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robert boyle does not have a middle name was was born of jan. 25!! |
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{{For|the art director|Robert F. Boyle}} |
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that is all i know1 |
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{{Infobox_Scientist |
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| name = Robert Boyle |
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| image = Robert Boyle 0001.jpg |
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| caption = Robert Boyle |
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| birth_date = 25 January 1627 |
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| birth_place = [[Lismore Castle]], [[province of Munster|Munster]], [[Ireland]] |
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| death_date = 30 December 1691 (aged 64) |
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| death_place = [[London]], [[England]] |
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| field = [[Chemistry]], [[Physics]] |
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| work_institution = [[Royal Society of London]] |
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| known_for = Study of physical properties of gases <br> Study of the concept of an [[chemical element|element]] |
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}} |
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'''Robert Boyle''' {{bdd|January|25|1627|December|30|1691}} was an Irish [[natural philosopher]], chemist, physicist, inventor, and early [[gentleman scientist]], noted for his work in [[physics]] and [[chemistry]]. He is best known for the formulation of [[Boyle's law]]. Although his research and personal philosophy clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, he is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry. Among his works, ''[[The Sceptical Chymist]]'' is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry. |
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==Early years== |
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Robert Boyle was born in [[Lismore Castle]], in [[County Waterford]], [[Ireland]], the seventh son and fourteenth child of [[Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork]]. Richard Boyle had arrived in Ireland in 1588 as an entrepreneur, and had amassed enormous landholdings by the time Robert was born. While still a child, Robert learned to speak [[Latin]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[French language|French]]. He was not yet nine years old when, following the death of his mother, he was sent to [[Eton College]] in England, at which his father's friend, Sir [[Henry Wotton]], was then [[Provost (education)|provost]]. After spending over three years at Eton, Robert traveled abroad with a French tutor. They visited Italy in 1641, and remained in [[Florence]] during the winter of that year, studying the "paradoxes of the great star-gazer" [[Galileo Galilei]]—Galileo was elderly, but still alive in Florence in 1641. |
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==Middle years== |
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[[Image:Boyle air pump.jpg|thumb|right|Boyle's air pump.]] |
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Boyle returned to England from the Continent in mid 1644 with a keen interest in science.<ref>See biographies of Robert Boyle at [http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=522], [http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1992/Boyle.html], [http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Boyle.html] and [http://books.google.ie/books?id=fjDXtalPeesC&pg=PT24&lpg=PT24&dq=+minority+%22robert+boyle%22+continent&source=web&ots=0GoWnMtkTE&sig=w5L_P2i0E6hYobZE7vm9LffWYN4&hl=en] .</ref> His father had died the previous year and had left him the manor of [[Stalbridge]] in [[Dorset]], together with some estates in [[Ireland]]. From that time, he devoted his life to [[science|scientific]] research, and soon took a prominent place in the band of inquirers, known as the "[[Invisible College]]", who devoted themselves to the cultivation of the "new philosophy". They met frequently in London, often at [[Gresham College]]; some of the members also had meetings at [[Oxford]], and in that city Boyle went to reside in 1654. Reading in 1657 of [[Otto von Guericke]]'s air-pump, he set himself with the assistance of [[Robert Hooke]] to devise improvements in its construction, and with the result, the "machina Boyleana" or "Pneumatical Engine", finished in 1659, he began a series of experiments on the properties of air. An inscription can be found on the wall of [[University College, Oxford]] in the [[High Street, Oxford|High Street]] at [[Oxford]] (now the location of the [[Shelley Memorial]]), marking the spot where Cross Hall stood until the early 1800s. It was here that Boyle rented rooms from the wealthy apothecary who owned the Hall. |
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An account of Boyle's work with the air pump was published in 1660 under the title ''New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of the Air, and its Effects...''. Among the critics of the views put forward in this book was a [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]], [[Franciscus Linus]] (1595–1675), and it was while answering his objections that Boyle made his first mention of the law that the volume of a gas varies inversely to the pressure of the gas, which among English-speaking people is usually called after his name. |
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However, the person that originally formulated the hypothesis was Henry Power in 1661. Boyle included a reference to a paper written by Power, but mistakenly attributed it to Richard Townley. In continental Europe the hypothesis is sometimes attributed to [[Edme Mariotte]], although he did not publish it until 1676 and was likely aware of Boyle's work at the time.<ref>{{cite book |
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| last = Brush |
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| first = Stephen G. |
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| title = The Kinetic Theory of Gases: An Anthology of Classic Papers with Historical Commentary |
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| publisher = [[Imperial College Press]] |
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| series = History of Modern Physical Sciences Vol 1 |
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| year = 2003 |
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| isbn = 1860943489 }}</ref> |
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In 1663 the Invisible College became the [[Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge]], and the charter of incorporation granted by [[Charles II of England]], named Boyle a member of the council. In 1680 he was elected president of the society, but declined the honour from a scruple about oaths. |
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It was during his time at Oxford that Boyle was a ''[[Cavalier|Chevalier]]''. The Chevaliers are thought to have been established by royal order a few years before Boyle's time at Oxford. The period of Boyle's residence was marked by the reactionary actions of the victorious parliamentarian forces, consequently this period marked the most secretive period of Chevalier movements and thus little is known about Boyle's involvement beyond his membership. |
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In 1668 he left Oxford for [[London]] where he resided at the house of his sister, [[Lady Ranelagh]], in [[Pall Mall, London|Pall Mall]]. |
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==Later years== |
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[[Image:boyle-hooke.jpg|thumb|right|Plaque at the site of Boyle and Hooke's experiments in Oxford. See also [[Shelley Memorial#The Boyle-Hooke plaque|The Boyle-Hooke plaque]].]] |
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In 1689 his health, never very strong, began to fail seriously and he gradually withdrew from his public engagements, ceasing his communications to the Royal Society, and advertising his desire to be excused from receiving guests, "unless upon occasions very extraordinary", on Tuesday and Friday forenoon, and Wednesday and Saturday afternoon. In the leisure thus gained he wished to "recruit his spirits, range his papers", and prepare some important chemical investigations which he proposed to leave "as a kind of Hermetic legacy to the studious disciples of that art", but of which he did not make known the nature. His health became still worse in 1691, and he died on 30 December that year, just a week after that of the sister with whom he had lived for more than twenty years. He was buried in the churchyard of [[St Martin's in the Fields]], his funeral sermon being preached by his friend Bishop Burnet. In his will, Boyle endowed a series of Lectures which came to be known as the [[Boyle Lectures]]. |
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==Scientific investigator== |
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Boyle's great merit as a scientific investigator is that he carried out the principles which [[Francis Bacon (philosopher)|Francis Bacon]] preached in the ''[[Novum Organum]]''. Yet he would not avow himself a follower of Bacon, or indeed of any other teacher. On several occasions he mentions that in order to keep his judgment as unprepossessed as might be with any of the modern theories of philosophy, until he was "provided of experiments" to help him judge of them, he refrained from any study of the [[atomism|Atomical]] and the [[René Descartes|Cartesian]] systems, and even of the Novum Organum itself, though he admits to "transiently consulting" them about a few particulars. Nothing was more alien to his mental temperament than the spinning of hypotheses. He regarded the acquisition of knowledge as an end in itself, and in consequence he gained a wider outlook on the aims of scientific inquiry than had been enjoyed by his predecessors for many centuries. This, however, did not mean that he paid no attention to the practical application of science nor that he despised knowledge which tended to use. |
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[[Image:The Sceptical Chymist.jpg|thumb|right|Title page of ''The Sceptical Chymist'' (1661).]] |
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Boyle was an [[alchemy|alchemist]]; and believing the [[wiktionary:Transmutation|transmutation]] of metals to be a possibility, he carried out experiments in the hope of effecting it; and he was instrumental in obtaining the repeal, in 1689, of the statute of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]] against [[multiplier (alchemy)|multiplying]] [[gold]] and [[silver]]. With all the important work he accomplished in [[physics]] – the enunciation of [[Boyle's law]], the discovery of the part taken by air in the propagation of [[sound]], and investigations on the expansive force of freezing water, on [[specific gravity|specific gravities]] and [[refraction|refractive]] powers, on [[crystal]]s, on [[electricity]], on [[colour]], on [[hydrostatics]], etc. – [[chemistry]] was his peculiar and favourite study. His first book on the subject was ''[[The Sceptical Chymist]]'', published in 1661, in which he criticized the "experiments whereby vulgar [[Alchemy|Spagyrists]] are wont to endeavour to evince their [[Salt]], [[Sulphur]] and [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]] to be the true Principles of Things.". For him chemistry was the science of the composition of substances, not merely an adjunct to the arts of the alchemist or the physician. He advanced towards the modern view of elements as the undecomposable constituents of material bodies; and understanding the distinction between [[mixture (chemistry)|mixture]]s and [[compound (chemistry)|compound]]s, he made considerable progress in the technique of detecting their ingredients, a process which he designated by the term "analysis". He further supposed that the elements were ultimately composed of [[Subatomic particle|particle]]s of various sorts and sizes, into which, however, they were not to be resolved in any known way. Applied chemistry had to thank him for improved methods and for an extended knowledge of individual substances. He also studied the chemistry of [[combustion]] and of [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]], and conducted experiments in [[physiology]], where, however, he was hampered by the "tenderness of his nature" which kept him from anatomical [[dissection]]s, especially of living animals, though he knew them to be "most instructing". |
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Besides being a busy natural philosopher, Boyle devoted much time to [[theology]], showing a very decided leaning to the practical side and an indifference to controversial [[polemic]]s. At the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] he was favourably received at court, and in 1665 would have received the provostship of [[Eton College|Eton]], if he would have taken orders; but this he refused to do on the ground that his writings on religious subjects would have greater weight coming from a layman than a paid minister of the Church. As a director of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] he spent large sums in promoting the spread of [[Christianity]] in the East, contributing liberally to [[missionary]] societies, and to the expenses of translating the [[Bible]] or portions of it into various languages. He founded the [[Boyle Lectures]], intended to defend the [[Christianity|Christian religion]] against those he considered "notorious infidels, namely [[atheist]]s, [[deist]]s, [[pagan]]s, [[Jew]]s and [[Muslim]]s", with the provision that controversies between Christians were not to be mentioned. In 2004, the Boyle Lectures were resurrected in London.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.stmarylebow.co.uk/?Boyle_Lecture | title = The Boyle Lecture | work = St. Marylebow Church}}</ref> |
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In person Boyle was tall, slender and of a pale countenance. His constitution was far from robust, and throughout his life he suffered from feeble health and low spirits. While his scientific work procured him an extraordinary reputation among his contemporaries, his private character and virtues, the charm of his social manners, his wit and powers of conversation, endeared him to a large circle of personal friends. He was never married. His writings are exceedingly voluminous, and his style is clear and straightforward, though undeniably verbose.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (1911)</ref> |
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==Important works== |
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[[Image:Boyle'sSelfFlowingFlask.png|thumb|Boyle's self-flowing flask, a [[perpetual motion machine]], appears to fill itself through [[siphon]] action. This is not possible in reality; a siphon requires its "output" to be lower than the "input".]] |
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The following are the more important of his works: |
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* 1660 – New Experiments Physico-Mechanical: Touching the Spring of the Air and their Effects |
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* 1661 – [[The Sceptical Chymist]] |
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* 1663 – Considerations touching the Usefulness of Experimental Natural Philosophy (followed by a second part in 1671) |
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* 1664 – Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours, with Observations on a Diamond that Shines in the Dark |
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* 1665 – New Experiments and Observations upon Cold |
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* 1666 – Hydrostatical Paradoxes |
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* 1666 – Origin of Forms and Qualities according to the Corpuscular Philosophy |
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* 1669 – a continuation of his work on the spring of air |
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* 1670 – tracts about the Cosmical Qualities of Things, the Temperature of the Subterraneal and Submarine Regions, the Bottom of the Sea, &c. with an Introduction to the History of Particular Qualities |
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* 1672 – Origin and Virtues of Gems |
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* 1673 – Essays of the Strange Subtilty, Great Efficacy, Determinate Nature of Effluviums |
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* 1674 – two volumes of tracts on the Saltiness of the Sea, [[Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air]], Cold, Celestial Magnets, Animadversions on Hobbes's Problemata de Vacuo |
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* 1676 – Experiments and Notes about the Mechanical Origin or Production of Particular Qualities, including some notes on electricity and magnetism |
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* 1678 – Observations upon an artificial Substance that Shines without any Preceding Illustration |
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* 1680 – the Aerial Noctiluca |
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* 1682 – New Experiments and Observations upon the Icy Noctiluca |
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* 1682 – a further continuation of his work on the air |
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* 1684 – Memoirs for the Natural History of the Human Blood |
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* 1685 – Short Memoirs for the Natural Experimental History of [[Mineral Water]]s |
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* 1686 – [http://books.google.com/books?id=k5muNiPfRY4C A Free Enquiry into the Vulgarly Received Notion of Nature] |
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* 1690 – Medicina Hydrostatica |
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* 1691 – Experimentae et Observationes Physicae |
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Among his religious and philosophical writings were: |
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* 1648/1660 – Seraphic Love, written in 1648, but not published until 1660 |
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* 1663 – An Essay upon the Style of the Holy Scriptures |
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* 1664 – Excellence of Theology compared with Natural Philosophy |
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* 1665 – Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects, which was ridiculed by [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]] in [[Meditation Upon a Broomstick|A Meditation Upon a Broom-Stick]], and by [[Samuel Butler (1612-1680)|Butler]] in An Occasional Reflection on Dr Charlton's Feeling a Dog's Pulse at Gresham College |
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* 1675 – Some Considerations about the Reconcileableness of Reason and Religion, with a Discourse about the Possibility of the Resurrection |
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* 1687 – The Martyrdom of Theodora And Didymus |
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* 1690 – [[The Christian Virtuoso]] |
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==See also== |
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*[[Ambrose Godfrey]], phosphorus manufacturer who started as Boyle's assistant |
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*[[Anaerobic digestion]], history section |
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*''[[An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump]]'', a painting of a demonstration of one of Boyle's experiments |
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*[[Boyle temperature]], thermodynamic quantity named after Boyle |
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*[[Lismore Castle]] |
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*[[List of people on stamps of Ireland]] |
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*[[Timeline of hydrogen technologies]] |
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==Notes== |
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<references/> |
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==Further reading== |
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* Stephen Shapin and Simon Schaffer, ''[[Leviathan and the Air-Pump]].'' |
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* Lawrence Principe, ''The Aspiring Adept: Robert Boyle and His Alchemical Quest'' |
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==Boyle's published works online== |
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* The Sceptical Chymist: [http://oldsite.library.upenn.edu/etext/collections/science/boyle/chymist/ University of Pennsylvania Library], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/22914 Project Gutenberg] |
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* [http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-virtue-gems/page_001 Essay on the Virtue of Gems] Gem and Diamond Foundation |
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* Experiments Touching Colours: [http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/boyle-experiments-colours/page_001 Gem and Diamond Foundation], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14504 Project Gutenberg] |
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* [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_papers/boylepapers_index.htm Boyle Papers] University of London |
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==External links== |
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{{commons|Robert Boyle|Robert Boyle}} |
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* {{sep entry|boyle|Robert Boyle|J. J. MacIntosh and Peter Anstey}} |
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* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Boyle}} |
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* [http://archive.museophile.org/ox/univ-col/boyle-hooke.html Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke] |
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* [http://www.bbk.ac.uk/boyle/ Robert Boyle Project, Birkbeck, University of London] |
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* [http://www.robert-boyle.co.uk The Boyle's Educational Foundation] |
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* [http://cogweb.ucla.edu/EarlyModern/Boyle_1661.html Summary juxtaposition of Boyle's ''The Sceptical Chymist'' and his ''The Christian Virtuoso''] |
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* [http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Bible-Science/PSCF3-1997Woodall.html The Relationship between Science and Scripture in the Thought of Robert Boyle] |
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* [http://books.google.com/books?id=nsrrMF81RHEC Robert Boyle and His Alchemical Quest : Including Boyle's "Lost" Dialogue on the Transmutation of Metals], [[Princeton University Press]], 1998, ISBN 0691050821 |
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* {{1911}} |
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* {{A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyle, Robert}} |
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[[Category:Irish physicists]] |
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[[Category:Irish chemists]] |
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[[Category:British natural philosophers]] |
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[[Category:British physicists]] |
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[[Category:Discoverers of chemical elements]] |
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[[Category:Early modern philosophers]] |
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[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]] |
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[[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]] |
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[[Category:Old Etonians]] |
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[[Category:People from County Waterford]] |
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[[Category:Gentleman scientists]] |
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[[Category:Religion and science]] |
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[[zh:罗伯特·波义耳]] |
Revision as of 17:58, 18 November 2008
robert boyle does not have a middle name was was born of jan. 25!! that is all i know1