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|year_start = 1887 |
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|year_end = 1954 |
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| |
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|date_start = October 17 |
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|date_end = November 9 |
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|event_start=Established |
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|event_end = Independence of Cambodia |
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|event1 = Addition of Laos |
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|date_event1 = October 3, 1893 |
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|event2 = Independence of (North) Vietnam (proclaimed) |
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|date_event2 = September 2, 1945 |
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|event3 = Independence of (South) Vietnam |
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|date_event3 = June 14, 1949 |
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|event4 = Independence of Laos |
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|date_event4 = July 19, 1949 |
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| |
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|p1 = Annam (French protectorate) |
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|flag_p1 = Flag of Central Vietnam (1885-1890).svg |
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|p2 = French protectorate of Cambodia |
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|flag_p2 = Flag of Cambodia under French protection.svg |
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|p3 = French Laos |
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|flag_p3 = Flag of French Laos.svg |
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|s1 = North Vietnam |
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|flag_s1 = Flag of North Vietnam 1945-1955.svg |
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|image_flag = Flag of Colonial Vietnam.svg |
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|s2 = State of Vietnam |
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|flag_s2 = Flag of South Vietnam.svg |
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|s3 = Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970) |
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|flag_s3 = Flag of Cambodia.svg |
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|s4 = Kingdom of Laos |
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|flag_s4 = Flag of Laos (1952-1975).svg |
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| |
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|image_map = French indochina map.png |
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|image_map_caption = '''Green''': French Indochina<br>'''Dark gray''': Other [[French colonial empire|French possessions]]<br>'''Darkest gray''': [[French Third Republic|French Republic]] |
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'''Note''': Thin white lines designate the subdivisions of French Indochina that now constitute modern-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia |
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| |
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|capital = [[Saigon]] (1887–1901)<br>[[Hanoi]] (1902–1954) |
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|national_motto = |
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|national_anthem = |
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|common_languages = French, [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]], [[Khmer language|Khmer]], [[Lao language|Lao]] |
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|religion = [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Confuscianism]], [[Catholicism]] |
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|stat_year1 = 1935 |
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|stat_area1 = 750000 |
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|stat_pop1 = 21599582 |
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|currency = [[French Indochinese piastre]] |
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}} |
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[[Image:Colonies of the second French colonial empire.jpg|right|thumb|285px|Indochina in 1891 (from ''[[Le Monde Illustré]]'').<br /> |
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1. Panorama of ''Lac-Kaï'', French outpost in China.<br /> |
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2. ''Yun-nan'', in the quay of [[Hanoi]].<br /> |
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3. Flooded street of Hanoi.<br /> |
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4. Landing stage of Hanoi]] |
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'''French Indochina''' ({{lang-fr|Indochine française}}; {{lang-km| សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន}}, {{lang-vi|Đông Dương thuộc Pháp}}, {{IPA-vi|ɗoŋm zɰəŋ tʰuə̀k fǎp|pron}}, frequently abbreviated to ''Đông Pháp'') was part of the [[French colonial empire]] in southeast Asia. A federation of the three [[Vietnam]]ese regions, [[Tonkin]] (North), [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] (Central), and [[Cochinchina]] (South), as well as [[Cambodia]], was formed in 1887. |
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[[Laos]] was added in 1893 and [[Guangzhouwan|Kouang-Tchéou-Wan]] in 1900. The capital was moved from [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] (in Cochinchina) to [[Hanoi]] (Tonkin) in 1902. During World War II, the colony was administered by [[Vichy France]] and was under Japanese occupation. Beginning in May 1941, the [[Viet Minh]], a communist army led by [[Ho Chi Minh]], began a revolt against French rule known as the [[First Indochina War]]. |
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In Saigon, the anti-Communist [[State of Vietnam]], led by former Emperor [[Bảo Đại]], was granted independence in 1949. Following the [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Accord of 1954]], the Viet Minh became the government of [[North Vietnam]], although the Bảo Đại government continued to rule in [[South Vietnam]]. |
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==First French interventions== |
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{{main|France-Vietnam relations|French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh}} |
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[[Image:Prince Canh MEP.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of crown prince [[Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh]] in France, 1787.]] |
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France-Vietnam relations started as early as the 17th century with the mission of the [[Jesuit]], Father [[Alexandre de Rhodes]]. At this time, Vietnam was only just beginning to occupy the [[Mekong Delta]], former territory of the Indianized kingdom of [[Champa]] they had defeated in 1471.<ref name="USvietAnalysis"> |
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{{cite book |
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| last=Kahin |
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| first=George McTurnin |
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| coauthors = Lewis, John W. |
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| title=The United States in Vietnam: An analysis in depth of the history of America's involvement in Vietnam |
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| year=1967 |
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| publisher=Delta Books |isbn=}}</ref> European involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century. In 1787, [[Pigneau de Béhaine]] petitioned the French government and organized French military volunteers to aid [[Nguyễn Ánh]] in retaking lands lost to the [[Tây Sơn]]. Pigneau died in Viet Nam, his troops fought on until 1802 in the [[French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh]]. |
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France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century; protecting the work of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] in the country was often presented as a justification. For its part, the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat; courtesans, for example, an influential faction in the dynastic system, feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy. |
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In 1858, the brief period of unification under the [[Nguyễn Dynasty]] ended with a successful attack on [[Da Nang]] by [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]]. Diplomat [[Charles de Montigny]]'s mission having failed, Genouilly's mission was to stop attempts to expel Catholic missionaries. His orders, from [[Napoleon III]], were to stop the persecution of missionaries and assure the unimpeded propagation of the faith.<ref name="tucker29">{{cite book |
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|last=Tucker |
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|first=Spencer C. |title=Vietnam |pages=29 |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WZry2NaH2_sC&pg=PA29 |format=[[Google Book Search]] |
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|year=1999 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0813109663}}</ref> |
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In September, 14 French gunships, 3,000 men and 300 Filipino troops provided by the Spanish,<ref>{{cite book |last=Chapuis |
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|first=Oscar |
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|title=A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc |
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|year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |
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|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jskyi00bspcC |
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| format=[[Google Book Search]] |
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|isbn=0313296227 |pages=195}}</ref> attacked the port of Tourane (present day [[Da Nang]]), causing significant damages, and occupying the city. After a few months, Rigault had to leave the city due to supply issues and illnesses.<ref name="tucker29" /> |
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Sailing south, De Genouilly then captured the poorly defended city of [[Sai Gon]] (present day Ho Chi Minh City), on 18 February 1859. On 13 April 1862, the Vietnamese government was forced to cede the territories of [[Bien Hoa|Biên Hòa]], [[Gia Dinh|Gia Định]] and [[Dinh Tuong]] to France. De Genouilly was criticized for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November 1859, with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam, but not to try to obtain territorial gains.<ref name="tucker29" /> However, French policy four years later saw a reversal; French territory in Viet Nam continued to accumulate. In 1862, France obtained concessions from Emperor Tự Đức, ceding three treaty ports in [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]] and [[Tonkin]], and all of [[Cochinchina]], the latter being formally declared a French territory in 1864. In 1867 the provinces of [[Chau Doc]], [[Ha Tien]] and [[Vĩnh Long Province|Vĩnh Long]] were added to French controlled territory. |
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In 1863, the Cambodian king [[Norodom of Cambodia|Norodom]] had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country. In 1867, [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]] (modern [[Thailand]]) renounced [[suzerainty]] over Cambodia and officially recognized the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia, in exchange for the control of [[Battambang]] and [[Siem Reap]] provinces which officially became part of [[Thailand]] (These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]] in 1906). |
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==Establishment of French Indochina== |
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[[File:FrenchMarsouinsIndochina1888.jpg|thumb|left|French marine infantrymen in Tonkin, 1884]] |
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[[File:French Indochina expansion.jpg|thumb|Expansion of French Indochina (in blue).]] |
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France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the [[Sino-French war]] (1884–1885). French Indochina was formed in October 1887 from [[Annam (French colony)|Annam]], [[Tonkin]], [[Cochinchina]] (which together form modern [[Vietnam]]) and the [[French protectorate of Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia]]; [[Laos]] was added after the [[Franco-Siamese War]]. |
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The [[federation]] lasted until 1954. In the four [[protectorates]], the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the [[Emperors of Vietnam]], [[Kings of Cambodia]], and [[Kings of Luang Prabang]], but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads. |
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===Vietnamese rebellions=== |
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French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid 1880s they had established a firm grip over the northern region. From 1885 to 1895, [[Phan Dinh Phung|Phan Đình Phùng]] led a rebellion against the colonizing power. Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during and after [[Vietnam during World War I|World War I]], but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain any concessions from the French overseers. |
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===Franco-Siamese war (1893)=== |
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{{main|Franco-Siamese War of 1893}} |
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[[File:Siamese Army in Laos 1893.jpg|thumb|left|Siamese army in the disputed territory of [[Laos]] in 1893.]] |
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Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for the expansion of French Indochina led to the [[Franco-Siamese War of 1893]]. In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes, followed by the Paknam naval incident, to provoke a crisis. French gunboats appeared at Bangkok, and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the [[Mekong]]. King [[Chulalongkorn]] appealed to the British, but the British minister told the King to settle on whatever terms he could get, and he had no choice but to comply. Britain's only gesture was an agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam. In exchange, Siam had to give up its claim to the Tai-speaking [[Shan State|Shan region]] of north-eastern Burma to the British, and cede [[Laos]] to France. |
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===Further encroachments on Siam (1904–1907)=== |
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[[File:OccupationOfTrat1904.jpg|thumb|Occupation of [[Trat]] by French troops in 1904.]] |
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The French, however, continued to pressure Siam, and in 1906–1907 they manufactured another crisis. This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite [[Luang Prabang]] and around [[Champasak (town)|Champasak]] in southern Laos, as well as western Cambodia. France also occupied the western part of [[Chantaburi]]. In 1904, in order to get back Chantaburi Siam had to give [[Trat]] to French Indochina. Trat became part of Thailand again on March 23, 1906 in exchange for many areas east of the [[Mekong]] river like [[Battambang Province|Battambang]], [[Siam Nakhon Province|Siam Nakhon]] and [[Banteay Meanchey|Sisophon]]. |
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[[File:Indochine française (1913).jpg|thumb|left|French Indochina in 1913.]] |
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In the 1930s, [[Thailand|Siam]] engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French. In 1938, under the [[Popular Front (France)|Front Populaire]] administration in Paris, France had agreed to repatriate [[Angkor Wat]], [[Angkor Thom]], [[Siam Reap]], [[Siam Pang]] and the associated provinces (approximately 13) to Siam. Meanwhile, Siam took over control of those areas, in anticipation of the upcoming treaty. Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces. |
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===Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang=== |
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On February 10, 1930, there was an uprising by [[Vietnam]]ese soldiers in the French [[colonial army]]'s [[Yen Bai]] garrison. The [[Yên Bái mutiny]] was sponsored by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng]] (VNQDD). The VNQDD was the Vietnamese Nationalist Party. The attack was the largest disturbance brewed up by the [[Can Vuong]] monarchist restoration movement of the late 19th century. The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial authority. The VNQDD had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule, but increasing French scrutiny on their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the [[Red River Delta]] in northern Vietnam. |
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===French-Thai War (1940–1941)=== |
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{{main|French-Thai War}} |
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During World War II, [[Thailand]] took the opportunity of French weaknesses to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the [[French-Thai War]] between October 1940 and 9 May 1941. The Thai forces generally did well on the ground, but Thai objectives in the war were limited. In January, [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the [[Battle of Koh Chang]]. The war ended in May at the instigation of the Japanese, with the French forced to concede territorial gains for Thailand. |
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==World War II== |
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{{main|Vietnam during World War II}} |
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In September 1940, during [[Pacific War|World War II]], the newly created regime of [[Vichy France]] granted Japan's demands for military access to Tonkin with the [[invasion of French Indochina]] (or [[Vietnam Expedition]]). This allowed Japan better access to China in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] against the forces of [[Chiang Kai-shek]], but it was also part of Japan's strategy for dominion over the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]. |
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[[Thailand]] took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the [[French-Thai War]] between October 1940 and 9 May 1941. |
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On 9 March 1945, with France liberated, Germany in retreat, and the United States ascendant in the Pacific, Japan decided to take complete control of [[Indochina]]. The Japanese launched the [[Second French Indochina Campaign]]. The Japanese kept power in Indochina until the news of their government's surrender came through in August. |
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==First Indochina War== |
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{{main|First Indochina War}} |
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After the war, France petitioned for the nullification of the 1938 [[Franco-Siamese Treaty]] and attempted to reassert itself in the region, but came into conflict with the [[Viet Minh]], a coalition of [[Communism|Communist]] and Vietnamese [[nationalism|nationalist]]s under French-educated dissident [[Ho Chi Minh]]. During World War II, the United States had supported the Viet Minh in resistance against the Japanese; the group had been in control of the countryside since the French gave way in March 1945. |
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American President Roosevelt and General Stilwell, privately made it adamantly clear that the French were not to reacquire French Indochina, (modern day Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) after the war was over. Roosevelt offered [[Chiang Kai-shek]] the entire Indochina to be put under Chinese rule. It was said that Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!".<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v5YlBtzklvQC&pg=PA235&dq=chiang+kai-shek+vietnam+Under+no+circumstances&hl=en&ei=hI4OTZGwIcL98Aasn5iVDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20vietnam%20Under%20no%20circumstances&f=false|title=The march of folly: from Troy to Vietnam|author=Barbara Wertheim Tuchman|year=1985|publisher=Random House, Inc.|location=|page=235|isbn=0345308239|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref> |
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After the war, 200,000 Chinese troops under General [[Lu Han]] were sent by Chiang Kai-shek invaded northern Indochina north of the 16th parallel to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces, and remained there until 1946.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iF3MG43x--0C&pg=PA30&dq=chiang+kai-shek+vietnam+french+concessions&hl=en&ei=_Y0OTYTpIsL38Aa2_MiwDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20vietnam%20french%20concessions&f=false|title=America's war in Vietnam: a short narrative history|author=Larry H. Addington|year=2000|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=|page=30|isbn=0253213606|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref> The Chinese used the [[VNQDD]], the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese [[Kuomintang]], to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o1t8-EjWyrgC&pg=PA119&dq=chiang+kai-shek+vietnam+french+concessions&hl=en&ei=_Y0OTYTpIsL38Aa2_MiwDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20vietnam%20french%20concessions&f=false|title=Britain in Vietnam: prelude to disaster, 1945-6|author=Peter Neville|year=2007|publisher=Psychology Press|location=|page=119|isbn=0415358485|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref> Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement, and in February 1946 he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pVNaoUu7veUC&pg=PA21&dq=chiang+kai-shek+vietnam+french+concessions&hl=en&ei=_Y0OTYTpIsL38Aa2_MiwDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEoQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20vietnam%20french%20concessions&f=false|title=The tragedy of the Vietnam War: a South Vietnamese officer's analysis|author=Van Nguyen Duong|year=2008|publisher=McFarland|location=|page=21|isbn=0786432853|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1I4HOcmE4XQC&pg=PA41&dq=chiang+kai-shek+vietnam+french+concessions&hl=en&ei=_Y0OTYTpIsL38Aa2_MiwDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20vietnam%20french%20concessions&f=false|title=Vietnam 1946: how the war began|author=Stein Tønnesson|year=2010|publisher=University of California Press|location=|page=41|isbn=0520256026|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=yQGqQ3LmExwC&pg=PA63&dq=chiang+kai-shek+vietnam+french+concessions&hl=en&ei=_Y0OTYTpIsL38Aa2_MiwDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=chiang%20kai-shek%20vietnam%20french%20concessions&f=false|title=The Vietnam War as history: edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher|author=Elizabeth Jane Errington|year=1990|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=|page=63|isbn=0275935604|pages=|accessdate=2010-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/vietnam/index-1945.html|title=The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 - 1960|publisher=The History Place|year=1999|accessdate=2010-12-28}}</ref> |
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After persuading [[Emperors of Vietnam|Emperor]] [[Bảo Đại]] to abdicate in his favour, on September 2, 1945 President Ho declared independence for the [[Democratic Republic of Vietnam]]. But before September's end, a force of British and [[Free French Forces|French]] soldiers, along with captured Japanese troops, restored French control. Bitter fighting ensued in the [[First Indochina War]]. In 1950 Ho again declared an independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which was recognized by the fellow Communist governments of [[People's Republic of China|China]] and the Soviet Union. Fighting lasted until March 1954, when the Viet Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the gruelling [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]]. |
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[[File:Indochina 1954.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Indochina in 1954.]] |
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==Geneva Agreements== |
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On April 27, 1954, the [[Geneva Conference of 1954|Geneva Conference]] produced the Geneva Agreements; supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina, granting it independence from France, declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs, delineating northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw, they mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956.<ref name="USvietAnalysis"> |
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{{cite book |
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| last=Kahin |
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| first=George McTurnin |
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| coauthors = Lewis, John W. |
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| title=The United States in Vietnam: An analysis in depth of the history of America's involvement in Vietnam |
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| year=1967 |
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| publisher=Delta Books |
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|isbn=}}</ref> It also settled a number of outstanding disputes relating to the [[Korean War]]{{citation needed |date=November 2008}}. It was at this conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula. Neither the U.S. nor South Vietnam signed the Geneva Accords. South Vietnamese leader Diem rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement, saying that a free election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by the Geneva Accords. |
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The events of 1954 marked the beginnings of serious involvement in [[Vietnam]] by the United States which led to the [[Vietnam War]]. Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954, but were both drawn into the Vietnam War. |
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==See also== |
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{{Portalbox|Cambodia|France|Vietnam}} |
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*[[List of colonial heads of French Indochina]] |
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*[[Political administration of French Indochina]] |
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*[[French colonial administration of Laos]] |
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*[[List of French possessions and colonies]] |
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{{-}} |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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{{Morefootnotes|article|date=September 2008}} |
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==References== |
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{{commons category|French Indochina}} |
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* Brocheux, Pierre, and Daniel Hemery. ''Indochina: An Ambiguous Colonization, 1858–1954'' (University of California Press; 2010) 490 pages; a history of French Indochina. |
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*{{cite book |last=Chandler |first=David |title=A History of Cambodia |edition=4th ed. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colorado: |isbn=0813343631 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Duiker |first=William |title=The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam, 1900-1941 |authorlink=William J. Duiker |coauthors= |year=1976 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=0801409519 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Edwards |first=Penny |title=Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, 1860–1945 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=0824829239 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Evans |first=Grant |title=A Short History of Laos |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=Allen and Unwin |location=Crow's Nest, Australia |isbn= |id={{ASIN|B000MBU21O}} }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Marr |first=David |title=Vietnamese Anticolonialism, 1885–1925 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520018133 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Marr |first=David |title=Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1982 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520041801 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Marr |first=David |title=Vietnam 1945: The Quest for Power |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520078330 |pages= }} |
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*{{cite book |last=McLeod |first=Mark |title=The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention, 1862–1874 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1991 |publisher=Praeger |location=New York |isbn=0275935620 |pages= }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Martin J. |title=The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina (1870–1940) |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1980 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520040007 |pages= }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Osborne |first=Milton |title=The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response (1859–1905) |authorlink=Milton Osborne |coauthors= |year=1969 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn= |pages= |id={{ASIN|B000K13QGO}} }} |
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*Perkins, Mandaley (2006). ''Hanoi, Adieu: A bittersweet memoir of French Indochina'', Sydney, Harper Perennial, ISBN 9780 7322 8197 7, ISBN 0 7322 8197 0 |
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*{{cite book |last=Stuart-Fox |first=Martin |title=A History of Laos |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, U.K. |isbn=0521592356 |pages= }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Tarling |first=Nicholas |title=Imperialism in Southeast Asia: "A Fleeting, Passing Phase" |authorlink=Nicholas Tarling |coauthors= |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=0415232899 |pages= }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Tully |first=John |title=France on the Mekong: A History of the Protectorate in Cambodia, 1863–1953 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |publisher=University Press of America |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=0761824316 |pages= }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Woodside |first=Alexander |title=Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1976 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=0395203678 |pages= }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Zinoman |first=Peter |title=The Colonial Bastille: A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862–1940 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0520224124 |pages= }} |
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{{French Indochina}} |
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{{Vietnamese independence movement}} |
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[[Category:1953 disestablishments]] |
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[[Category:Former colonies of France|Indochina]] |
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[[Category:French Indochina| ]] |
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[[Category:1887 establishments]] |
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[[Category:New Imperialism]] |
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[[Category:Second French Empire]] |
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[[Category:Former countries in Southeast Asia]] |
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[[Category:Former countries in history of Vietnam]] |
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1887]] |
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[[ca:Indoxina francesa]] |
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[[cs:Francouzská Indočína]] |
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[[da:Fransk Indokina]] |
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[[de:Französisch-Indochina]] |
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[[es:Indochina francesa]] |
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[[eo:Franca Hindoĉinio]] |
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[[fr:Indochine française]] |
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[[ko:프랑스령 인도차이나]] |
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[[hr:Francuska Indokina]] |
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[[id:Indochina Perancis]] |
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[[it:Indocina francese]] |
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[[jv:Prancis Indocina]] |
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[[la:Indosina Francica]] |
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[[lt:Prancūzijos Indokinija]] |
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[[nl:Unie van Indochina]] |
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[[ja:フランス領インドシナ]] |
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[[pnb:فرانسیسی ہند چینی]] |
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[[pl:Indochiny Francuskie]] |
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[[pt:Indochina Francesa]] |
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[[ru:Французский Индокитай]] |
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[[sk:Francúzska Indočína]] |
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[[fi:Ranskan Indokiina]] |
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[[tl:Indo-Tsinang Pranses]] |
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[[th:อินโดจีนของฝรั่งเศส]] |
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[[tr:Fransız Çinhindi]] |
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[[uk:Французький Індокитай]] |
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[[vi:Liên bang Đông Dương]] |
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[[zh:法屬印度支那]] |