it."<ref>[https://www.netscientificjournals.com/smart-platform/?call_for_papers=totalitarian-architecture-and-urban-planning-history-and-legacy Totalitarian architecture and urban planning. History and legacy], an editorial by ''Esempi di Architettura'', ISSN (print): 2384-9576</ref> These architectures are generally described as united by using the [[megalomania]] to portray a sense of power, majesty and virility.<ref name=":0">Dennis P. Doordan. Twentieth-century architecture. H.N. Abrams, 2002. p. 122.</ref> The style has been criticized for "congenital unwholesomeness" and its "desire to dominate", hiding "feelings of inferiority" and projecting a "massive [[Id, ego and super-ego#Ego|ego]]" of totalitarian leaders.<ref name=":1" /> |
The intended aim of totalitarian architecture has been described as strengthening and spreading its [[ideology]], and they are an element of the state [[propaganda]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Antoszczyszyn|first=Marek|date=2017|title=Manipulations of Totalitarian Nazi Architecture|url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/245/5/052062|journal=IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering|volume=245|pages=052062|doi=10.1088/1757-899X/245/5/052062|issn=1757-8981|quote=Totalitarian architecture. Generally it might be defined as architecture created in frames of totalitarian State activity & under its strict control, due to its thorough character of the policy in order to strengthen & spread its ideology.}}</ref><ref name="Monteiro2017">{{cite book|author=Ua Caspary|editor=Stephen Monteiro|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5NsDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|title=The Screen Media Reader: Culture, Theory, Practice|date=12 January 2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-5013-1167-3|page=143|chapter=Digital Media as Ornament in Contemporary Architectural Facades: Its Historical Dimension|quote=Totalitarian architecture, for instance, utilised specific propagandistic and symbolically loaded icons for its purposes"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Antoszczyszyn|first=M.|date=2016|title=Manipulations of architecture of power; German New Reichschancellery in Berlin 1938 - 1939 by Albert Speer|url=http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/baztech/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-033583ae-eaf2-43f9-be8c-46ea5431c8ec|journal=Technical Issues|language=en|volume=nr 3|issn=2392-3954|quote=Totalitarian architecture was supposed to achieve political benefits thanks to some perceptional codes, consciously hidden in it.}}</ref> According to journal ''Esempi di Architettura'', "Architecture and [[Urban planning|town planning]] have the potential to support and promote ideological propaganda. In many ways, totalitarian architecture represents the regime that builds it."<ref>[https://www.netscientificjournals.com/smart-platform/?call_for_papers=totalitarian-architecture-and-urban-planning-history-and-legacy Totalitarian architecture and urban planning. History and legacy], an editorial by ''Esempi di Architettura'', ISSN (print): 2384-9576</ref> These architectures are generally described as united by using the [[megalomania]] to portray a sense of power, majesty and virility.<ref name=":0">Dennis P. Doordan. Twentieth-century architecture. H.N. Abrams, 2002. p. 122.</ref> The style has been criticized for "congenital unwholesomeness" and its "desire to dominate", hiding "feelings of inferiority" and projecting a "massive [[Id, ego and super-ego#Ego|ego]]" of totalitarian leaders.<ref name=":1" /> |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
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*''Architecture as Propaganda in twentieth-century totalitarian regimes: History and Heritage'', by Håkan Hökerberg (Editor), Edizioni Polistampa (November 2, 2018), ISBN |
*''Architecture as Propaganda in twentieth-century totalitarian regimes: History and Heritage'', by Håkan Hökerberg (Editor), Edizioni Polistampa (November 2, 2018), ISBN 859618355 |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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[[Category:Architectural styles]] |
[[Category:Architectural styles]] |
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[[Category:Totalitarianism]] |
[[Category:Totalitarianism]] |
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{{Arch-style-stub}} |
Revision as of 03:25, 16 July 2021
Totalitarian architecture refers to the architectural style approved by and often preferred by dictatorships and governments of totalitarian regimes, intended to strengthen and spread their ideology.[1] The style of totalitarian architecture shows a preference for "classical symbolism and monumentality",[2] drawing on simplified Neo-Classicism and (in sculpture), realism.[3]
Common examples include Stalinist architecture, Fascist architecture and Nazi architecture.[1][4][5][6] For example, the House of Soviets in Saint Petersburg has been described as "the purest form of totalitarian monumentality".[7] While many examples of totalitarian architecture are European, particularly from the eras of Soviet Union and Nazi Germany,[8] it has also been discussed in the context of other parts of the worlds, such as architecture of North Korea or the architecture of Communist China.[9][3] According to some historians of art, the totalitarian architecture of 20th century represents a variety of religious architecture[10]
The intended aim of totalitarian architecture has been described as strengthening and spreading its ideology, and they are an element of the state propaganda.[1][11][12] According to journal Esempi di Architettura, "Architecture and town planning have the potential to support and promote ideological propaganda. In many ways, totalitarian architecture represents the regime that builds it."[13] These architectures are generally described as united by using the megalomania to portray a sense of power, majesty and virility.[14] The style has been criticized for "congenital unwholesomeness" and its "desire to dominate", hiding "feelings of inferiority" and projecting a "massive ego" of totalitarian leaders.[2]
The totalitarian architecture was described by the Council of Europe as a part of European cultural heritage. According to their website[15] "Studying the architecture of Europe's totalitarian regimes, both the fascist and the communist ones, is a way to enhance the European identity in its unity and diversity. The idea of Europe originated from the wounds of World War II and the fall of Fascism and Nazism. It entered a new phase after the downfall of Communism, opening the way to a broader and more comprehensive idea of a Europe based on fundamental values such as political liberty, freedom of expression and assembly, democracy and the rule of law." However, many buildings from the Communist era are in the state of decay. Hence, the European cultural organization ATRIUM collects photographs of the abandoned buildings "that still stand as monuments to another time".[16]
References
- ^ a b c Antoszczyszyn, Marek (2017). "Manipulations of Totalitarian Nazi Architecture". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 245: 052062. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/245/5/052062. ISSN 1757-8981.
Totalitarian architecture. Generally it might be defined as architecture created in frames of totalitarian State activity & under its strict control, due to its thorough character of the policy in order to strengthen & spread its ideology.
- ^ a b Ward, Tony (1970-09-01). "Totalitarianism, Architecture and Conscience". Journal of Architectural Education. 24 (4): 35–49. doi:10.1080/10464883.1970.11102464. ISSN 1046-4883.
- ^ a b Totalitarian architecture by A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, James Stevens Curl, Oxford Reference
- ^ Totalitarianism, Architecture and Conscience by Tony Ward, Journal of Architectural Education
- ^ Totalitarian Art in the Soviet Union, the Third Reich, Fascist Italy and the People's Republic of China by Igor Golomstock
- ^ ATRIUM - Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the 20th Century In Europe's Urban Memory by the Council of Europe
- ^ Sennott, Stephen (2004). "ST. PETERSBURG (LENINGRAD), RUSSIA". Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture. Taylor & Francis. p. 557. ISBN 978-1-57958-433-7.
- ^ Ракочий, Я. В. (2010). "Передумови стилістики тоталітаризму в творах львівської архітектурної школи початку ХХ ст". Bulletin of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic". Вісник Національного університету "Львівська політехніка" (in Ukrainian). 674: 184–187.
Study and research of this topic is an important link in understanding of the evolution of totalitarian architecture as part of European cultural process, and its professional origin.
- ^ Prokopljević, Jelena (2019-09-30). "Hapkak and Curtain Wall: Imaginaries of Tradition and Technology in the Three Kims' North Korean Modern Architecture". S/N Korean Humanities. 5 (2): 59–86. doi:10.17783/ihu.2019.5.2.59. ISSN 2384-0668.
The socialist architecture developed in North Korea has generally been explained through two discursive frameworks: that of totalitarian architecture and that of national formalism, outdated and out-scaled
- ^ Tracing Religion and Cult in the Architecture of European Totalitarian Regimes of the XX Century, by Sasha S. Lozanova and Stela B. Tasheva, Design. Art. Industry (DAI). Issue 5, online link
- ^ Ua Caspary (12 January 2017). "Digital Media as Ornament in Contemporary Architectural Facades: Its Historical Dimension". In Stephen Monteiro (ed.). The Screen Media Reader: Culture, Theory, Practice. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-5013-1167-3.
Totalitarian architecture, for instance, utilised specific propagandistic and symbolically loaded icons for its purposes"
- ^ Antoszczyszyn, M. (2016). "Manipulations of architecture of power; German New Reichschancellery in Berlin 1938 - 1939 by Albert Speer". Technical Issues. nr 3. ISSN 2392-3954.
Totalitarian architecture was supposed to achieve political benefits thanks to some perceptional codes, consciously hidden in it.
{{cite journal}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ Totalitarian architecture and urban planning. History and legacy, an editorial by Esempi di Architettura, ISSN (print): 2384-9576
- ^ Dennis P. Doordan. Twentieth-century architecture. H.N. Abrams, 2002. p. 122.
- ^ ATRIUM - Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the 20th Century In Europe's Urban Memory
- ^ Hunting For The Architectural Relics Of Totalitarianism. A three-year project documents structures that date back to the reigns of Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini by Katharine Schwab, Fast Company
Further reading
- Architecture as Propaganda in twentieth-century totalitarian regimes: History and Heritage, by Håkan Hökerberg (Editor), Edizioni Polistampa (November 2, 2018), ISBN 859618355
External links
- ATRIUM - Architecture of Totalitarian Regimes of the 20th Century In Europe's Urban Memory by the Council of Europe