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{{short description|City in Lubusz Voivodeship, Poland}} |
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{{other places|Zielona Góra (disambiguation)}} |
{{other places|Zielona Góra (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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|name |
| name = Zielona Góra |
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|motto |
| motto = ''Miasto przyszłości''<br>City of the future |
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|image_skyline |
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |
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| color = #ffffff |
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| photo1a = Al. Niepodległości, budynek nr 25, widok od Pl. Bohaterów.jpg{{!}}Independence Avenue villa |
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| photo2a = Zielona Góra, Ulica Żeromskiego.jpg{{!}}Old Town |
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| photo2b = Ratusz i Stary Rynek w Zielonej Górze.jpg{{!}}Market Square with Town Hall |
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| photo2b = Zgora11.jpg |
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| photo3a = Zielona Góra, kościół św. Jadwigi, widok z ul. Kościelnej.jpg{{!}}Zielona Góra Co-Cathedral |
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| photo3a = Plac Pocztowy, budynek nr9.jpg |
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| photo3b = Plac Pocztowy, budynek nr9.jpg{{!}}Tenement at Plac Pocztowy (Postal Square) |
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| spacing = 2 |
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| border = 0 |
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| size = 280 |
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}} |
}} |
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|imagesize |
| imagesize = 250px |
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|image_caption |
| image_caption = {{hlist|Left to right: Independence Avenue villa|Old Town|Market Square with Town Hall|Zielona Góra Co-Cathedral|Tenement at ''Plac Pocztowy'' (Postal Square)}} |
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|image_flag |
| image_flag = POL Zielona Góra flag.svg |
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|image_shield |
| image_shield = POL Zielona Góra COA.svg |
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| image_blank_emblem = Logo_of_Zielona_Góra.png |
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|pushpin_map = Poland Lubusz Voivodeship#Poland#Europe |
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| blank_emblem_type = Brandmark |
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|pushpin_relief=1 |
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| pushpin_map = Poland |
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|pushpin_label_position = bottom |
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|subdivision_type |
| subdivision_type = Country |
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|subdivision_name |
| subdivision_name = {{POL}} |
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|subdivision_type1 |
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]] |
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|subdivision_name1 |
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lubusz Voivodeship|Lubusz]] |
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| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties of Poland|County]] |
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|leader_title = Mayor |
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| subdivision_name2 = ''city county'' |
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|leader_name = [[Janusz Kubicki]] |
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| leader_party =[[Civic_Platform|PO]] |
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|established_title = Established |
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| leader_title = Mayor |
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|established_date = 13th century |
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| leader_name = [[Marcin Pabierowski]] |
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|established_title2 = Town rights |
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| established_title = Established |
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|established_date2 = 1323 |
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| established_date = 13th century |
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|area_total_km2 = 278.32 |
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| established_title2 = Town rights |
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|population_as_of = 2018 |
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| established_date2 = 1323 |
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|population_total = 140113 <ref name=GUS_2018>{{cite web|url=http://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/powierzchnia-i-ludnosc-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-w-2015-r-,7,12.html|title=Powierzchnia i ludność w przekroju terytorialnym w 2015 r.|website=Stat.gov.pl|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> |
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| area_total_km2 = 278.32 |
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|population_density_km2 = 498 |
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| population_as_of = 31 December 2021 |
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|population_metro = |
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| population_total = 140,403 {{decrease}} ([[List of cities and towns in Poland|24th]])<ref name="population">{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/bdl/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=30 July 2022|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 0862000.</ref> |
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|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
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| population_density_km2 = 510 |
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|utc_offset = +1 |
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| |
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
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| utc_offset = +1 |
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|utc_offset_DST = +2 |
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| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
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|coordinates = {{coord|51|56|N|15|30|E|region:PL|display=inline}} |
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| utc_offset_DST = +2 |
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|elevation_m = 71 |
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| coordinates = {{coord|51|56|N|15|30|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} |
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|postal_code_type = Postal code |
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| elevation_m = 71 |
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|postal_code = 65-001 to 65-950 |
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| postal_code_type = Postal code |
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|area_code = +48 068 |
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| postal_code = 65-001 to 65–950 |
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|blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]] |
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| area_code = +48 068 |
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|blank_info = FZ |
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| blank_name = [[Polish car number plates|Car plates]] |
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|blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
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| blank_info = FZ/FZI |
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|blank1_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]] |
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| blank1_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
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|website = http://www.zielona-gora.pl/ |
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| blank1_info = [[Oceanic climate|Cfb]] |
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| website = [http://www.zielona-gora.pl/ www.zielona-gora.pl] |
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| blank_name_sec2 = GDP |
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| blank_info_sec2 = 2017 |
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| blank1_name_sec2 = – Total |
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| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Nominal GDP|Nominal]]: €10 billion<br>[[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]: $14 billion |
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| blank2_name_sec2 = – Per capita |
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| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Nominal GDP|Nominal]]: €17,300<br>[[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]: $20,900 |
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| population_urban = 216,781 |
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| blank3_name_sec2 = Primary airport |
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| blank3_info_sec2 = [[Zielona Góra Airport]] |
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| blank4_name_sec2 = [[Highways in Poland|Highways]] |
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| blank4_info_sec2 = [[File:S3-PL.svg|32px|link=Expressway S3 (Poland)]] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Zielona Góra''' ([[Polish language|Polish]]: {{IPA-pl|ʑɛˈlɔna ˈɡura|lang|Pl-Zielona Góra.ogg}}; {{literal translation}} ''Green Mountain''; {{lang-de|link=no|Grünberg in Schlesien}}) is the largest city in [[Lubusz Voivodeship]], located in western [[Poland]], with 140,403 inhabitants ({{as of|alt=2021|2021}}).<ref name="population" /> The region is closely associated with [[vineyards]] and holds an annual [[Zielona Góra Wine Fest|Wine Fest]].<ref name="weisswasser.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.weisswasser.de/sites/default/files/print_pdf/zielona_gora_okolice_14_07_14.pdf|title=Zielona Góra and surrounding areas: Brochure|website=Weisswasser,de|access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref> Zielona Góra is one of the two capital cities of Lubusz Voivodeship, hosting the [[Voivodeship sejmik|province's elected assembly]], while the seat of the centrally appointed [[voivode|governor]] is in the city of [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staypoland.com/about_zielona-gora.htm|title=Zielona Gora – Tourism – Tourist Information – Zielona Gora, Poland -|first=StayPoland Sp. z|last=o.o.|website=Staypoland.com|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref> |
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In 1222 Duke [[Henry the Bearded]] from the [[Piast dynasty]] brought the first settlers to the area.<ref name="weisswasser.de"/> In 1323 Zielona Góra was granted [[town privileges]]. The town was incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] in 1506 and became part of the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] in 1526. It experienced a wave of [[witch trials]] in the 17th century. As a result of the [[First Silesian War]], the city became part of the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] in 1742. It then was part of the [[North German Confederation]] and the [[German Reich]] until the end of [[World War II]] in 1945,<ref name="weisswasser.de"/> when it became again part of Poland. |
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'''Zielona Góra''' {{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Zielona Góra.ogg|zi|e1|'|l|o|n|a|-|'|g|u|r|a}} ({{lang-de|Grünberg in Schlesien}}) is the largest city in [[Lubusz Voivodeship]], in western [[Poland]], with 140,113 inhabitants (2018). Zielona Góra has been in Lubusz Voivodeship since 1999, prior to which it was the capital of [[Zielona Góra Voivodeship]] from 1950 to 1998. It is the seat of the province's [[Voivodeship sejmik|elected assembly]], while the seat of the centrally appointed [[voivode|governor]] is located in the city of [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]]. Zielona Góra has a favourable geographical position, being located not far from the Polish-German border and on several international road and rail routes connecting [[Scandinavia]] with [[Southern Europe]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.poland.travel/en-gb/cities/zielona-gora-the-city-of-the-future|title=Zielona Gora - the city of the future|first=Agata|last=Witosławska|publisher=|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> and [[Warsaw]] with [[Berlin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.staypoland.com/about_zielona-gora.htm|title=Zielona Gora - Tourism - Tourist Information - Zielona Gora, Poland -|first=StayPoland Sp. z|last=o.o.|website=Staypoland.com|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> The region is also closely associated with [[vineyards]] and holds an annual [[Zielona Góra Wine Fest|Wine Fest]].<ref name="weisswasser.de">{{cite web|url=http://www.weisswasser.de/sites/default/files/print_pdf/zielona_gora_okolice_14_07_14.pdf|format=PDF|title=Zielona Góra and surrounding areas : Brochure|website=Weisswasser,de|accessdate=29 December 2018}}</ref> |
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==Toponymy== |
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The city's history began when Polish Duke [[Henry the Bearded]] brought first settlers to the area in 1222.<ref name="weisswasser.de"/> In 1323 Zielona Góra was granted [[town privileges]] and subsequently passed to [[Bohemia]] in 1335. In 1526 it became part of the [[Habsburg Empire]] and experienced a wave of [[witch trials]] in the 17th century. As a result of the [[First Silesian War]], Zielona Góra was annexed by [[Prussia]] and remained in Germany until the end of [[World War II]] in 1945.<ref name="weisswasser.de"/> In accordance with the [[Potsdam Agreement]], the province was handed over to Poland and resettled with [[Poles]], most of whom came from Central Poland, but some also had been expelled from the [[Eastern Borderlands]] which had been re-attached to the [[Soviet Union]]. |
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In the [[Silesian language]], the city is called ''Źelůno Gůra'' (in [[Silesian language#Writing system|Steuer's Silesian alphabet]]) or ''Grinberg''; using the [[Silesian language#Writing system|Silesian primer alphabet]]: ''Zielōnŏ Gōra'' or ''Grinberg''; in [[Silesian German]], the city was called ''Grienberg''. |
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In the 16th century, pseudo-historical Latin names appeared for the city, such as ''Prasia Elysiorum'' and ''Thalloris''.<ref>https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/78843/PDF/06_Cezary_Lipinski_Silesia_issues_of_language_and_ethnicity.pdf</ref><ref>Tomasz Kamusella, ''The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries''. Budapest. Open Society Institute. 1999. p. 70.</ref> |
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Zielona Góra is surrounded by tree-covered hills and the adjacent woodland alone makes up approximately half of the city's total area. The name of the city itself translates to 'Green Mountain' in both [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[German language|German]].<ref name="auto"/> Moreover, Zielona Góra features several tourist attractions and important historical sites including the preserved [[medieval]] Old Town, 13th-century Market Square, [[tenements]], palaces, parks and the famous [[Palm House]] on Wine Hill. Its strong connection to vineyards and grape-picking earned Zielona Góra a nickname "The City of Wine".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qubushotel.com/en/hotels/11/tag/atrakcje_miasta/|title=Qubus Hotel Zielona Góra - The city’s attractions|website=Qubushotel.com|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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===Middle Ages=== |
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The first settlement in the area of Zielona Góra was built in the valley near the Złota Łącza stream during the reign of Polish ruler [[Mieszko I]].<ref name="ZG">[https://archive.is/20070812041204/http://www.zielona-gora.pl/umzg/index.php?id=185&lng=pl Municipal homepage] {{pl icon}}</ref> The oldest settlement was agricultural and later developed into a trading point along routes from [[Poznań]] to [[Żagań]] and further to [[Łużyce]].<ref name="ZG"/> The written records of the Slavic settlement date to 1222 and an increase of its population by [[Henry the Bearded]].<ref name="ZG"/> Other documents date the settlement to 1302.<ref name="W164">Weczerka, p. 164</ref> |
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[[File:Wieża GłodowaZG.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Medieval Łazienna Gate]] |
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The first settlement in the area of Zielona Góra was built in the valley near the Złota Łącza stream during the reign of the Polish ruler [[Mieszko I]].<ref name="ZG">[https://archive.today/20070812041204/http://www.zielona-gora.pl/umzg/index.php?id=185&lng=pl Municipal homepage] {{in lang|pl}}</ref> The oldest settlement was agricultural. It later developed into a trading point along routes from [[Poznań]] to [[Żagań]] and further to [[Lusatia]].<ref name="ZG"/> The written records of the Slavic settlement date to 1222 and an increase of its population by [[Henry the Bearded]].<ref name="ZG"/> Other documents date the settlement to 1302.<ref name="W164">Weczerka, p. 164</ref> |
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The region received an influx of [[Germans|German]] burghers in the second half of the 13th century during the medieval [[Ostsiedlung]].<ref>Westermann, p. 74</ref> In 1323, the settlement became a city with ''Crossener Recht'', a variation of [[Magdeburg rights]].<ref name="W164"/> The earliest mention of the town's coat of arms is from 1421, although it is believed to have been arranged since the beginning of the 14th century.<ref name="H154">Hupp, p. 154</ref> A document in the town archive of [[Toruń|Thorn (Toruń)]] dating from before 1400 used a [[Seal (device)|sigil]] with the name ''GRVNINBERG'', an early form of the German name ''Grünberg''.<ref name="H154"/> |
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[[File:Zg1740.GIF|left|thumb|260px|Panorama of city in mid-18th century]] |
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[[File:Kościół Matki Boskiej.jpg|thumb|260px|left|[[Timber-framed]] Catholic church]] |
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In 1294, Duke [[Henry III, Duke of Głogów|Henryk III]] of the [[Duchy of Głogów]], founded a church in honour of [[Hedwig of Andechs|Saint Hedwig]], the High Duchess consort of Poland and patron saint of Silesia. Now designated a co-cathedral, it is the oldest building in the city. A wooden castle near the city, built ca. 1272, was the residence of Duke [[John, Duke of Ścinawa|John of Ścinawa]] from 1358 to 1365. Janusz had ceded his lands to Duke [[Henry V of Iron]].<ref name="W165">Weczerka, p. 165</ref> In 1477 the town defeated a 5,000-strong army from neighbouring [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] which attempted to seize it during the succession war to the Duchy of Głogów. In 1488, Duke [[Jan II the Mad|John II of Żagań]], destroyed the castle to prevent his enemies from using it.<ref name="W165"/> |
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The region received influx of [[Germans|German]] burghers in the second half of the 13th century during the medieval [[Ostsiedlung]].<ref>Westermann, p. 74</ref> The settlement became a city with ''Crossener Recht'', a variation of [[Magdeburg rights]], in 1323.<ref name="W164"/> The earliest mention of the town's coat of arms is from 1421, although it is believed to have been arranged since the beginning of the 14th century.<ref name="H154">Hupp, p. 154</ref> A document in the town archive of [[Toruń|Thorn (Toruń)]] dating from before 1400 used a [[Seal (device)|sigil]] with the name ''GRVNINBERG'', an early form of the German name ''Grünberg''.<ref name="H154"/> |
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The deposition of Duke [[Jan II the Mad|John II of Żagań]] in 1488 marked the end of the long rule of the [[Piast dynasty]] in the Duchy of Głogów and the city of Zielona Góra. Later on, the duchy was ruled by the future Kings of Poland [[John I Albert]] and [[Sigismund I the Old]]. It was integrated with the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]] in 1506,<ref name=pwn/> although Polish king Sigismund I the Old still claimed his rights to the city in 1508.<ref name=GL/> |
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In 1294, Duke [[Henry III, Duke of Głogów|Henryk III]] of [[Duchy of Głogów|Głogów]], founded a church in honour of [[Hedwig of Andechs|Saint Hedwig]], patron saint of Silesia. This building, today called the ''konkatedra św. Jadwigi w Zielonej Górze'', is the oldest building in the city. A wooden castle near the city, built ca. 1272, was the residence of Duke Janusz of Ścinawa from 1358 to 1365; Janusz had ceded his lands to Duke Henry V of Glogau.<ref name="W165">Weczerka, p. 165</ref> In 1477 the town defeated a 5,000-strong army from neighbouring [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] which attempted to seize it during the succession war to the Duchy of Glogau. In 1488, Duke Janusz II of [[Żagań]] (Sagan), destroyed the castle to prevent his enemies from using it.<ref name="W165"/> |
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===Early modern period=== |
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[[File:Zielona Góra Stary Rynek.jpg|thumb|right|The original marketplace with historical [[tenement]] houses spared from destruction during [[World War II]]]] |
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The city flourished during the reign of Sigismund I the Old. In 1505 Sigismund issued a [[privilege (law)|privilege]] allowing the sale of cloth products from Zielona Góra throughout [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Poland]].<ref>Stanisław J. Kozłowski, ''Zielona Góra. Baza ekonomiczna i powiązania zewnętrzne'', [[Ossolineum|Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich]], Wrocław, 1977, p. 13</ref> In 1641, King [[Władysław IV Vasa]] of Poland confirmed these rights.<ref name=GL>{{cite web |url=https://gazetalubuska.pl/historia-zielonej-gory-i-slaska-kalendarium/ar/7366372|title=Historia Zielonej Góry i Śląska – kalendarium, "Gazeta Lubuska"|date=29 August 2007 |access-date=June 12, 2019|language=pl}}</ref> Another important branch of the city's economy at this time was [[winemaking]].<ref>Stanisław J. Kozłowski, ''Zielona Góra. Baza ekonomiczna i powiązania zewnętrzne'', Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław, 1977, p. 14</ref> |
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{{Historical populations |
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After the collapse of the [[Duchy of Sagan]], the town fell to the [[Kingdom of Bohemia]], a state of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Grünberg converted to [[Lutheranism]] during the [[Protestant Reformation]] through the efforts of Paul Lemberg, Abbot of Sagan.<ref name="W166">Weczerka, p. 166</ref> The city declined during the 17th century, especially during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–48) and following decades. Grünberg endured plundering, debts, emigration of burghers, and fires.<ref name="W166"/> In 1651 during the [[Counter Reformation]], the [[Habsburg Monarchy]] of Austria reintroduced [[Roman Catholicism]] and suppressed [[Protestantism]].<ref name="W165"/> The city was subjected to heavy [[Germanisation]] and German craftsmen banned Poles from attending any practice allowing them to work as members of guilds.<ref name="ZG"/> A rebellion caused by conscription ended with many Poles being imprisoned.<ref name="ZG"/> |
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|1740 |3494 |
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|1843 |10405 |
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|1900 |20983 |
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|1939 |26076 |
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|1946 |15738 |
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|1950|31634|1960|54291|1970|73485|1980|101091|1990|114126|2000|118103|2010|117699|2020|140892|footnote=source <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Zielona_Gora | title=Zielona Góra (Lubuskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia }}</ref> |
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}} |
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[[File:Zg1740.GIF|thumb|220px|A panorama of the city in the mid-18th century]] |
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The city converted to [[Lutheranism]] during the [[Protestant Reformation]] through the efforts of Paul Lemberg, Abbot of Sagan.<ref name="W166">Weczerka, p. 166</ref> The city declined during the 17th century, especially during the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–48) and following decades. Grünberg endured plundering, debts, emigration of burghers, and fires.<ref name="W166"/> In 1651 during the [[Counter Reformation]], the [[Habsburg monarchy]] of Austria reintroduced [[Roman Catholicism]] and suppressed [[Protestantism]].<ref name="W165"/> |
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The city was subjected to heavy [[Germanisation]] and German craftsmen banned Poles from attending any practice allowing them to work as members of guilds.<ref name="ZG"/> A rebellion caused by conscription ended with many Poles being imprisoned.<ref name="ZG"/> From 1640, [[Witch-hunt|witch trials]] took place, the number of which increased significantly in 1663–1665.<ref name=GL/> As a result, in 1669 the local court was deprived of the right to impose the [[Capital punishment|death penalty]] on women accused of witchcraft.<ref name=GL/> |
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The city was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] by the 1742 [[Treaty of Breslau]] which ended the [[First Silesian War]]. The Prussians introduced [[religious toleration]],<ref name="W166"/> leading to the construction of the Protestant parish church ''Zum Garten Christ'' from 1746 to 1747.<ref name="W166"/> Catholic Poles were later discriminated against, however. In 1758, during the [[Seven Years' War]], [[prisoners of war|POWs]] brought the [[plague (disease)|plague]] to the city.<ref name=GL/> |
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===Late modern period=== |
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The city's [[textile industry]] was booming by the end of the 1700s. By 1800, large parts of the city walls had been dismantled to allow the city to expand.<ref name="W166"/> The textile industry suffered during the 1820s while adjusting to the [[Industrial Revolution]] and an import ban by the [[Russian Empire]]. The city's economy began to recover after many clothiers emigrated to [[Congress Poland]]. English industrialists were among the 19th-century economic reformers of Grünberg.<ref name=GL/> |
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[[File:Zielona Góra, Filharmonia (1).jpg|thumb|The Zielona Góra Philharmonic]] |
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During industrialisation, many Germans from the countryside moved to large industrial cities and a large number of Poles came to German cities to work as well. The Polish population was pushed by [[Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions|Germanisation]] to rural villages,<ref name="ZG"/> although some remained in the town contributed to the economic revival of the city.<ref name="ZG"/> A Polish church remained functional<ref name="ZG"/> until 1809 and a Polish craftsmen association (''Towarzystwo Polskich Rzemieślników'') was established by Kazimierz Lisowski in 1898;<ref name=ZZ>''Znani zielonogórzanie'', Verbum, Zielona Góra, 1996, p. 124</ref> it existed till 1935 when Lisowski was murdered by the [[Gestapo]]. In 1923 a branch of the [[Union of Poles in Germany]] was established.<ref name=ZZ/> In 1932 the German authorities did not allow the establishment of a Polish school.<ref name=ZZ/> |
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Since 1816 after the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Grünberg was administered within the district ''Landkreis Grünberg'' in the [[Province of Silesia]]. In 1871 it became part of the [[German Empire]] during the [[unification of Germany]]. English industrialists purchased some of the city's textile factories during the 1870s and 1880s.<ref name="W166"/> By 1885, most of Grünberg's population of 14,396 were Protestants.<ref>''[[Meyers Konversations-Lexikon]]'', 1885</ref> The city was first connected to the Glogau ([[Głogów]])-Grünberg-[[Guben]] railway line in 1871, followed by connections to Christianstadt ([[Nowogród Bobrzański]]) in 1904, Wollstein ([[Wolsztyn]]) in 1905, and a local line to Sprottau ([[Szprotawa]]) in 1911.<ref name="W166"/> |
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[[File:Kościół Matki Boskiej.jpg|thumb|220px|The [[Timber-framed]] Our Lady of Częstochowa church]] |
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The city was annexed by the [[Kingdom of Prussia]] by the 1742 [[Treaty of Breslau]] which ended the [[First Silesian War]]. The Prussians introduced [[religious toleration]],<ref name="W166"/> leading to the construction of the Protestant parish church ''Zum Garten Christ'' from 1746 to 1747;<ref name="W166"/> Catholic Poles were later discriminated against, however. The city's [[textile industry]] was booming by the end of the 18th century, and by 1800 large parts of the city walls had been dismantled to allow the city to expand.<ref name="W166"/> The textile industry suffered during the 1820s while adjusting to the [[Industrial Revolution]] and an import ban by the [[Russian Empire]]. The city's economy began to recover after many clothiers emigrated to [[Congress Poland]]. |
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In 1919, Grünberg became part of the [[Province of Lower Silesia]] within [[Weimar Republic|Weimar Germany]]. On 1 April 1922 it became a district-free city, but this status was revoked on 1 October 1933 while part of [[Nazi Germany]]. During the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' in 1938, the Germans destroyed the synagogue.<ref name=GL/> During [[World War II]] the Germans established a women's subcamp of the [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp]], 11 [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps and 4 labour units of the [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|POW camp]] in [[Żagań]], intended for [[French prisoners of war in World War II|French]], Italian and Soviet prisoners of war.<ref name=pwn>{{cite web|url=https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/Zielona-Gora;4001413.html|title=Zielona Góra|website=Encyklopedia PWN|access-date=7 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref> |
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[[File:Zielona Góra, Filharmonia (1).jpg|thumb|left|Concert Hall]] |
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On On February 11, 1945, the authorities of Zielona Góra, then still Grünberg, received a report about Russians in the vicinity of [[Nowa Sól]]. Wehrmacht soldiers and civilians organizing defense in cities were threatened with being cut off from the south-west. In this situation, the preparations of Zielona Góra for defense by regular troops were interrupted. On February 11 the [[Yalta Conference]] has ended and it was not known exactly what would happen to Zielona Góra. On February 12 the most important German offices and management boards of larger enterprises were evacuated beyond [[Lusatian Neisse|Nysa Łużycka]]. On February 13 other residents were encouraged to leave the city through [[megaphone]]s. The last train left in the evening. One of the previously sent transports was hit by an English air attack in [[Dresden]] and, according to some, about 900 inhabitants of Zielona Góra died at the local railway station. On 14 February. Hitler's ardent supporters called on the [[Hitler Youth]] to defend themselves. Previously, the so-called [[Sonderkommando]], which from the morning started blowing up strategic objects and immobilizing various technical devices, e.g. power plants, gas plants and waterworks. The defenders set up two machine guns on the Branibor Hill. However, having heard about the imminent threat from Nowa Sól, they withdrew to the city center. On the other hand, the supporters of a quick surrender, including the worker Alfred Kuntzel, the Nazi Friedrich Brucks and the communist [[Karl Laube]] formed a surrender committee.<ref name=chajewski>{{cite web|url=https://gazetalubuska.pl/14-lutego-rosjanie-wkroczyli-do-grunberga-w-zielonej-gorze-obylo-sie-bez-walki/ar/c15-15441185|title=14 lutego Rosjanie wkroczyli do Grünberga. W Zielonej Górze obyło się bez walki|date=2021-02-14|accessdate=2023-02-20|publisher=[[Gazeta Lubuska]]|author=Dariusz Chajewski}}</ref> The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Red Army]] occupied Grünberg with little fighting on February 14, 1945, during World War II.<ref name="W166"/> |
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During industrialisation, many Germans from the countryside moved to large industrial cities and a large number of Poles came to German cities to work as well. The Polish population was pushed by [[Germanisation]] to rural villages,<ref name="ZG"/> although some remained in the town contributed to the economic revival of the city.<ref name="ZG"/> A Polish church remained functional<ref name="ZG"/> until 1809 and a Polish craftsmen association (''Towarzystwo Polskich Rzemieślników'') was established by Kazimierz Lisowski in 1898; it existed till 1935 when Lisowski was murdered by the [[Gestapo]]. |
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The Red Army headed by the [[3rd Army (Soviet Union)|Third Army]] began by the artillery fire at 13:00 from cannons positioned on the hills south of Racula. After reaching the northern border of this village, the reconnaissance units moved towards the city. Some of them, following an arc, ended up in [[Racula]], others in [[Stary Kisielin]] and even in [[Jany, Lubusz Voivodeship|Jany]], and still others took over {{ill|Jędrzychów (Zielona Góra)|pl|Jędrzychów (Zielona Góra)}}. The main unit entered the city along Wrocławska Street. Soon, small groups of Red Army soldiers began to appear from the side of Kożuchowska Street. The 3rd Army set his headquarters in the Poviat Office building.<ref name=chajewski/> |
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Since 1816 after the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Grünberg was administered within the district ''Landkreis Grünberg'' in the [[Province of Silesia]]. In 1871 it became part of the [[German Empire]] during the [[unification of Germany]]. English industrialists purchased some of the city's textile factories during the 1870s and 1880s.<ref name="W166"/> By 1885, most of Grünberg's population of 14,396 were Protestants.<ref>''[[Meyers Konversations-Lexikon]]'', 1885</ref> The city was first connected to the [[Głogów|Glogau]]-Grünberg-[[Guben]] railway line in 1871, followed by connections to [[Nowogród Bobrzański|Christianstadt]] in 1904, [[Wolsztyn|Wollstein]] in 1905, and a local line to [[Szprotawa|Sprottau]] in 1911.<ref name="W166"/> |
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In that period, about 500 people committed suicide.<ref name=lakotta>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html|title=Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren|last=Lakotta|first=Beate|publisher=[[Der Spiegel|SPON]]|date=2005-03-05|access-date=2010-08-16|language=de}}</ref> The following month, according to the post-war [[Potsdam Agreement]], the town was placed under Polish administration under territorial compensation for the [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|territories of former Eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union]]. The remaining German inhabitants who had not fled their homes from the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] were [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|expelled]] in accordance with the [[Potsdam Agreement]].<ref name="W166"/> |
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[[File:Al. Niepodległości, budynek nr 15.jpg|thumb|right|Local museum]] |
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The town was partly resettled with [[Polish people|Poles]] transferred from [[Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union]]. The city was briefly renamed ''Zielonogóra'' in 1945,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19450330196|title=Rozporządzenie Ministra Obrony Narodowej w porozumieniu z Ministrem Administracji Publicznej z dnia 21 sierpnia 1945 r. o utworzeniu nowych, o zmianach istniejących dotychczas rejonowych komend uzupełnień i o ustaleniu ich zasięgu terytorialnego.|access-date=7 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref> before the historic Polish<ref>{{cite book|last=Lompa|first=Józef|year=1847|title=Krótki rys jeografii Śląska dla nauki początkowej|language=pl|location=Głogówek|page=13}}</ref> name ''Zielona Góra'' was [[Commission for the Determination of Place Names|restored]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WMP19460440085|title=Zarządzenie Ministrów: Administracji Publicznej i Ziem Odzyskanych z dnia 7 maja 1946 r. o przywróceniu i ustaleniu urzędowych nazw miejscowości|access-date=7 February 2020|language=pl}}</ref> The 18th-century Protestant church was reconsecrated as a Catholic church (''Kościół Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej''). The city's first post-war mayor was Tomasz Sobkowiak,<ref name=GL/> a former prisoner of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] during the [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German occupation of Poland]]. He is remembered as an efficient administrator, with a friendly attitude towards Germans.<ref>''Znani zielonogórzanie'', Verbum, Zielona Góra, 1996, p. 183–185</ref> |
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In 1919, Grünberg became part of the [[Province of Lower Silesia]] within [[Weimar Republic|Weimar Germany]]. On 1 April 1922 it became a district-free city, but this status was revoked on 1 October 1933 while part of [[Nazi Germany]]. |
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===Recent history=== |
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The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Red Army]] occupied Grünberg with little fighting in February 14, 1945 during World War II.<ref name="W166"/> In that course, about 500 people committed suicide.<ref name=lakotta>{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/spiegelspecial/d-39863564.html|title=Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren|last=Lakotta|first=Beate|publisher=[[Der Spiegel|SPON]]|date=2005-03-05|accessdate=2010-08-16|language=German}}</ref> The following month, the town was placed under Polish administration under territorial compensation demanded by the Polish delegation at the post-war [[Potsdam Agreement]]. The remaining German inhabitants who had not fled their homes from the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] were [[Expulsion of Germans after World War II|expelled]], and the town was partly resettled with [[Poles]] transferred from [[Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union]]. The city was officially renamed from the German name ''Grünberg'' to the Polish name ''Zielona Góra'' — both of which mean "Green Mountain" — and the 18th-century Protestant church was reconsecrated as a Catholic church (''Kościół Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej''). |
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[[File:Polska welna zielona góra.jpg|thumb|Wool factory in the 1960s]] |
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From 1950 to 1998 Zielona Góra was the capital of the Zielona Góra Voivodeship. The city's population rebounded quickly after the war; by 1950 it had more inhabitants than at any point in its history.<ref name=GL/> |
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The [[University of Zielona Góra]] was opened in 2001. The city is also the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów]]. |
The [[University of Zielona Góra]] was opened in 2001. The city is also the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów]]. |
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== |
==Geography== |
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Zielona Góra is surrounded by tree-covered hills. The adjacent woodland makes up approximately half of the city's total area. The name of the city translates to 'Green Mountain' in both [[Polish language|Polish]] and [[German language|German]]. Zielona Góra features several tourist attractions and important historical sites including the preserved [[medieval]] Old Town, 13th-century Market Square, [[tenements]], palaces, parks and the famous [[Palm House]] on Wine Hill. Its strong connection to vineyards and grape-picking earned Zielona Góra the nickname "The City of Wine".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.qubushotel.com/en/hotels/11/tag/atrakcje_miasta/|title=Qubus Hotel Zielona Góra – The city's attractions|website=Qubushotel.com|access-date=24 September 2017}}</ref> |
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===Wineries=== |
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The city has been known for its wines for centuries. It is now one of two places in Poland with [[wine]] grape cultivation mainly for white wines (the other being the wine growing region near the town of [[Warka]] in [[Masovia]]). The first wineries around the city were built in 1314. At Paradyż (''Paradise'') Abbey near Zielona Góra, monks have been making wine since 1250. The number of vineyards at peak production is estimated at 4,000 in the region, and 2,500 in Zielona Góra itself. During the communist era wine production was reduced, but since 1990 it has recovered. Since 1852 an annual [[Zielona Góra Wine Fest|Wine Festival]] has taken place in the town. However, nowadays wine is no longer produced in Zielona Góra itself (the last factory was closed in the early 1990s). |
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The city has been known for its wines for centuries.<ref>{{cite EB9 |wstitle = Grünberg |volume= XI | page = 225 |short=1}}</ref> It is now one of two places in Poland with [[wine]] grape cultivation mainly for white wines (the other being the wine growing region near the town of [[Warka]] in [[Masovia]]). The first wineries around the city were built in 1314. At the [[Gościkowo|Paradyż]] Abbey near Zielona Góra, monks have been making wine since 1250. The number of vineyards at peak production is estimated at 4,000 in the region, with 2,500 in Zielona Góra itself. |
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During the communist era wine production was reduced, but since 1990 it has recovered. Since 1852, [[Zielona Góra Wine Fest|an annual wine festival]] has taken place in the town. Wine is no longer produced in Zielona Góra itself, with the last factory closed in the early 1990s. |
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Vodka ''[[Luksusowa (vodka)|Luksusowa]]'' (namely: Luxury vodka), made from potatoes rather than grain, is produced in distillery in Zielona Góra. |
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Vodka ''[[Luksusowa (vodka)|Luksusowa]]'' (namely: Luxury vodka), made from potatoes rather than grain, is produced in distillery in Zielona Góra. ''Jarzębiak'', a Polish fruit vodka made from [[rowan]] berries and other fruit ingredients, registered as a regional traditional beverage by the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Poland)|Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland]], is also produced in Zielona Góra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/jarzebiak|title=Jarzębiak|website=Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl|access-date=16 May 2024|language=pl}}</ref> |
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{{wide image|WzgorzeWinne.jpg|780px|Panorama of the city from the vineyards}} |
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Another officially designated traditional beverage is the Zielona Góra beer, with local brewing traditions dating back to the 18th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/rolnictwo/piwo-zielonogorskie|title=Piwo zielonogórskie|website=Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl|access-date=16 May 2024|language=pl}}</ref> |
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== Climate == |
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The climate is [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'') with some [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] characteristics (''Dfb'') in normals previous to 1981-2010. Despite being some distance from the sea, western standards as well as [[Air mass|air masses]] are still predominant in the western than eastern, not very different from [[List of cities and towns in Germany|German cities]] near the border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=421&cityname=Zielona+Gora,+Lubusz,+Poland&units=metric|title=Zielona Gora, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|last=|first=|date=|website=Weatherbase|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref>{{Weather box |
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{{wide image|WzgorzeWinne.jpg|780px|A panorama of the city from the vineyards}} |
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| width = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it --> |
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==Climate== |
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| open = |
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The climate is [[Oceanic climate|oceanic]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'') with some [[Humid continental climate|humid continental]] characteristics (''Dfb'') in normals previous to 1981–2010. Despite being some distance from the sea, western standards as well as [[air mass]]es are still predominant in the western than eastern, not very different from [[List of cities and towns in Germany|German cities]] near the border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=421&cityname=Zielona+Gora,+Lubusz,+Poland&units=metric|title=Zielona Gora, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2018-12-31}}</ref> |
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{{Weather box |
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| width = 100% <!-- 77% if there is a template or image next to it --> |
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| collapsed = <!-- y, if you have normal updates --> |
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| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities --> |
| metric first = y <!-- always, except UK or US cities --> |
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| single line |
| single line = y |
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| location |
| location = Zielona Gora (Słowackiego), elevation: 192 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present |
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| Jan record high C = 15.1 |
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<!--in the order as it appears in the table, not all of the following data may be available, especially records and days of precipitation --> |
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| Feb record high C = 20.4 |
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| Mar record high C = 24.2 |
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| Apr record high C = 30.4 |
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| May record high C = 31.2 |
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| Jun record high C = 36.9 |
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| Jul record high C = 36.6 |
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| Aug record high C = 36.8 |
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| Sep record high C = 32.7 |
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| Oct record high C = 27.6 |
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| Nov record high C = 19.8 |
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| Dec record high C = 15.4 |
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| |
| year record high C = 36.9 |
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| Jan high C |
| Jan high C = 2.2 |
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| Feb high C |
| Feb high C = 3.8 |
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| Mar high C |
| Mar high C = 8.0 |
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| Apr high C |
| Apr high C = 14.5 |
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| May high C |
| May high C = 19.2 |
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| Jun high C |
| Jun high C = 22.4 |
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| Jul high C |
| Jul high C = 24.5 |
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| Aug high C |
| Aug high C = 24.2 |
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| Sep high C |
| Sep high C = 18.9 |
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| Oct high C |
| Oct high C = 13.0 |
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| Nov high C |
| Nov high C = 6.8 |
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| Dec high C |
| Dec high C = 3.1 |
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| |
| year high C = 13.4 |
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| |
| Jan mean C = -0.3 |
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| |
| Feb mean C = 0.7 |
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| Mar mean C = 4.0 |
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| Apr mean C = 9.6 |
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| May mean C = 14.0 |
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| Jun mean C = 17.3 |
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| Jul mean C = 19.3 |
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| Aug mean C = 19.1 |
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| Sep mean C = 14.4 |
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| |
| Oct mean C = 9.3 |
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| Nov mean C = 4.2 |
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| Dec mean C = 0.8 |
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| |
| year mean C = 9.4 |
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| |
| Jan low C = -2.6 |
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| |
| Feb low C = -1.8 |
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| |
| Mar low C = 0.8 |
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| Apr low C = 5.2 |
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| May low C = 9.5 |
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| Jun low C = 12.8 |
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| Jul low C = 14.9 |
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| Aug low C = 14.7 |
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| |
| Sep low C = 10.7 |
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| Oct low C = 6.3 |
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| |
| Nov low C = 2.0 |
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| Dec low C = -1.4 |
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| year low C = 5.9 |
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| |
| Jan record low C = -23.1 |
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| |
| Feb record low C = -29.5 |
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| |
| Mar record low C = -17.2 |
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| |
| Apr record low C = -5.9 |
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| |
| May record low C = -3.4 |
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| Jun record low C = 2.2 |
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| |
| Jul record low C = 6.9 |
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| Aug record low C = 4.5 |
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| |
| Sep record low C = 1.1 |
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| Oct record low C = -5.8 |
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| precipitation colour = green |
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| |
| Nov record low C = -12.4 |
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| |
| Dec record low C = -20.1 |
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| year record low C = -29.5 |
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| |
| precipitation colour = green |
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| |
| Jan precipitation mm = 44.2 |
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| |
| Feb precipitation mm = 35.6 |
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| |
| Mar precipitation mm = 45.2 |
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| Apr precipitation mm = 30.6 |
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| May precipitation mm = 52.7 |
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| Jun precipitation mm = 55.7 |
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| Jul precipitation mm = 90.1 |
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| Aug precipitation mm = 65.3 |
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| |
| Sep precipitation mm = 48.3 |
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| Oct precipitation mm = 41.0 |
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| Nov precipitation mm = 40.5 |
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| Dec precipitation mm = 39.7 |
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| |
| year precipitation mm = 588.8 |
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| |
| Jan snow depth cm = 6.2 |
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| |
| Feb snow depth cm = 6.3 |
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| Mar snow depth cm = 4.0 |
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| Apr snow depth cm = 1.5 |
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| May snow depth cm = 0.0 |
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| |
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0 |
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| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0 |
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| |
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0 |
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| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0 |
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| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name = noaa>{{cite web |
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| Oct snow depth cm = 0.3 |
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| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/PL/12400.TXT |
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| Nov snow depth cm = 1.9 |
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| title = Zielona Góra (12400) - WMO Weather Station |
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| Dec snow depth cm = 4.2 |
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| accessdate = December 31, 2018 |
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| year snow depth cm = |
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| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]}} [https://ia801505.us.archive.org/16/items/19611990NormalsNOAAZielonaGora/1961-1990%20normals%20NOAA%20-Zielona%20Gora.TXT Archived] December 27, 2018, at the [[Wayback Machine]]. |
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| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |
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</ref> |
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| Jan precipitation days = 17.97 |
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| Feb precipitation days = 14.66 |
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| Mar precipitation days = 14.63 |
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| Apr precipitation days = 10.90 |
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| May precipitation days = 12.47 |
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| Jun precipitation days = 13.17 |
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| Jul precipitation days = 13.90 |
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| Aug precipitation days = 12.37 |
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| Sep precipitation days = 11.23 |
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| Oct precipitation days = 13.53 |
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| Nov precipitation days = 15.57 |
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| Dec precipitation days = 17.17 |
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| year precipitation days = 167.56 |
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| unit snow days = 0 cm |
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| Jan snow days = 14.1 |
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| Feb snow days = 11.7 |
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| Mar snow days = 5.4 |
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| Apr snow days = 0.7 |
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| May snow days = 0.0 |
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| Jun snow days = 0.0 |
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| Jul snow days = 0.0 |
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| Aug snow days = 0.0 |
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| Sep snow days = 0.0 |
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| Oct snow days = 0.2 |
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| Nov snow days = 2.7 |
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| Dec snow days = 8.4 |
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| year snow days = 43.2 |
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| Jan humidity = 87.7 |
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| Feb humidity = 83.1 |
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| Mar humidity = 76.3 |
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| Apr humidity = 65.7 |
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| May humidity = 66.5 |
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| Jun humidity = 67.1 |
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| Jul humidity = 67.3 |
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| Aug humidity = 68.3 |
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| Sep humidity = 76.3 |
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| Oct humidity = 83.2 |
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| Nov humidity = 89.2 |
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| Dec humidity = 89.4 |
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| year humidity = 76.6 |
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| Jan sun = 51.7 |
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| Feb sun = 73.9 |
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| Mar sun = 121.8 |
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| Apr sun = 189.9 |
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| May sun = 225.1 |
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| Jun sun = 224.1 |
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| Jul sun = 239.3 |
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| Aug sun = 229.0 |
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| Sep sun = 159.5 |
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| Oct sun = 111.6 |
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| Nov sun = 56.6 |
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| Dec sun = 42.1 |
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| year sun = 1724.7 |
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| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE |
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| archive-date = 3 December 2021 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE |
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| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza |
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| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE |
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| archive-date = 15 January 2022 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE |
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| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza |
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| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
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| language = pl |
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| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax> |
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{{cite web |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE |
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| archive-date = 15 January 2022 |
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| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE |
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| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza |
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| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
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| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
|||
| language = pl |
|||
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA |
|||
| archive-date = 9 January 2022 |
|||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA |
|||
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu |
|||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
|||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
|||
| language = pl |
|||
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01 |
|||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 |
|||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01 |
|||
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm |
|||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
|||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
|||
| language = pl |
|||
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB |
|||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 |
|||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB |
|||
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej |
|||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
|||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
|||
| language = pl |
|||
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0 |
|||
| archive-date = 21 January 2022 |
|||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0 |
|||
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm |
|||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
|||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
|||
| language = pl |
|||
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL |
|||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 |
|||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL |
|||
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h) |
|||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 |
|||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management |
|||
| language = pl |
|||
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref> |
|||
| source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)<ref name=recordhigh> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351150400&par=tmax&max_empty=3 |
|||
| title = Zielona Góra Absolutna temperatura maksymalna |
|||
| date = 6 April 2018 |
|||
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl |
|||
| language = pl |
|||
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351150400&par=tmin&max_empty=3 |
|||
| title = Zielona Góra Absolutna temperatura minimalna |
|||
| date = 6 April 2018 |
|||
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl |
|||
| language = pl |
|||
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity> |
|||
{{cite web |
|||
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=351150400&par=rh&max_empty=3 |
|||
| title = Zielona Góra Średnia wilgotność |
|||
| date = 6 April 2018 |
|||
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl |
|||
| language = pl |
|||
| access-date = 31 January 2022}}</ref> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
==Education== |
==Education== |
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[[File:Al. Niepodległości, budynek nr 21, Zielona Góra.jpg|thumb|right|Music school]] |
[[File:Al. Niepodległości, budynek nr 21, Zielona Góra.jpg|thumb|right|Music school]] |
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[[File:Zielona Góra, ul. Licealna, budynek nr9.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of Zielona Góra]]]] |
[[File:Zielona Góra, ul. Licealna, budynek nr9.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of Zielona Góra]]]] |
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The city has a university and a College of International Trade and Finance. Currently there are 18,000 students studying in the city. |
The city has a university and a College of International Trade and Finance. Currently{{when|date=February 2023}} there are 18,000 students studying in the city. |
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===Secondary education=== |
===Secondary education=== |
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Secondary education is based on the [[ |
Secondary education is based on the [[high school]] type of educational facility. |
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* [http://www.jedynka.zgora.pl/ I High School] |
* [http://www.jedynka.zgora.pl/ I High School] |
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* [http://www.lo3.pl/ III High School] |
* [http://www.lo3.pl/ III High School] |
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Line 215: | Line 413: | ||
===Universities and colleges=== |
===Universities and colleges=== |
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* [[University of Zielona Góra]] [http://www.uz.zgora.pl/|] |
* [[University of Zielona Góra]] [http://www.uz.zgora.pl/|] |
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* From 1997 until 2014: College of International Trade and Finance<ref name="GOV-2015">{{cite act |type=Dziennik Urzędowy |index=21 |date=28 May 2015 |legislature=Minister of Science and Higher Education |title=Obwieszczenie Ministra Nauki I Szkolnictwa Wyższego |trans-title=Announcement Of The Minister Of Science And Higher Education |page=13 |url=https://www.gov.pl/attachment/80fa6360-b9d5-4251-98ef-29ebcd331360 |language=Polish}}</ref> |
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* [http://www.zwshifm.zgora.pl/ College of International Trade and Finance] |
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==Transport== |
==Transport== |
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[[Zielona Góra Airport]] is located at [[Babimost]], north-east of the city. It is currently the eleventh busiest airport in Poland, in terms of traffic size. Formerly a military base, it has become an important transport hub for western Poland. [[LOT Polish Airlines]] currently offers daily flights to [[Warsaw]]. |
[[Zielona Góra Airport]] is located at [[Babimost]], north-east of the city. It is currently{{when|date=February 2023}} the eleventh busiest airport in Poland, in terms of traffic size. Formerly a military base, it has become an important transport hub for western Poland. [[LOT Polish Airlines]] currently{{when|date=February 2023}} offers daily flights to [[Warsaw]]. |
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[[File:Stacja Zielona Góra.jpg|thumb|right|[[Zielona Góra Główna railway station]]]] |
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The city lies at the junction of [[National road 3 (Poland)|National Road 3]], [[National road 27 (Poland)|National Road 27]] and [[National road 32 (Poland)|National Road 32]] and is a major interchange on [[Expressway S3 (Poland)|S3 Expressway]] along [[European route E65]]. |
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[[Zielona Góra Główna railway station]] is the most important railway station of Zielona Góra. It has train connections to [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]], [[Zbąszynek]], [[Rzepin]], [[Warsaw]], [[Frankfurt (Oder)]] and [[Kraków]], main cities of the surrounding regions: [[Poznań]], [[Szczecin]] and [[Wrocław]] as well as direct international connections to [[Berlin]], [[Vienna]]. |
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[[File:Stacja Zielona Góra.jpg|thumb|right|Main train station in Zielona Góra]] |
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Zielona Góra has train connections to [[Gorzów Wielkopolski]], [[Zbąszynek]], [[Rzepin]], [[Warsaw]], [[Frankfurt (Oder)]] and [[Krakow]], main cities of the surrounding regions: [[Poznań]], [[Szczecin]] and [[Wrocław]] as well as direct international connections to [[Berlin]], [[Vienna]]. |
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{{Further|topic=the locomotive built in Zielona Góra, the|Zastal 410D}} |
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The city lies at the junction of [[National road 3 (Poland)|National Road 3]], [[National road 27 (Poland)|National Road 27]] and [[National road 32 (Poland)|National Road 32]] and is a major interchange on [[Expressway S3 (Poland)|S3 Expressway]] along [[European route E65]]. |
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==Events== |
==Events== |
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*June/July: Busker Bus Festival |
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*August: Folk Song and Dance Festival [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316192001/http://www.zgora.pl/rcak/ Folk Festival ] |
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*September: [[Winobranie w Zielonej Górze|Winobranie]] (Wine Fest) |
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[[File:MOSiRZielonaGora.jpg|thumb|[[CRS Hall Zielona Góra]], the city's main indoor hall, home venue of the [[Zastal Zielona Góra]] basketball team]] |
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* June/July: Busker Bus Festival |
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* August: Folk Song and Dance Festival [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316192001/http://www.zgora.pl/rcak/ Folk Festival ] |
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* September: [[Winobranie w Zielonej Górze|Winobranie]] (Wine Fest) |
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==Sports== |
==Sports== |
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The city is home to [[ |
The city is home to [[Zastal Zielona Góra]], five times champion of the [[Polish Basketball League]] and member of the European [[Basketball Champions League]]. The team plays its home games at the [[CRS Hall Zielona Góra]]. It is also home to [[Falubaz Zielona Góra]], one of the most successful Polish [[motorcycle speedway|speedway]] clubs. The local football team is [[Lechia Zielona Góra]]. |
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==Notable people== |
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==International relations== |
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[[File: |
[[File:Rudolf Haym 2.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Rudolf Haym]], 1902]] |
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[[File:Olga Tokarczuk-9739.jpg|thumb|140px|[[Olga Tokarczuk]], 2019]] |
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{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}} |
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*[[Bartholomaeus Pitiscus]] (1561–1613), mathematician, theologian, astronomer |
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*[[Abraham Scultetus]] (1566–1625), theologian |
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===Twin towns — Sister cities=== |
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*[[Tadeusz Kuntze]] (1727–1793), painter |
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Zielona Góra is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning">{{cite web | url = http://www.zielonagora.pl/PL/1111/# | title = Zielona Góra Miasta partnerskie | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | work = Urząd Miasta Zielona Góra}}</ref> |
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*[[Rudolf Haym]] (1821–1901), philosopher.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Haym, Rudolf |volume = 13 |last= |first= |author-link= |pages=113-114 |short=1}}</ref> |
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{| class="wikitable" |
|||
*[[Wilhelm Foerster]] (1832–1921), astronomer |
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|- valign="top" |
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*[[Otto Julius Bierbaum]] (1865–1910), writer |
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| |
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*[[Susanne Dessoir]] (1869–1953), soprano |
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*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[L'Aquila]], Italy, since 1996<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/> |
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*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Bistriţa]], Romania, since 2001<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/> |
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*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cottbus]], Germany, since 1990<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/><ref name="Cottbus twinning">{{cite web | url = http://www.cottbus.de/buerger/leben/cbinternational/our_twin_cities,255001242.en.html | title = Our twin cities- Cottbus | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | website=Cottbus.de| deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002625/http://www.cottbus.de/buerger/leben/cbinternational/our_twin_cities%2C255001242.en.html | archivedate = 2013-11-04 | df = }}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Helmond]], Netherlands, since 1993<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/> |
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*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], Ukraine, since 2000<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/><ref name="Ivano-Frankivsk">{{Cite web|url= http://www.mvk.if.ua/news/4114/|script-title=uk:Офіційний сайт міста Івано-Франківська|work=mvk.if.ua|language=Ukrainian|accessdate=7 March 2010}}</ref> |
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*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Kraljevo]], Serbia, since 1974<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/> |
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|| |
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*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Nitra]], Slovakia, since 1992<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/> |
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*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Troyes]], France, since 1970<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/> |
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*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Verden, Germany]], since 1993<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/> |
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*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Vitebsk]], Belarus, since 2002<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/> |
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*{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Wuxi]], [[China]], since 2009<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/> |
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*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Zittau]], Germany, since 2010<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning"/> |
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|} |
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==People== |
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[[File:Maryla Rodowicz (10).JPG|thumb|right|[[Maryla Rodowicz]] was born in Zielona Góra]] |
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*[[Bartholomaeus Pitiscus]] (born 1561; died 1613), mathematician, theologian, astronomer |
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*[[Abraham Scultetus]] (born 1566; died 1625), theologian |
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*[[Rudolf Haym]] (born 1821; died 1901), philosopher |
|||
*[[Wilhelm Foerster]] (born 1832; died 1921), astronomer |
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*[[Otto Julius Bierbaum]] (born 1865; died 1910), writer |
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*[[Franz Mattenklott]] (1884–1954), general |
*[[Franz Mattenklott]] (1884–1954), general |
||
*[[Józef Zych]] (born 1938), lawyer and politician |
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*[[Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia]] (born 1943) great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II. |
*[[Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia]] (born 1943) great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II. |
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*[[Maryla Rodowicz]] (born 1945), singer |
*[[Maryla Rodowicz]] (born 1945), singer |
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*[[Jürgen Colombo]] (born 1949), bicyclist |
*[[Jürgen Colombo]] (born 1949), bicyclist |
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*[[Janusz C. Szajna]] (born 1954), entrepreneur and [[University of Zielona Góra]] professor |
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*Andrew Andrzej Twardon (born 1956), psychologist |
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*[[Maria Gładkowska]] (born 1957), actress |
*[[Maria Gładkowska]] (born 1957), actress |
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*[[Olga Tokarczuk]] (born 1962), |
*[[Olga Tokarczuk]] (born 1962), writer (laureate of [[Nobel Prize in Literature]]) |
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*[[Tomasz Lis]] (born 1966), journalist |
*[[Tomasz Lis]] (born 1966), journalist |
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*[[Mariusz Linke]] ( |
*[[Mariusz Linke]] (1969–2022), [[mixed martial arts]] fighter and world-class [[grappler]] |
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*[[Grzegorz Halama]] (born 1970), comedian |
*[[Grzegorz Halama]] (born 1970), comedian |
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*[[Agnieszka Haupe-Kalka]] (born 1970), writer |
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*[[Piotr Protasiewicz]] 1975, Speedway Rider |
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*[[Piotr Protasiewicz]] (born 1975), speedway rider |
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*[[Grzegorz Zengota]] 1988, Speedway Rider |
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*[[L.U.C]] (born 1981), rapper |
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*[[Renata Thiele]], German writer |
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*[[Grzegorz Zengota]] (born 1988), speedway rider |
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*[[Mateusz Kieliszkowski]] (born 1993), Top international strongman competitor, 5 time Poland’s Strongest Man. |
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==Twin towns – sister cities== |
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<!-- DO NOT ADD MORE PICTURES TO THIS SECTION --> |
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[[File:Tablica zielona gora m partnerskie.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Zielona Góra's twin towns in 2013]] |
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{{Historical populations |
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{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}} |
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|1740 |3494 |
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Zielona Góra is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Miasta partnerskie|url=http://www.zielona-gora.pl/PL/1111/Miasta_partnerskie/|website=zielona-gora.pl|publisher=Zielona Góra|language=pl|access-date=2020-03-22}}</ref> |
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|1843 |10405 |
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{{div col|colwidth=20em}} |
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|1900 |20983 |
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*{{flagicon|ITA}} [[L'Aquila]], Italy (1996) |
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|1939 |26076 |
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*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Bistriţa]], Romania (2001) |
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|1946 |15738 |
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*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cottbus]], Germany (1990) |
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|1957 |45127 |
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*{{flagicon|NED}} [[Helmond]], Netherlands (1993) |
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|1965 |62844 |
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*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Ivano-Frankivsk]], Ukraine (2000) |
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|1975 |84230 |
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*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Kraljevo]], Serbia (1974) |
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|1985 |109926 |
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*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Nitra]], Slovakia (1992) |
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|2001 |119152 |
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*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Troyes]], France (1970) |
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|2007 |117532 |
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*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Verden an der Aller]], Germany (1993) |
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|2012 |119182 |
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*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Batumi]], Georgia (2022) |
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|2017 |139813 |
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*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wuxi]], China (2009) |
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|footnote=Note: 2010<ref name=Ludnosc>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |title=Ludność w gminach. Stan w dniu 31 marca 2011 r. – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011 r. |publisher=Główny Urząd Statystyczny |accessdate=20 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127094758/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |archivedate=27 November 2011 }}</ref> 2014<ref name=POL>{{cite web|url=http://demografia.stat.gov.pl/bazademografia/Downloader.aspx?file=pl_lud_2015_14_09.zip&sys=lud |title=Population in Poland. Size and structure by territorial division as of December 31, 2015 |format=ASPX |language=pl |accessdate=26 May 2016}}</ref> 2017<ref name="auto"/> |
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*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Zittau]], Germany (2010) |
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}} |
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{{div col end}} |
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===Friendly cities=== |
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*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Soltau]], Germany (1997) |
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{{clear|right}} |
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== |
==Gallery== |
||
<gallery class="center" widths="170" heights="120"> |
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<gallery> |
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File:Ratuwiw21.jpg| |
File:Ratuwiw21.jpg|Town Hall |
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File:Zielona Góra |
File:Deptak Zielona Góra.jpg|Żeromskiego Street in the Old Town |
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File:Zielona Góra, Tkalnia przy Fabrycznej.jpg|[[Loft]]s in Zielona Góra |
File:Zielona Góra, Tkalnia przy Fabrycznej.jpg|[[Loft]]s in Zielona Góra |
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File:Al. Niepodległości, budynek nr 15.jpg|Local museum |
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File:Zielona Góra - Wieża Głodowa.jpg|<center>The Hunger Tower from the 15th century</center> |
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File:Plac Pocztowy,budynek nr 17.jpg|Tenement at ''Plac Pocztowy'' (Postal Square) |
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File:ZG-Wieża Braniborska.JPG|<center>Astronomical observatory</center> |
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File:Obserr16.jpg|Astronomical observatory |
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File:Palmkg21.jpg|<center>Palm house with restaurant on vine hill</center> |
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File:Palmkg21.jpg|Palm house with restaurant on Wine Hill |
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File:Biblioteka norwid.jpg|<center>Zielona Góra Main Library</center> |
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File:Biblioteka norwid.jpg|Cyprian Norwid Provincial and Municipal Public Library |
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File:Zielona Góra, Aleja Niepodległości.jpg|Independence Avenue in the city centre |
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File:Lutheran church in Zielona Góra.jpg|[[Lutheran]] church |
File:Lutheran church in Zielona Góra.jpg|[[Lutheran]] church |
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File:Kaplgjz12.jpg|14th-century chapel on Wine Hill |
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File:Zielona Góra, ul. Wazów (szpital).jpg|University Hospital |
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File:Pomnik Ignacego Łukasiewicza w Zielonej Górze.jpg|[[Ignacy Łukasiewicz]] Monument |
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File:Kaplgjz12.jpg|<center>14th-century chapel</center> |
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File:Ogrod Botaniczny ZG1.JPG|Botanical Garden |
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File:Zielona Góra - plan.svg|<center>City map</center> |
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File:Skansen Ochla 5.jpg|Ethnographic Open-Air Museum |
|||
File:Blaeu_1645_-_Silesia_Inferior.jpg|<center>Grünberg on [[Atlas Blaeu|Blaeu]]'s 1645 map of [[Lower Silesia]]</center> |
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File:Sąd Okręgowy ZG.jpg|Courthouse |
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File:Blaeu 1645 - Nova totius Germaniæ descriptio.jpg|<center>In [[Atlas Blaeu|Blaeu]]'s 1645 atlas (spelled ''Grūberg'' with a [[Macron (diacritic)|macron]])</center> |
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File:Archiwum Państwowe Zielona Góra.jpg|State Archives |
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File:Schlesien Kr Grünberg.png|<center>Grünberg on the German map of 1905</center> |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
||
== Notes == |
|||
{{notelist}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
||
{{reflist}} |
|||
===Bibliography=== |
===Bibliography=== |
||
{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
||
*{{cite book|last=Hupp|first=Otto| |
*{{cite book|last=Hupp|first=Otto|author-link=Otto Hupp|title=Königreich Preußen: Wappen der Städte. Flecken und Dörfer|year=1896|publisher=Verlag von Heinrich Keller|location=[[Frankfurt]]|pages=185|language=de}} |
||
*{{cite book|last=Stier|first=Erich |
*{{cite book|last=Stier|first=Erich|author2=Ernst Kirsten |author3=Wilhelm Wühr |author4=Heinz Quirin |author5=Werner Trillmilch |author6=Gerhard Czybulka |author7=Hermann Pinnow |author8=Hans Ebeling |title=Westermanns Atlas zur Weltgeschichte: Vorzeit / Altertum, Mittelalter, Neuzeit|year=1963|publisher=Georg Westermann Verlag|location=[[Braunschweig]]|pages=170|language=de}} |
||
*{{cite book|last=Weczerka|first=Hugo |
*{{cite book|last=Weczerka|first=Hugo|title=Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands, Schlesien|year=1977|publisher=Alfred Kröner Verlag|location=[[Stuttgart]]|pages=699|isbn=3-520-31601-3|language=de}} |
||
{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
||
== |
==External links== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== External links == |
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{{commons|Zielona Góra}} |
{{commons|Zielona Góra}} |
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* |
*[http://www.familysearch.org/Eng/Library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=topicdetails&subject=408922&subject_disp=Germany%2C+Preu%C3%9Fen%2C+Schlesien%2C+Gr%C3%BCnberg+%28KrSt%2E+Gr%C3%BCnberg%29+%2D+Church+records&columns=*,0,0 Grünberg church records] of births, marriages and deaths since 1582 |
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* |
*[http://www.zielona-gora.pl/ Municipal website] |
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* |
*[http://www.uz.zgora.pl/index.php?en Zielona Góra University] |
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*[http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/zielona-gora/ Jewish Community in Zielona Góra] on Virtual Shtetl |
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*[http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/volary_death_march/index.asp The Death March through Zielona Góra to Volary], at [[Yad Vashem]] website |
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*[http://webgerman.com/Notgeld/Directory/G/Gruenberg.htm Grünberg Notgeld] (emergency banknotes) depicting various episodes from the region's history. |
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Latest revision as of 12:40, 16 May 2024
Zielona Góra | |
---|---|
Motto(s): Miasto przyszłości City of the future | |
Coordinates: 51°56′N 15°30′E / 51.933°N 15.500°E | |
Country | Poland |
Voivodeship | Lubusz |
County | city county |
Established | 13th century |
Town rights | 1323 |
Government | |
• Mayor | Marcin Pabierowski (PO) |
Area | |
• City | 278.32 km2 (107.46 sq mi) |
Elevation | 71 m (233 ft) |
Population (31 December 2021) | |
• City | 140,403 (24th)[1] |
• Density | 510/km2 (1,300/sq mi) |
• Urban | 216,781 |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Postal code | 65-001 to 65–950 |
Area code | +48 068 |
Car plates | FZ/FZI |
Climate | Cfb |
GDP | 2017 |
– Total | Nominal: €10 billion PPP: $14 billion |
– Per capita | Nominal: €17,300 PPP: $20,900 |
Primary airport | Zielona Góra Airport |
Highways | |
Website | www.zielona-gora.pl |
Zielona Góra (Polish: Polish: [ʑɛˈlɔna ˈɡura] ; lit. Green Mountain; German: Grünberg in Schlesien) is the largest city in Lubusz Voivodeship, located in western Poland, with 140,403 inhabitants (2021).[1] The region is closely associated with vineyards and holds an annual Wine Fest.[2] Zielona Góra is one of the two capital cities of Lubusz Voivodeship, hosting the province's elected assembly, while the seat of the centrally appointed governor is in the city of Gorzów Wielkopolski.[3]
In 1222 Duke Henry the Bearded from the Piast dynasty brought the first settlers to the area.[2] In 1323 Zielona Góra was granted town privileges. The town was incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1506 and became part of the Habsburg Empire in 1526. It experienced a wave of witch trials in the 17th century. As a result of the First Silesian War, the city became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1742. It then was part of the North German Confederation and the German Reich until the end of World War II in 1945,[2] when it became again part of Poland.
Toponymy
In the Silesian language, the city is called Źelůno Gůra (in Steuer's Silesian alphabet) or Grinberg; using the Silesian primer alphabet: Zielōnŏ Gōra or Grinberg; in Silesian German, the city was called Grienberg.
In the 16th century, pseudo-historical Latin names appeared for the city, such as Prasia Elysiorum and Thalloris.[4][5]
History
Middle Ages
The first settlement in the area of Zielona Góra was built in the valley near the Złota Łącza stream during the reign of the Polish ruler Mieszko I.[6] The oldest settlement was agricultural. It later developed into a trading point along routes from Poznań to Żagań and further to Lusatia.[6] The written records of the Slavic settlement date to 1222 and an increase of its population by Henry the Bearded.[6] Other documents date the settlement to 1302.[7]
The region received an influx of German burghers in the second half of the 13th century during the medieval Ostsiedlung.[8] In 1323, the settlement became a city with Crossener Recht, a variation of Magdeburg rights.[7] The earliest mention of the town's coat of arms is from 1421, although it is believed to have been arranged since the beginning of the 14th century.[9] A document in the town archive of Thorn (Toruń) dating from before 1400 used a sigil with the name GRVNINBERG, an early form of the German name Grünberg.[9]
In 1294, Duke Henryk III of the Duchy of Głogów, founded a church in honour of Saint Hedwig, the High Duchess consort of Poland and patron saint of Silesia. Now designated a co-cathedral, it is the oldest building in the city. A wooden castle near the city, built ca. 1272, was the residence of Duke John of Ścinawa from 1358 to 1365. Janusz had ceded his lands to Duke Henry V of Iron.[10] In 1477 the town defeated a 5,000-strong army from neighbouring Brandenburg which attempted to seize it during the succession war to the Duchy of Głogów. In 1488, Duke John II of Żagań, destroyed the castle to prevent his enemies from using it.[10]
The deposition of Duke John II of Żagań in 1488 marked the end of the long rule of the Piast dynasty in the Duchy of Głogów and the city of Zielona Góra. Later on, the duchy was ruled by the future Kings of Poland John I Albert and Sigismund I the Old. It was integrated with the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1506,[11] although Polish king Sigismund I the Old still claimed his rights to the city in 1508.[12]
Early modern period
The city flourished during the reign of Sigismund I the Old. In 1505 Sigismund issued a privilege allowing the sale of cloth products from Zielona Góra throughout Poland.[13] In 1641, King Władysław IV Vasa of Poland confirmed these rights.[12] Another important branch of the city's economy at this time was winemaking.[14]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1740 | 3,494 | — |
1843 | 10,405 | +197.8% |
1900 | 20,983 | +101.7% |
1939 | 26,076 | +24.3% |
1946 | 15,738 | −39.6% |
1950 | 31,634 | +101.0% |
1960 | 54,291 | +71.6% |
1970 | 73,485 | +35.4% |
1980 | 101,091 | +37.6% |
1990 | 114,126 | +12.9% |
2000 | 118,103 | +3.5% |
2010 | 117,699 | −0.3% |
2020 | 140,892 | +19.7% |
source [15] |
The city converted to Lutheranism during the Protestant Reformation through the efforts of Paul Lemberg, Abbot of Sagan.[16] The city declined during the 17th century, especially during the Thirty Years' War (1618–48) and following decades. Grünberg endured plundering, debts, emigration of burghers, and fires.[16] In 1651 during the Counter Reformation, the Habsburg monarchy of Austria reintroduced Roman Catholicism and suppressed Protestantism.[10]
The city was subjected to heavy Germanisation and German craftsmen banned Poles from attending any practice allowing them to work as members of guilds.[6] A rebellion caused by conscription ended with many Poles being imprisoned.[6] From 1640, witch trials took place, the number of which increased significantly in 1663–1665.[12] As a result, in 1669 the local court was deprived of the right to impose the death penalty on women accused of witchcraft.[12]
The city was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia by the 1742 Treaty of Breslau which ended the First Silesian War. The Prussians introduced religious toleration,[16] leading to the construction of the Protestant parish church Zum Garten Christ from 1746 to 1747.[16] Catholic Poles were later discriminated against, however. In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, POWs brought the plague to the city.[12]
Late modern period
The city's textile industry was booming by the end of the 1700s. By 1800, large parts of the city walls had been dismantled to allow the city to expand.[16] The textile industry suffered during the 1820s while adjusting to the Industrial Revolution and an import ban by the Russian Empire. The city's economy began to recover after many clothiers emigrated to Congress Poland. English industrialists were among the 19th-century economic reformers of Grünberg.[12]
During industrialisation, many Germans from the countryside moved to large industrial cities and a large number of Poles came to German cities to work as well. The Polish population was pushed by Germanisation to rural villages,[6] although some remained in the town contributed to the economic revival of the city.[6] A Polish church remained functional[6] until 1809 and a Polish craftsmen association (Towarzystwo Polskich Rzemieślników) was established by Kazimierz Lisowski in 1898;[17] it existed till 1935 when Lisowski was murdered by the Gestapo. In 1923 a branch of the Union of Poles in Germany was established.[17] In 1932 the German authorities did not allow the establishment of a Polish school.[17]
Since 1816 after the Napoleonic Wars, Grünberg was administered within the district Landkreis Grünberg in the Province of Silesia. In 1871 it became part of the German Empire during the unification of Germany. English industrialists purchased some of the city's textile factories during the 1870s and 1880s.[16] By 1885, most of Grünberg's population of 14,396 were Protestants.[18] The city was first connected to the Glogau (Głogów)-Grünberg-Guben railway line in 1871, followed by connections to Christianstadt (Nowogród Bobrzański) in 1904, Wollstein (Wolsztyn) in 1905, and a local line to Sprottau (Szprotawa) in 1911.[16]
In 1919, Grünberg became part of the Province of Lower Silesia within Weimar Germany. On 1 April 1922 it became a district-free city, but this status was revoked on 1 October 1933 while part of Nazi Germany. During the Kristallnacht in 1938, the Germans destroyed the synagogue.[12] During World War II the Germans established a women's subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, 11 forced labour camps and 4 labour units of the POW camp in Żagań, intended for French, Italian and Soviet prisoners of war.[11]
On On February 11, 1945, the authorities of Zielona Góra, then still Grünberg, received a report about Russians in the vicinity of Nowa Sól. Wehrmacht soldiers and civilians organizing defense in cities were threatened with being cut off from the south-west. In this situation, the preparations of Zielona Góra for defense by regular troops were interrupted. On February 11 the Yalta Conference has ended and it was not known exactly what would happen to Zielona Góra. On February 12 the most important German offices and management boards of larger enterprises were evacuated beyond Nysa Łużycka. On February 13 other residents were encouraged to leave the city through megaphones. The last train left in the evening. One of the previously sent transports was hit by an English air attack in Dresden and, according to some, about 900 inhabitants of Zielona Góra died at the local railway station. On 14 February. Hitler's ardent supporters called on the Hitler Youth to defend themselves. Previously, the so-called Sonderkommando, which from the morning started blowing up strategic objects and immobilizing various technical devices, e.g. power plants, gas plants and waterworks. The defenders set up two machine guns on the Branibor Hill. However, having heard about the imminent threat from Nowa Sól, they withdrew to the city center. On the other hand, the supporters of a quick surrender, including the worker Alfred Kuntzel, the Nazi Friedrich Brucks and the communist Karl Laube formed a surrender committee.[19] The Soviet Red Army occupied Grünberg with little fighting on February 14, 1945, during World War II.[16]
The Red Army headed by the Third Army began by the artillery fire at 13:00 from cannons positioned on the hills south of Racula. After reaching the northern border of this village, the reconnaissance units moved towards the city. Some of them, following an arc, ended up in Racula, others in Stary Kisielin and even in Jany, and still others took over Jędrzychów (Zielona Góra) . The main unit entered the city along Wrocławska Street. Soon, small groups of Red Army soldiers began to appear from the side of Kożuchowska Street. The 3rd Army set his headquarters in the Poviat Office building.[19]
In that period, about 500 people committed suicide.[20] The following month, according to the post-war Potsdam Agreement, the town was placed under Polish administration under territorial compensation for the territories of former Eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. The remaining German inhabitants who had not fled their homes from the Eastern Front were expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement.[16]
The town was partly resettled with Poles transferred from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. The city was briefly renamed Zielonogóra in 1945,[21] before the historic Polish[22] name Zielona Góra was restored.[23] The 18th-century Protestant church was reconsecrated as a Catholic church (Kościół Matki Boskiej Częstochowskiej). The city's first post-war mayor was Tomasz Sobkowiak,[12] a former prisoner of the Auschwitz concentration camp during the German occupation of Poland. He is remembered as an efficient administrator, with a friendly attitude towards Germans.[24]
Recent history
From 1950 to 1998 Zielona Góra was the capital of the Zielona Góra Voivodeship. The city's population rebounded quickly after the war; by 1950 it had more inhabitants than at any point in its history.[12]
The University of Zielona Góra was opened in 2001. The city is also the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Zielona Góra-Gorzów.
Geography
Zielona Góra is surrounded by tree-covered hills. The adjacent woodland makes up approximately half of the city's total area. The name of the city translates to 'Green Mountain' in both Polish and German. Zielona Góra features several tourist attractions and important historical sites including the preserved medieval Old Town, 13th-century Market Square, tenements, palaces, parks and the famous Palm House on Wine Hill. Its strong connection to vineyards and grape-picking earned Zielona Góra the nickname "The City of Wine".[25]
Wineries
The city has been known for its wines for centuries.[26] It is now one of two places in Poland with wine grape cultivation mainly for white wines (the other being the wine growing region near the town of Warka in Masovia). The first wineries around the city were built in 1314. At the Paradyż Abbey near Zielona Góra, monks have been making wine since 1250. The number of vineyards at peak production is estimated at 4,000 in the region, with 2,500 in Zielona Góra itself.
During the communist era wine production was reduced, but since 1990 it has recovered. Since 1852, an annual wine festival has taken place in the town. Wine is no longer produced in Zielona Góra itself, with the last factory closed in the early 1990s.
Vodka Luksusowa (namely: Luxury vodka), made from potatoes rather than grain, is produced in distillery in Zielona Góra. Jarzębiak, a Polish fruit vodka made from rowan berries and other fruit ingredients, registered as a regional traditional beverage by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland, is also produced in Zielona Góra.[27]
Another officially designated traditional beverage is the Zielona Góra beer, with local brewing traditions dating back to the 18th century.[28]
Climate
The climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb) with some humid continental characteristics (Dfb) in normals previous to 1981–2010. Despite being some distance from the sea, western standards as well as air masses are still predominant in the western than eastern, not very different from German cities near the border.[29]
Climate data for Zielona Gora (Słowackiego), elevation: 192 m, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.1 (59.2) |
20.4 (68.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
30.4 (86.7) |
31.2 (88.2) |
36.9 (98.4) |
36.6 (97.9) |
36.8 (98.2) |
32.7 (90.9) |
27.6 (81.7) |
19.8 (67.6) |
15.4 (59.7) |
36.9 (98.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.2 (36.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.0 (46.4) |
14.5 (58.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
22.4 (72.3) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
13.0 (55.4) |
6.8 (44.2) |
3.1 (37.6) |
13.4 (56.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.3 (31.5) |
0.7 (33.3) |
4.0 (39.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.3 (66.7) |
19.1 (66.4) |
14.4 (57.9) |
9.3 (48.7) |
4.2 (39.6) |
0.8 (33.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.6 (27.3) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
0.8 (33.4) |
5.2 (41.4) |
9.5 (49.1) |
12.8 (55.0) |
14.9 (58.8) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
6.3 (43.3) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
5.9 (42.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −23.1 (−9.6) |
−29.5 (−21.1) |
−17.2 (1.0) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−12.4 (9.7) |
−20.1 (−4.2) |
−29.5 (−21.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 44.2 (1.74) |
35.6 (1.40) |
45.2 (1.78) |
30.6 (1.20) |
52.7 (2.07) |
55.7 (2.19) |
90.1 (3.55) |
65.3 (2.57) |
48.3 (1.90) |
41.0 (1.61) |
40.5 (1.59) |
39.7 (1.56) |
588.8 (23.18) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 6.2 (2.4) |
6.3 (2.5) |
4.0 (1.6) |
1.5 (0.6) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.1) |
1.9 (0.7) |
4.2 (1.7) |
6.3 (2.5) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 17.97 | 14.66 | 14.63 | 10.90 | 12.47 | 13.17 | 13.90 | 12.37 | 11.23 | 13.53 | 15.57 | 17.17 | 167.56 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) | 14.1 | 11.7 | 5.4 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 8.4 | 43.2 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 87.7 | 83.1 | 76.3 | 65.7 | 66.5 | 67.1 | 67.3 | 68.3 | 76.3 | 83.2 | 89.2 | 89.4 | 76.6 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 51.7 | 73.9 | 121.8 | 189.9 | 225.1 | 224.1 | 239.3 | 229.0 | 159.5 | 111.6 | 56.6 | 42.1 | 1,724.7 |
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020)[38][39][40] |
Education
The city has a university and a College of International Trade and Finance. Currently[when?] there are 18,000 students studying in the city.
Secondary education
Secondary education is based on the high school type of educational facility.
- I High School
- III High School
- IV High School
- V High School
- Seventh General Lyceum
- Schools of Electronics
- Schools of Economics
Universities and colleges
- University of Zielona Góra [1]
- From 1997 until 2014: College of International Trade and Finance[41]
Transport
Zielona Góra Airport is located at Babimost, north-east of the city. It is currently[when?] the eleventh busiest airport in Poland, in terms of traffic size. Formerly a military base, it has become an important transport hub for western Poland. LOT Polish Airlines currently[when?] offers daily flights to Warsaw.
The city lies at the junction of National Road 3, National Road 27 and National Road 32 and is a major interchange on S3 Expressway along European route E65.
Zielona Góra Główna railway station is the most important railway station of Zielona Góra. It has train connections to Gorzów Wielkopolski, Zbąszynek, Rzepin, Warsaw, Frankfurt (Oder) and Kraków, main cities of the surrounding regions: Poznań, Szczecin and Wrocław as well as direct international connections to Berlin, Vienna.
Events
- June/July: Busker Bus Festival
- August: Folk Song and Dance Festival Folk Festival
- September: Winobranie (Wine Fest)
Sports
The city is home to Zastal Zielona Góra, five times champion of the Polish Basketball League and member of the European Basketball Champions League. The team plays its home games at the CRS Hall Zielona Góra. It is also home to Falubaz Zielona Góra, one of the most successful Polish speedway clubs. The local football team is Lechia Zielona Góra.
Notable people
- Bartholomaeus Pitiscus (1561–1613), mathematician, theologian, astronomer
- Abraham Scultetus (1566–1625), theologian
- Tadeusz Kuntze (1727–1793), painter
- Rudolf Haym (1821–1901), philosopher.[42]
- Wilhelm Foerster (1832–1921), astronomer
- Otto Julius Bierbaum (1865–1910), writer
- Susanne Dessoir (1869–1953), soprano
- Franz Mattenklott (1884–1954), general
- Józef Zych (born 1938), lawyer and politician
- Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia (born 1943) great-grandson of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
- Maryla Rodowicz (born 1945), singer
- Jürgen Colombo (born 1949), bicyclist
- Janusz C. Szajna (born 1954), entrepreneur and University of Zielona Góra professor
- Andrew Andrzej Twardon (born 1956), psychologist
- Maria Gładkowska (born 1957), actress
- Olga Tokarczuk (born 1962), writer (laureate of Nobel Prize in Literature)
- Tomasz Lis (born 1966), journalist
- Mariusz Linke (1969–2022), mixed martial arts fighter and world-class grappler
- Grzegorz Halama (born 1970), comedian
- Agnieszka Haupe-Kalka (born 1970), writer
- Piotr Protasiewicz (born 1975), speedway rider
- L.U.C (born 1981), rapper
- Grzegorz Zengota (born 1988), speedway rider
- Mateusz Kieliszkowski (born 1993), Top international strongman competitor, 5 time Poland’s Strongest Man.
Twin towns – sister cities
Zielona Góra is twinned with:[43]
- L'Aquila, Italy (1996)
- Bistriţa, Romania (2001)
- Cottbus, Germany (1990)
- Helmond, Netherlands (1993)
- Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine (2000)
- Kraljevo, Serbia (1974)
- Nitra, Slovakia (1992)
- Troyes, France (1970)
- Verden an der Aller, Germany (1993)
- Batumi, Georgia (2022)
- Wuxi, China (2009)
- Zittau, Germany (2010)
Friendly cities
- Soltau, Germany (1997)
Gallery
-
Town Hall
-
Żeromskiego Street in the Old Town
-
Lofts in Zielona Góra
-
Local museum
-
Tenement at Plac Pocztowy (Postal Square)
-
Astronomical observatory
-
Palm house with restaurant on Wine Hill
-
Cyprian Norwid Provincial and Municipal Public Library
-
Lutheran church
-
14th-century chapel on Wine Hill
-
Ignacy Łukasiewicz Monument
-
Botanical Garden
-
Ethnographic Open-Air Museum
-
Courthouse
-
State Archives
Notes
References
- ^ a b "Local Data Bank". Statistics Poland. Retrieved 30 July 2022. Data for territorial unit 0862000.
- ^ a b c "Zielona Góra and surrounding areas: Brochure" (PDF). Weisswasser,de. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- ^ o.o., StayPoland Sp. z. "Zielona Gora – Tourism – Tourist Information – Zielona Gora, Poland -". Staypoland.com. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- ^ https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/78843/PDF/06_Cezary_Lipinski_Silesia_issues_of_language_and_ethnicity.pdf
- ^ Tomasz Kamusella, The Dynamics of the Policies of Ethnic Cleansing in Silesia in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Budapest. Open Society Institute. 1999. p. 70.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Municipal homepage (in Polish)
- ^ a b Weczerka, p. 164
- ^ Westermann, p. 74
- ^ a b Hupp, p. 154
- ^ a b c Weczerka, p. 165
- ^ a b "Zielona Góra". Encyklopedia PWN (in Polish). Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Historia Zielonej Góry i Śląska – kalendarium, "Gazeta Lubuska"" (in Polish). 29 August 2007. Retrieved June 12, 2019.
- ^ Stanisław J. Kozłowski, Zielona Góra. Baza ekonomiczna i powiązania zewnętrzne, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław, 1977, p. 13
- ^ Stanisław J. Kozłowski, Zielona Góra. Baza ekonomiczna i powiązania zewnętrzne, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, Wrocław, 1977, p. 14
- ^ "Zielona Góra (Lubuskie) » mapy, nieruchomości, GUS, noclegi, szkoły, regon, atrakcje, kody pocztowe, wypadki drogowe, bezrobocie, wynagrodzenie, zarobki, tabele, edukacja, demografia".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Weczerka, p. 166
- ^ a b c Znani zielonogórzanie, Verbum, Zielona Góra, 1996, p. 124
- ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 1885
- ^ a b Dariusz Chajewski (2021-02-14). "14 lutego Rosjanie wkroczyli do Grünberga. W Zielonej Górze obyło się bez walki". Gazeta Lubuska. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
- ^ Lakotta, Beate (2005-03-05). "Tief vergraben, nicht dran rühren" (in German). SPON. Retrieved 2010-08-16.
- ^ "Rozporządzenie Ministra Obrony Narodowej w porozumieniu z Ministrem Administracji Publicznej z dnia 21 sierpnia 1945 r. o utworzeniu nowych, o zmianach istniejących dotychczas rejonowych komend uzupełnień i o ustaleniu ich zasięgu terytorialnego" (in Polish). Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ Lompa, Józef (1847). Krótki rys jeografii Śląska dla nauki początkowej (in Polish). Głogówek. p. 13.
- ^ "Zarządzenie Ministrów: Administracji Publicznej i Ziem Odzyskanych z dnia 7 maja 1946 r. o przywróceniu i ustaleniu urzędowych nazw miejscowości" (in Polish). Retrieved 7 February 2020.
- ^ Znani zielonogórzanie, Verbum, Zielona Góra, 1996, p. 183–185
- ^ "Qubus Hotel Zielona Góra – The city's attractions". Qubushotel.com. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XI (9th ed.). 1880. p. 225. .
- ^ "Jarzębiak". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ^ "Piwo zielonogórskie". Ministerstwo Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi - Portal Gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 16 May 2024.
- ^ "Zielona Gora, Poland Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2018-12-31.
- ^ "Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Miesięczna suma opadu". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h)". Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 (in Polish). Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Zielona Góra Absolutna temperatura maksymalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
- ^ "Zielona Góra Absolutna temperatura minimalna" (in Polish). Meteomodel.pl. 6 April 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
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Bibliography
- Hupp, Otto (1896). Königreich Preußen: Wappen der Städte. Flecken und Dörfer (in German). Frankfurt: Verlag von Heinrich Keller. p. 185.
- Stier, Erich; Ernst Kirsten; Wilhelm Wühr; Heinz Quirin; Werner Trillmilch; Gerhard Czybulka; Hermann Pinnow; Hans Ebeling (1963). Westermanns Atlas zur Weltgeschichte: Vorzeit / Altertum, Mittelalter, Neuzeit (in German). Braunschweig: Georg Westermann Verlag. p. 170.
- Weczerka, Hugo (1977). Handbuch der historischen Stätten Deutschlands, Schlesien (in German). Stuttgart: Alfred Kröner Verlag. p. 699. ISBN 3-520-31601-3.
External links
- Grünberg church records of births, marriages and deaths since 1582
- Municipal website
- Zielona Góra University
- Jewish Community in Zielona Góra on Virtual Shtetl
- The Death March through Zielona Góra to Volary, at Yad Vashem website
- Grünberg Notgeld (emergency banknotes) depicting various episodes from the region's history.