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He liked Men for 39 years of his life! |
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{{Infobox person |
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| name = Francis Scott Key |
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| occupation = [[Poet]], [[lawyer]], [[district attorney]] |
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| image = Key-Francis-Scott-LOC.jpg |
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| image_size = 200px |
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| caption = |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1779|8|1}} |
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| birth_place = [[Carroll County, Maryland]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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| nationality = [[United States|American]] |
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| spouse = |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1843|1|11|1779|8|1}} |
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| death_place = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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|names in other languages = |
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| ethnicity = [[English American|English]] |
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|children =[[Philip Barton Key II]] |
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| relatives = [[Philip Barton Key]], uncle<br>[[Francis Key Howard]], grandson |
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| religion = [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopalian]] |
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}} |
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[[File:TerraRubra.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maryland Historical Society]] plaque marking the birthplace of Francis Scott Key]] |
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[[File:Fort mc henry cannon Baltimore.jpg|thumb|right|[[Fort McHenry]] looking towards the position of the British ships (with the [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]] in the distance on the upper left)]] |
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'''Francis Scott Key''' (August 1, 1779 – January 11, 1843) was an [[United States|American]] [[lawyer]], author, and amateur [[poet]], from [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]], who wrote the lyrics to the United States' [[national anthem]], "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]". |
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==Life== |
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Francis Scott Key was born to Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and Captain [[John Ross Key]] at the family plantation [[Terra Rubra]] in what was [[Frederick County, Maryland|Frederick County]] and is now [[Carroll County, Maryland]]. His father [[John Ross Key]] was a lawyer, a judge and an officer in the [[Continental Army]]. His great-grandparents were Philip Key and Susanna Barton Gardiner, both born in [[London]], [[England]], immigrated to [[Maryland]] in 1726.<ref>[http://www.ronulrich.com/rfuged/fam10845.htm Ancestors of Francis Scott Key]. Ronulrich.com (2011-05-18). Retrieved on 2011-09-11.</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSEAhOKnfMAC&pg=PA4&dq=Francis+Scott+Key+philip+england&cd=2#v=onepage&q=Francis%20Scott%20Key%20philip%20england&f=false Spangled Banner – The Story of Francis Scott Key] By Victor Weybright</ref> |
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He studied law at [[St. John's College, U.S.|St. John's College]], [[Annapolis, Maryland]] and also learned under his uncle [[Philip Barton Key (U.S. politician)|Philip Barton Key]].<ref name=Hubbell300>Hubbell, Jay B. ''The South in American Literature: 1607–1900''. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1954: 300.</ref> |
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==="The Star-Spangled Banner"=== |
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During the [[War of 1812]], Key, accompanied by the American Prisoner Exchange Agent Colonel [[John Stuart Skinner]], dined aboard the British ship [[HMS Tonnant (1792)|HMS ''Tonnant'']], as the guests of three British officers: Vice Admiral [[Alexander Cochrane]], Rear Admiral <!-- At the time, Cockburn was still a Rear Admiral -->Sir [[George Cockburn]], and Major General [[Robert Ross (British army officer)|Robert Ross]]. Skinner and Key were there to negotiate the release of prisoners, one being Dr. [[William Beanes]]. Beanes was a resident of [[Upper Marlboro, Maryland]] and had been captured by the British after he placed rowdy stragglers under citizen's arrest with a group of men. Skinner, Key, and Beanes were not allowed to return to their own [[sloop]]: they had become familiar with the strength and position of the British units and with the British intent to attack Baltimore. As a result of this, Key was unable to do anything but watch the bombarding of the American forces at [[Fort McHenry]] during the [[Battle of Baltimore]] on the night of September 13 – September 14, 1814.<ref name=Hubbell301>Hubbell, Jay B. ''The South in American Literature: 1607–1900''. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1954: 301.</ref> |
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At dawn, Key was able to see an [[flag of the United States|American flag]] still waving and reported this to the prisoners below deck. On the way back to Baltimore, he was inspired to write a poem describing his experience, <!-- the spelling defence is used in the original -->"Defence of Fort McHenry", which he published in the ''Patriot'' on September 20, 1814. He intended to fit it to the rhythms of [[composer]] [[John Stafford Smith|John Stafford Smith's]] "[[To Anacreon in Heaven]]",<ref name=Hubbell301/> a popular tune Key had already used as a setting for his 1805 song "When the Warrior Returns," celebrating U.S. heroes of the [[First Barbary War]]. (The earlier song is also the Key's original use of the "star spangled" flag imagery.)<ref>[http://www.potw.org/archive/potw340.html When the Warrior Returns – Key]. Potw.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-11.</ref> It has become better known as "[[The Star Spangled Banner]]". Under this name, the song was adopted as the American national anthem, first by an Executive Order from President [[Woodrow Wilson]] in 1916 (which had little effect beyond requiring military bands to play it) and then by a Congressional resolution in 1931, signed by President [[Herbert Hoover]]. |
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In the fourth stanza Key urged the adoption of "In God is our Trust" as the national motto.<ref>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/07/20060727-12.html 50th Anniversary of Our National Motto, "In God We Trust," 2006]. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved on 2011-09-11.</ref> The United States adopted the motto "[[In God We Trust]]" by law in 1956. |
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===Later life=== |
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From 1818 until his death in 1843, Key was associated with [[American Bible Society]]. <ref>http://www.americanbible.org/about/history</ref> |
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In 1832, Key served as the attorney for [[Sam Houston]] during his trial in the [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House of Representatives]] for assaulting another Congressman.<ref>[http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/HH/fho73.html Sam Houston]. Handbook of Texas Online.</ref> He published a prose work called ''The Power of Literature, and Its Connection with Religion'' in 1834.<ref name=Hubbell300/> |
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In 1835, Key prosecuted [[Richard Lawrence (failed assassin)|Richard Lawrence]] for his unsuccessful attempt to assassinate [[President of the United States]] [[Andrew Jackson]]. |
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In 1843, Key died at the home of his daughter Elizabeth Howard in Baltimore from [[pleurisy]] and was initially interred in [[Old Saint Paul's Cemetery]] in the vault of [[John E. Howard|John Eager Howard]]. In 1866, his body was moved to his family plot in [[Frederick, Maryland|Frederick]] at [[Mount Olivet Cemetery (Frederick)|Mount Olivet Cemetery]]. Though Key had written poetry from time to time, often with heavily religious themes, these works were not collected and published until 14 years after his death.<ref name=Hubbell300/> |
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The Key Monument Association erected a memorial in 1898 and the remains of both Francis Scott Key and his wife were placed in a crypt in the base of the monument. |
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==Other related items== |
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In 1861, Key's grandson [[Francis Key Howard]], was imprisoned in [[Fort McHenry]] with the [[List of mayors of Baltimore|Mayor of Baltimore]], [[George William Brown]], and other locals deemed to be pro-South. |
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Key was a distant cousin and the namesake of [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] whose full name was Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald. His direct descendants include geneticist [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} guitarist [[Dana Key]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} and the American fashion designer and socialite [[Pauline de Rothschild]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} |
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Key's daughter, Alice, married U.S. Senator [[George H. Pendleton]]. |
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His sister, Anne Phoebe Charlton Key, married [[Roger B. Taney]], future [[Chief Justice of the United States]] and author of the Court's [[Dred Scott v. Sandford|Dred Scott decision]]. |
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Key's son, [[Philip Barton Key II]] was shot and killed by then-[[U.S. House of Representatives|congressman]] and future Civil War general [[Daniel Sickles]] in 1859 after Sickles discovered that his wife was having an affair with Philip Barton Key.<ref>{{cite news |author= |coauthors= |title=Assassination of Philip Barton Key, by Daniel E. Sickles of New York |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/824716112.html?dids=824716112:824716112&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+01,+1859&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Assassination+of+Philip+Barton+Key,+by+Daniel+E.+Sickles+of+New+York&pqatl=google |quote=For more than a year there have been floating rumors of improper intimacy between Mr. Key and Mrs. Sickles They have from time to time attended parties, the opera, and rode out together. Mr. Sickles has heard of these reports, but would never credit them until Thursday evening last. On that evening, just as a party was about breaking up at his house, Mr Sickles received among his papers... |work=[[Hartford Daily Courant]] |date=March 1, 1959 |accessdate=2010-11-30 }}</ref> Sickles was acquitted in the first use of the temporary insanity defense.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Twain | first = Mark | authorlink = Mark Twain | title = The Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume One | publisher = University of California Press | year = 2010 | location = [[Berkeley, California]] | page = 566 | isbn = 9780520267190}}</ref> |
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Two of Key's religious poems used as Christian hymns include "Before the Lord We Bow" and "Lord, with Glowing Heart I'd Praise Thee"<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cyber Hymnal|url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/k/e/key_fs.htm|accessdate=2011-05-26}}</ref> |
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While there were three efforts to save the Francis Scott Key residence, it was dismantled in 1947. The residence was located at 3516–18 M Street in Georgetown.<ref>[http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=119 Francis Scott Key Park Marker]. Hmdb.org. Retrieved on 2011-09-11.</ref> |
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==Monuments and memorials== |
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[[File:key plaque.png|thumb|right|Plaque commemorating the death of Francis Scott Key placed by the [[Daughters of the American Revolution|DAR]] in [[Mount Vernon, Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]].]] |
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[[File:Howard vault.jpg|thumb|right|The Howard family vault at Saint Paul's Cemetery, Baltimore, Maryland.]] |
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* [[Francis Scott Key Monument]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] |
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*Two bridges are named in his honor. The first is the [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Washington)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]] between the [[Rosslyn, Virginia|Rosslyn]] section of [[Arlington County, Virginia]], and [[Georgetown, Washington, D.C.|Georgetown]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]. Scott's Georgetown home, which was dismantled in 1947 (as part of construction for the [[Whitehurst Freeway]]), was located on M Street NW, in the area between the Key Bridge and the intersection of M Street and Whitehurst Freeway. The location is illustrated on a sign in the Francis Scott Key park.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=119 |
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|title=Francis Scott Key Park |
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|publisher=Historical Marker Database |
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|date=2006-02-23 |
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|accessdate=2008-02-06 |
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}}</ref><!-- it was torn down for the Whitehurst Freeway, which was built in 1949 --> |
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*The other bridge is the [[Francis Scott Key Bridge (Baltimore)|Francis Scott Key Bridge]], part of the [[Interstate 695 (Maryland)|Baltimore Beltway]] crossing the outer harbor of [[Baltimore, Maryland]]. Baltimore's Francis Scott Key Bridge is located at the approximate point where the British anchored to shell [[Fort McHenry]]. |
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*[[St. John's College, Annapolis]], which Key graduated from in 1796, has an [[auditorium]] named in his honor. |
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*Francis Scott Key was inducted into the [[Songwriters Hall of Fame]] in 1970. |
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*He is buried at [[Mount Olivet Cemetery (Frederick)|Mount Olivet Cemetery]] in Frederick. His family plot is next to [[Thomas Johnson (governor)|Thomas Johnson]], the first governor of Maryland, and friend [[Barbara Fritchie (person)|Barbara Fritchie]], who allegedly waved the American flag out of her home in defiance of [[Stonewall Jackson]]'s march through the city during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. Fritchie's resistance was memorialized in a poem by Poet Laureate [[John Greenleaf Whittier]]. |
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*Francis Scott Key Hall at the [[University of Maryland, College Park]] is named in his honor. The [[George Washington University]] also has a residence hall in Key's honor at the corner of 20th and F Streets. |
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*Francis Scott Key also has a school named after him in [[Brooklyn, New York]]. I.S 117 is a junior high school located in the [[Fort Greene]] section of Brooklyn on Willoughby Avenue. It houses 6th, 7th, and 8th grade classrooms as well as a District 75 Special Education unit. The Special Education classes include children who are emotionally disturbed. For more information on the school and its programs please visit the schools main site, [http://www.p369k.org P369k], located in [[Downtown Brooklyn]]. |
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*[[Francis Scott Key High School]] in rural [[Carroll County, Maryland]]. |
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*[[Key Middle School (disambiguation)|Francis Scott Key Middle School]] (at least three) |
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*Francis Scott Key Elementary School (several, including California,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.francisscottkeyschool.org/home |title=Francis Scott Key Elementary School, San Francisco, CA}}</ref> [[Prince George's County Public Schools|Maryland]], [[Francis Scott Key Elementary School (Arlington, Virginia)|Virginia]], [[The Palisades, Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]). |
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*Francis Scott Key Mall in [[Frederick County, Maryland]]. |
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*The [[Frederick Keys]] minor league baseball team – a [[Baltimore Orioles|Baltimore]] affiliate – is named after Key. |
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*A monument to Key was commissioned by San Francisco businessman [[James Lick]], who donated some $60,000 for a sculpture of Key to be raised in [[Golden Gate Park]].<ref name=key>{{cite web |
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|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9504E3D61F31E132A25757C1A9659C94669ED7CF |
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|title=Francis Scott Key |
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|date=March 14, 1897 |
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|work=[[New York Times]] |
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|quote =Francis Scott Key, the author of "The Star-Spangled Banner," is to have a monument erected to his memory by the citizens of Baltimore, Md., the city in which he died. The monument will be in the form of a bronze statue of heroic size, with a suitable pedestal – the work of Alexander Doyle, a sculptor of this city. ... There is a monument to Key in Golden Gate Park. It was executed by William W. Story ... |
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|accessdate=2008-02-17 |
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}}</ref> The travertine monument was executed by sculptor [[William W. Story]] in Rome in 1885–87.<ref name=key/><ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.noehill.com/sf/landmarks/sf096.asp |
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|title=San Francisco Landmark 96: Francis Scott Key Monument, Golden Gate Park |
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|publisher=Noehill in San Francisco |
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|accessdate=2008-02-17 |
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}}</ref> The city of San Francisco recently allocated some $140,000 to renovate the Key monument, which was about to be lost to environmental degradation if repairs weren't made. Repairs were recently finished on the monument located in the music concourse outside the [[M. H. de Young Memorial Museum|de Young Museum]]. |
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*The US Navy named a submarine in his honor, the [[USS Francis Scott Key]] |
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<div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame collapsed"> <div style="background:#cdc; text-align:center; border:1px solid #676;" class="NavHead">'''Ancestors of Francis Scott Key''' </div> <div class="NavContent" > |
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{{ahnentafel top|Ancestors of Francis Scott Key|width=100%}} |
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|23=23. Anne Knipe<ref>[http://donsherrill.com/p42.htm#i2093 Anne Knipe]. Donsherrill.com (1968-02-16). Retrieved on 2011-09-11.</ref><br>b. circa 1678 [[St Margarets, London]], [[England]] |
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|22=22. Michael Arnold Jr.<ref>[http://donsherrill.com/p42.htm#i2092 Michael Arnold Jr]. Donsherrill.com (1968-02-16). Retrieved on 2011-09-11.</ref><br>b. circa 1676 [[Westminster]], [[England]] |
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|19=19. Susanna Barton<br>b. abt 1683 |
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|18=18. John Gardiner<br>b. abt 1683 [[Maryland]] |
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|17=17. Mary Cartwright<br>b abt 1675 |
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|16=16. Richard Key<ref>[http://www.ronulrich.com/rfuged/fam10848.htm Ancestry/Richard Key]. Ronulrich.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-11.</ref><br>b. 1646 [[St Paul's, Covent Garden]], [[London, England]] |
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|11=11. Alicia Arnold<ref>[http://donsherrill.com/p42.htm#i2091 Alicia Arnold]. Donsherrill.com (1968-02-16). Retrieved on 2011-09-11.</ref><br>b. circa 1705 [[St. Margaret's, Westminster]], England |
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|10=10. John Ross<ref>[http://donsherrill.com/p42.htm#i2090 John Ross]. Donsherrill.com (1968-02-16). Retrieved on 2011-09-11.</ref><br>b. 1705 [[England]] |
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|9= 9. Susanna Barton Gardiner<br>b. abt 1700 [[London]], [[England]] |
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|8= 8. Philip Key<br>b. 1696 [[London]], [[England]] |
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|7= 7. Eleanor Harrison |
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|6= 6. Aurthur Charlton<br>b. 1722 |
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|5= 5. Ann Arnold Ross<br>b. 1727 England |
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|4= 4. Francis Key<br>b. 1731 [[St. Mary's County, Maryland]], [[British America]] |
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|3= 3. Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy Charlton<br>1756 [[Frederick County, Maryland]] |
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|2= 2. [[John Ross Key]]<br>1754 [[Frederick County, Maryland]], [[British America]]<ref name="Ancestors of Francis Scott Key">[http://www.ronulrich.com/rfuged/fam08046.htm Ancestors of Francis Scott Key]. Ronulrich.com (2011-05-18). Retrieved on 2011-09-11.</ref> |
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|1= 1. Francis Scott Key<ref name="Ancestors of Francis Scott Key"/><br>b. 1779 [[Carroll County, Maryland]] |
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}}</center> |
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{{ahnentafel bottom}} |
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</div> |
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==Media== |
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{{listen |
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| filename = Star-spangled banner.ogg |
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| title = The Star-Spangled Banner (1942) |
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| description = [[Fred Waring]] and His Pennsylvanians sing The Star-Spangled Banner in 1942 |
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| format = [[Ogg]] |
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| filename2 = MargaretWoodrowWilson-TheStarSpangledBanner.ogg |
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| title2 = The Star-Spangled Banner (1915) |
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| description2 = A 1915 recording of the Star-Spangled Banner as sung by [[Margaret Woodrow Wilson]], daughter of [[Woodrow Wilson]] |
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| format2 = [[Ogg]] |
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}} |
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==See also== |
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{{Portal box|Poetry|Biography}} |
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* [[War of 1812]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|35em}} |
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==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Francis Scott Key}} |
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{{wikisource author}} |
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{{Wikiquote}} |
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* {{Shof|id=191|name=Francis Scott Key}} |
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*[http://www.usflag.org/history/francisscottkey.html Short biography] |
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*[http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/k/e/key_fs.htm Francis Scott Key biography at Cyber Hymnal] |
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*[http://www.gwu.edu/gelman/spec/digital/assets/spec_ps2168_n6.pdf Preservation of the Residence of Francis Scott Key], Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University. This pamphlet was written by the Columbia Historical Society in an effort to save the Francis Scott Key home from destruction in the 1940s. |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Key, Francis Scott |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = August 1, 1779 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Carroll County, Maryland]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = January 11, 1843 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Key, Francis Scott}} |
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[[Category:1779 births]] |
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[[Category:1843 deaths]] |
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[[Category:American poets]] |
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[[Category:American people of English descent]] |
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[[Category:Maryland lawyers]] |
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[[Category:People from Baltimore, Maryland]] |
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[[Category:American prosecutors]] |
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[[Category:Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees]] |
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[[Category:American United Brethren in Christ]] |
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[[Category:People from Carroll County, Maryland]] |
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[[Category:St. John's College (United States) alumni]] |
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[[Category:National anthem writers]] |
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Revision as of 14:52, 19 October 2011
He liked Men for 39 years of his life!