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{{Other uses}} |
{{Other uses}} |
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{{Redirect|Zipping|the racehorse|Zipping (horse)}} |
{{Redirect|Zipping|the racehorse|Zipping (horse)}} |
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{{More footnotes|date=November 2009}} |
{{More footnotes|date=November 2009}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2011}} |
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[[File:Coil plastic and metal zippers.jpg|thumb|Zippers with common teeth variations: metal teeth (top), coil teeth and plastic teeth]] |
[[File:Coil plastic and metal zippers.jpg|thumb|Zippers with common teeth variations: metal teeth (top), coil teeth and plastic teeth]] |
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A '''zipper''', '''zip''', '''fly''', or '''zip fastener''', formerly known as a '''clasp locker''', is a commonly used device for binding the edges of an opening of [[textile|fabric]] or other flexible material, such as on a garment or a bag. |
A '''zipper''', '''zip''', '''fly''', or '''zip fastener''', formerly known as a '''clasp locker''', is a commonly used device for binding the edges of an opening of [[textile|fabric]] or other flexible material, such as on a garment or a bag. It is used in [[clothing]] (e.g., jackets and jeans), [[luggage]] and other bags, [[sporting goods]], [[camping]] gear (e.g. [[tent]]s and [[sleeping bag]]s), and other items. Zippers come in all different sizes, shapes, and colors. [[Whitcomb L. Judson]], who was an American inventor from Chicago, is sometimes given credit as the inventor of the zipper, but he never made a practical device. The method, still in use today, is based on interlocking teeth. Initially, it was titled the “hookless fastener” and was later redesigned to become more reliable.<ref>{{cite book|last=Friedel|first=Robert|title=Zipper: An Exploration in Novelty|year=1994|publisher=Horton|location=United States of America}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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The bulk of a zipper/zip consists of two rows of protruding teeth, which may be made to interdigitate, linking the rows, |
The bulk of a zipper/zip consists of two rows of protruding teeth, which may be made to interdigitate, linking the rows, carrying from tens to hundreds of specially shaped metal or plastic teeth. These teeth can be either individual or shaped from a continuous coil, and are also referred to as ''elements''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ykkfastening.com/global/products/zs/structure.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617014018/http://www.ykkfastening.com/global/products/zs/structure.html|archivedate=2010-06-17 |title=YKK Fastening Products Group |publisher=Ykkfastening.com |date= |accessdate=2011-07-14}}</ref> The slider, operated by hand, moves along the rows of teeth. Inside the slider is a Y-shaped channel that meshes together or separates the opposing rows of teeth, depending on the direction of the slider's movement. The word ''Zipper'' is [[Onomatopoeia|onomatopoetic]], because it was named for the sound the device makes when used, a high-pitched ''zip.'' |
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[[File:Novelty Zippers.jpg|thumb|Examples of special zippers with different tape materials, colors and patterns.]] |
[[File:Novelty Zippers.jpg|thumb|Examples of special zippers with different tape materials, colors and patterns.]] |
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Forty-two years later, in 1893 [[Whitcomb Judson]], who invented a pneumatic street railway, marketed a "Clasp Locker". The device served as a (more complicated) [[hook-and-eye]] shoe fastener. With the support of [[businessman]] Colonel Lewis Walker, Judson launched the [[Universal Fastener Company]] to manufacture the new device. The clasp locker had its public debut at the [[1893 Chicago World's Fair]] and met with little commercial success.<ref name="ansun"/> Judson is sometimes given credit as the inventor of the zipper, but he never made a practical device. |
Forty-two years later, in 1893 [[Whitcomb Judson]], who invented a pneumatic street railway, marketed a "Clasp Locker". The device served as a (more complicated) [[hook-and-eye]] shoe fastener. With the support of [[businessman]] Colonel Lewis Walker, Judson launched the [[Universal Fastener Company]] to manufacture the new device. The clasp locker had its public debut at the [[1893 Chicago World's Fair]] and met with little commercial success.<ref name="ansun"/> Judson is sometimes given credit as the inventor of the zipper, but he never made a practical device. |
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The Universal Fastener Company moved to Hoboken, New Jersey, in 1901, reorganized as the Fastener Manufacturing and Machine Company. [[Gideon Sundback]], a [[Swedes|Swedish]]-American [[electrical engineer]], was hired to work for the company in 1906. Good technical skills and a marriage to the plant-manager's daughter Elvira Aronson led Sundback to the position of head designer. The company moved to Meadville, Pennsylvania, where it operated for most of the 20th century under the name [[Talon Zipper|Talon, Inc.]] Sundback worked on improving the fastener and in 1909 he registered a patent in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=en_EP&CC=DE&NR=216807&rnd=1535533476828#|title=Bibliographic data: DE216807 (C) ― 1909-12-04: Verschluss fuer Kleidungsstuecke jeder Art und fuer Gebrauchsgegenstaende, Bestehend aus an den Verschlusskanten des Kleidungsstueckes o.dgl. kettenartig angeordneten Oesen und Hakengliedern|last=SUNDBACK |
The Universal Fastener Company moved to Hoboken, New Jersey, in 1901, reorganized as the Fastener Manufacturing and Machine Company. [[Gideon Sundback]], a [[Swedes|Swedish]]-American [[electrical engineer]], was hired to work for the company in 1906. Good technical skills and a marriage to the plant-manager's daughter Elvira Aronson led Sundback to the position of head designer. The company moved to Meadville, Pennsylvania, where it operated for most of the 20th century under the name [[Talon Zipper|Talon, Inc.]] Sundback worked on improving the fastener and in 1909 he registered a patent in Germany.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?locale=en_EP&CC=DE&NR=216807&rnd=1535533476828#|title=Bibliographic data: DE216807 (C) ― 1909-12-04: Verschluss fuer Kleidungsstuecke jeder Art und fuer Gebrauchsgegenstaende, Bestehend aus an den Verschlusskanten des Kleidungsstueckes o.dgl. kettenartig angeordneten Oesen und Hakengliedern|last=SUNDBACK GIDEON [US]|date=|website=Espace net Patent search (European Patent Office)|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The US-rights to this invention were on the name of the Meadville company (operating as the Hookless Fastener Co.), but Sundback retained non-U.S. rights and used these to set up in subsequent years Lightning Fastner Co. in St. Catharines, Ontario. Sundback's work with this firm has led to the common misperception that he was Canadian and that the zipper originated in that country.<ref>{{cite book |title=Zipper: An Exploration in Novelty |first=Robert |last=Friedel |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-393-31365-9 |page=94}}</ref> |
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Gideon Sundback increased the number of fastening elements from four per inch (about one every 6.4 mm) to ten or eleven (around every 2.5 mm), introduced two facing rows of teeth that pulled into a single piece by the slider, and increased the opening for the teeth guided by the slider. The patent for the "Separable Fastener" was issued in 1917. Gideon Sundback also created the manufacturing machine for the new device. The "S-L" or "scrapless" machine took a special Y-shaped wire and cut scoops from it, then punched the scoop dimple and nib, and clamped each scoop on a cloth tape to produce a continuous zipper chain. Within the first year of operation, Sundback's machinery was producing a few hundred feet (around 100 meters) of fastener per day.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} In March of the same year, Mathieu Burri, a Swiss inventor, improved the design by adding a lock-in system attached to the last teeth, but his version never got into production due to conflicting patents. |
Gideon Sundback increased the number of fastening elements from four per inch (about one every 6.4 mm) to ten or eleven (around every 2.5 mm), introduced two facing rows of teeth that pulled into a single piece by the slider, and increased the opening for the teeth guided by the slider. The patent for the "Separable Fastener" was issued in 1917. Gideon Sundback also created the manufacturing machine for the new device. The "S-L" or "scrapless" machine took a special Y-shaped wire and cut scoops from it, then punched the scoop dimple and nib, and clamped each scoop on a cloth tape to produce a continuous zipper chain. Within the first year of operation, Sundback's machinery was producing a few hundred feet (around 100 meters) of fastener per day.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} In March of the same year, Mathieu Burri, a Swiss inventor, improved the design by adding a lock-in system attached to the last teeth, but his version never got into production due to conflicting patents. |
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In 1923 during a trip to Europe Sundback sold his European rights to Martin Othmar Winterhalter<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F48014.php|title=Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz, vol 12|last=Göldi|first=Wolfgang|publisher=Schwabe AG, Basel|year=2013|isbn=978-3-7965-1912-3|location=Basel|pages=Winterhalter, Martin}}</ref> who improved the design by using ribs and grooves instead of Sundback's joints and jaws<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.unternehmerzeitung.ch/ausserdem/schweizer-pioniere/irrsinniges-genie/|title=Irrsinniges Genie|last=Arbenz|first=Arnouk|date=|work=Unternehmerzeitung|access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref> |
In 1923 during a trip to Europe Sundback sold his European rights to Martin Othmar Winterhalter<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F48014.php|title=Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz, vol 12|last=Göldi|first=Wolfgang|publisher=Schwabe AG, Basel|year=2013|isbn=978-3-7965-1912-3|location=Basel|pages=Winterhalter, Martin}}</ref> who improved the design by using ribs and grooves instead of Sundback's joints and jaws<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.unternehmerzeitung.ch/ausserdem/schweizer-pioniere/irrsinniges-genie/|title=Irrsinniges Genie|last=Arbenz|first=Arnouk|date=|work=Unternehmerzeitung|access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/2191874.pdf US Patent 2191874 (Winterhalter)]</ref> and started producing with his Riri-company on large scale first in Germany, then in Switzerland. |
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[[File:Zipper animated.gif|frame|Zipper slider brings together the two sides]] |
[[File:Zipper animated.gif|frame|Zipper slider brings together the two sides]] |
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The popular North American term ''zipper'', (UK ''zip'', or occasionally ''zip-fastener''), came from the [[B. F. Goodrich Company]] in 1923. The company opted to use Gideon Sundback's fastener on a new type of [[rubber]] boots (or [[galoshes]]) and referred to it as the zipper, and the name stuck. The two chief uses of the zipper in its early years were for closing boots and [[tobacco]] pouches. Zippers began being used for clothing in 1925 by Schott NYC on leather jackets.<ref name="ansun"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Wilbert|title=THE FIRST WILD ONE: THE GENESIS OF THE MOTORCYCLE JACKET|url=https://www.vice.com/read/the-first-wild-one-000211-v20n2|website=vice.com|accessdate=2014-09-16}}</ref> |
The popular North American term ''zipper'', (UK ''zip'', or occasionally ''zip-fastener''), came from the [[B. F. Goodrich Company]] in 1923. The company opted to use Gideon Sundback's fastener on a new type of [[rubber]] boots (or [[galoshes]]) and referred to it as the zipper, and the name stuck. The two chief uses of the zipper in its early years were for closing boots and [[tobacco]] pouches. Zippers began being used for clothing in 1925 by Schott NYC on leather jackets.<ref name="ansun"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Wilbert|title=THE FIRST WILD ONE: THE GENESIS OF THE MOTORCYCLE JACKET|url=https://www.vice.com/read/the-first-wild-one-000211-v20n2|website=vice.com|accessdate=2014-09-16|date=2013-03-08}}</ref> |
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In the 1930s, a sales campaign began for children's clothing featuring zippers. The campaign praised zippers for promoting self-reliance in young children by making it possible for them to dress in self-help clothing. The zipper beat the button in 1937 in the "Battle of the Fly", after [[French fashion]] designers raved over zippers in men's trousers. ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' declared the zipper the "Newest Tailoring Idea for Men" and among the zippered fly's many virtues was that it would exclude "The Possibility of Unintentional and Embarrassing Disarray."{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} |
In the 1930s, a sales campaign began for children's clothing featuring zippers. The campaign praised zippers for promoting self-reliance in young children by making it possible for them to dress in self-help clothing. The zipper beat the button in 1937 in the "Battle of the Fly", after [[French fashion]] designers raved over zippers in men's trousers. ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' declared the zipper the "Newest Tailoring Idea for Men" and among the zippered fly's many virtues was that it would exclude "The Possibility of Unintentional and Embarrassing Disarray."{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} |
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* 20 March 1917 {{US patent|1219881}}: "Separable fastener" (Gideon Sundback) |
* 20 March 1917 {{US patent|1219881}}: "Separable fastener" (Gideon Sundback) |
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* 22 December 1936 {{US patent|2065250}}: "Slider" |
* 22 December 1936 {{US patent|2065250}}: "Slider" |
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From {{US patent|1219881}}, the following mechanism of the zipper improved by Gideon Sundback in 1917 is explained: |
From {{US patent|1219881}}, the following mechanism of the zipper improved by Gideon Sundback in 1917 is explained: |
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{{ quotation | The locking members are all alike, and therefore interchangeable, and in general form consist of contractible jaw portions which are clamped upon the tape and projecting locking portions of elongated cup shape, so that the outside of one member nests within the recess of an adjoining member when in locked relation. Consequently, it will be seen that the members on one stringer alternate with those on the other, so that when the sliding operating device is moved back and forth, the locking members will be engaged and disengaged according to the direction of movement. A further feature of the invention resides in the shape and configuration of the locking members ... [they are] provided with exterior and interior rounded surfaces, and are somewhat elongated transversely. Thereby, a snug fit is obtained and at the same time ample provision is given for movement of one on the other without coming out when the fastener is flexed transversely. At the same time this construction gives facility for relative longitudinal movement, without disengagement. |
{{ quotation | The locking members are all alike, and therefore interchangeable, and in general form consist of contractible jaw portions which are clamped upon the tape and projecting locking portions of elongated cup shape, so that the outside of one member nests within the recess of an adjoining member when in locked relation. Consequently, it will be seen that the members on one stringer alternate with those on the other, so that when the sliding operating device is moved back and forth, the locking members will be engaged and disengaged according to the direction of movement. A further feature of the invention resides in the shape and configuration of the locking members ... [they are] provided with exterior and interior rounded surfaces, and are somewhat elongated transversely. Thereby, a snug fit is obtained and at the same time ample provision is given for movement of one on the other without coming out when the fastener is flexed transversely. At the same time this construction gives facility for relative longitudinal movement, without disengagement.}} |
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The zipper is analogous in function to a [[drawstring]], but different in mechanism. A draw string works by [[Tension (physics) | tension]] in the string drawing together the eyelets of the piece together because the tension acts to straighten the string and so forces the eyelets toward a line. The zipper works by an [[Deformation (engineering)#Elastic deformation | elastic]], that is, reversible, deformation of the "locking members" (teeth). The zipper teeth are shaped and sized so that the forces which act on the zipper when the garment it is sewn on is worn cannot unlock the teeth. The slider constrains the teeth positions, moves them along a given path, and acts on the teeth one-by-one in its "Y-shaped channel" and so can reversibly lock and unlock them. This is a [[Lock and key | lock and key]] design. In Sundback's invention the teeth are symmetric with "exterior and interior rounded surfaces" that are "elongated transversely". The teeth have a material part ("external projection") and a space ("internal recess"). The material part of one tooth is slightly smaller than the space on the other and so shaped to act as a "contractible jaw"--the jaw is elastically opened and then closed as it goes over the other tooth. The "snug fit" that results when "one member nests within the recess of an adjoining member" is a stable locked state. The maximum force when the slider operates is in between the unlocked and locked positions, giving two stable [[Mechanical equilibrium | mechanical equilibria]]. The "snug fit" is stable not only to forces from wear that act in the same direction as those of the slider but to transverse and longitudinal (both [[perpendicular]]) forces. |
The zipper is analogous in function to a [[drawstring]], but different in mechanism. A draw string works by [[Tension (physics) | tension]] in the string drawing together the eyelets of the piece together because the tension acts to straighten the string and so forces the eyelets toward a line. The zipper works by an [[Deformation (engineering)#Elastic deformation | elastic]], that is, reversible, deformation of the "locking members" (teeth). The zipper teeth are shaped and sized so that the forces which act on the zipper when the garment it is sewn on is worn cannot unlock the teeth. The slider constrains the teeth positions, moves them along a given path, and acts on the teeth one-by-one in its "Y-shaped channel" and so can reversibly lock and unlock them. This is a [[Lock and key | lock and key]] design. In Sundback's invention the teeth are symmetric with "exterior and interior rounded surfaces" that are "elongated transversely". The teeth have a material part ("external projection") and a space ("internal recess"). The material part of one tooth is slightly smaller than the space on the other and so shaped to act as a "contractible jaw"--the jaw is elastically opened and then closed as it goes over the other tooth. The "snug fit" that results when "one member nests within the recess of an adjoining member" is a stable locked state. The maximum force when the slider operates is in between the unlocked and locked positions, giving two stable [[Mechanical equilibrium | mechanical equilibria]]. The "snug fit" is stable not only to forces from wear that act in the same direction as those of the slider but to transverse and longitudinal (both [[perpendicular]]) forces. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Funicular]]—A "zipper train" is a type of funicular train, sometimes called "cremallera" in Spanish |
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*[[Zipper storage bag]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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==Continue reading== |
==Continue reading== |
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*Petroski, Henry (1992). ''The Evolution of Useful Things''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. {{ISBN|0-679-74039-2}}. |
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*Friedel, Robert (1996). ''Zipper: An Exploration in Novelty''. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. {{ISBN|0-393-31365-4}}. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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{{Commons category|Zippers}} |
{{Commons category|Zippers}} |
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*{{DMOZ|Business/Consumer_Goods_and_Services/Clothing/Materials_and_Supplies/Zippers/}} |
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*[http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/HowZippersWork/ How Zippers Work] by S. M. Blinder, the [[Wolfram Demonstrations Project]] |
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*[http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/hardware/zipper-history The History of the Zipper] |
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*[https://www.textileschool.com/276/types-of-zippers/ Type of Zippers] |
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{{Sewing}} |
{{Sewing}} |