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[[File:Akintola.JPG|thumb|'''Gọmbọ style of Yoruba tribal marks on the face of Chief [[Samuel Akintola]]]] |
[[File:Akintola.JPG|thumb|'''Gọmbọ style of Yoruba tribal marks on the face of Chief [[Samuel Akintola]]]] |
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The '''Yoruba Tribal Marks''' are specific identification and beautification marks designed on the face or body of the [[Yoruba people]]. The Tribal marks are part of the [[Yoruba culture]] and are usually inscribed on the body by burning or cutting of the [[Skin|skin]] at Childhood.<Ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7Y0bCWpg-U8C&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=Yoruba+Anthropologist-Tribal+Mark&source=bl&ots=0hzqgRWbj4&sig=GHwY9ezGcHV-4rk8UprgHx4p4Pw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iUNbVcCZKsSqUY7xgegD&ved=0CB8Q6AEwBw</ref> The primary function of the tribal marks is for identification purpose and its a key factor to the people’s survival and existence. Families or individuals lacking the normal features consistent of the tribe are not considered as acquiring the full standings as agents in the Yoruba society, they would also lack the capacity for meaningful behavior, such as greeting, stating and commanding.<Ref>http://newtelegraphonline.com/tribal-marks-a-peoples-identity/</ref> |
The '''Yoruba Tribal Marks''' are specific identification and beautification marks designed on the face or body of the [[Yoruba people]]. The Tribal marks are part of the [[Yoruba culture]] and are usually inscribed on the body by burning or cutting of the [[Skin|skin]] at Childhood.<Ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7Y0bCWpg-U8C&pg=PA53&lpg=PA53&dq=Yoruba+Anthropologist-Tribal+Mark&source=bl&ots=0hzqgRWbj4&sig=GHwY9ezGcHV-4rk8UprgHx4p4Pw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iUNbVcCZKsSqUY7xgegD&ved=0CB8Q6AEwBw|title=Indigenous Customs in Childbirth and Child Care|work=google.co.uk|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> The primary function of the tribal marks is for identification purpose and its a key factor to the people’s survival and existence. Families or individuals lacking the normal features consistent of the tribe are not considered as acquiring the full standings as agents in the Yoruba society, they would also lack the capacity for meaningful behavior, such as greeting, stating and commanding.<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/tribal-marks-a-peoples-identity/|title=New Telegraph – Tribal marks, a people’s identity|author=Our Correspondent|work=newtelegraphonline.com|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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Each [[List of tribes in Nigeria|tribe]] of the [[History of the Yoruba people|Yoruba ethnic group]] had different inscription patterns which appears in different sizes and shapes at different locations within the face or body. The location and position of the mark's inscription depends on the tribe and culture.<Ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nrMRezmNrPcC&pg=PA1032&lpg=PA1032&dq=Yoruba+Anthropologist-Tribal+Mark&source=bl&ots=WVRyio9dvx&sig=WKnUgS_Nz6_i91ahVeBsF47sCuw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iUNbVcCZKsSqUY7xgegD&ved=0CCMQ6AEwCA</ref> The tribal marks could be inscribed on the breast, arm, lap and sometimes in the buttocks but is usually on the face.<Ref>http://www.punchng.com/special-feature/civilisation-pushes-tribal-mark-makers-out-of-job/</ref> |
Each [[List of tribes in Nigeria|tribe]] of the [[History of the Yoruba people|Yoruba ethnic group]] had different inscription patterns which appears in different sizes and shapes at different locations within the face or body. The location and position of the mark's inscription depends on the tribe and culture.<Ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nrMRezmNrPcC&pg=PA1032&lpg=PA1032&dq=Yoruba+Anthropologist-Tribal+Mark&source=bl&ots=WVRyio9dvx&sig=WKnUgS_Nz6_i91ahVeBsF47sCuw&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iUNbVcCZKsSqUY7xgegD&ved=0CCMQ6AEwCA|title=Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology|work=google.co.uk|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> The tribal marks could be inscribed on the breast, arm, lap and sometimes in the buttocks but is usually on the face.<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/special-feature/civilisation-pushes-tribal-mark-makers-out-of-job/|title=Civilisation pushes tribal mark makers out of job|work=The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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The use of tribal marks has a means of identification and beautification among the Yoruba tribe is no longer a norm and some Yoruba states have enacted certain laws that prohibit the use of the marks and violators of the law are liable for fines or imprisonment.<Ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3YKMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=Oyo+State+ban+tribal+marks&source=bl&ots=WXdHkcTJ8T&sig=AwWUNWQBpsetqepRUUR9WeauusY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ETtbVaqqI8OUsgHjp4GIBg&ved=0CA0Q6AEwATgK</ref> |
The use of tribal marks has a means of identification and beautification among the Yoruba tribe is no longer a norm and some Yoruba states have enacted certain laws that prohibit the use of the marks and violators of the law are liable for fines or imprisonment.<Ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3YKMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86&lpg=PA86&dq=Oyo+State+ban+tribal+marks&source=bl&ots=WXdHkcTJ8T&sig=AwWUNWQBpsetqepRUUR9WeauusY&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ETtbVaqqI8OUsgHjp4GIBg&ved=0CA0Q6AEwATgK|title=Facts, Fiction, and African Creative Imaginations|work=google.co.uk|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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In [[Oyo State]], for example, the prohibition of tribal marks is an integral part of the state [[Children's rights movement |Child Rights Law]], a law that imposes a fine or one month imprisonment or both for violation.< |
In [[Oyo State]], for example, the prohibition of tribal marks is an integral part of the state [[Children's rights movement |Child Rights Law]], a law that imposes a fine or one month imprisonment or both for violation.<ref name="starafrica.com">{{cite web|url=http://en.starafrica.com/news/the-kick-against-aged-tribal-marks-in-nigeria.html|title=The kick against aged tribal marks in Nigeria|work=Starafrica|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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According to the law “No person shall tattoo or make a skin mark or cause any tattoo or skin mark to be made on a child”.<Ref>http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/editorial/item/12411-tribal-marks-in-modern-nigeria</ref><ref>http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/marked-life-tribal-marks-attractive-repulsive/</ref> |
According to the law “No person shall tattoo or make a skin mark or cause any tattoo or skin mark to be made on a child”.<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.ng/news2013/index.php/en/editorial/item/12411-tribal-marks-in-modern-nigeria|title=Tribal marks in modern Nigeria: The burden, the anguish|author=Doyin Adeoye|work=tribune.com.ng|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/marked-life-tribal-marks-attractive-repulsive/|title=Marked for life? Are your tribal marks attractive or repulsive?|work=Vanguard News|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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==Style== |
==Style== |
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===Pele=== |
===Pele=== |
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The Pele style is a four horizontal lines, about a quarter of an inch long inscribed on the cheeks on both sides of the mouth.<Ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cURjuGT2FD4C&pg=PA108-IA56&lpg=PA108-IA56&dq=Abaja+tribal+mark+in+Oyo&source=bl&ots=7HaTCKz99C&sig=0ARXa6CDKwIanUY5bZplSOhLj_E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PXtbVae2CoehsAHFioGgBA&ved=0CCQQ6AEwCDgK</ref> |
The Pele style is a four horizontal lines, about a quarter of an inch long inscribed on the cheeks on both sides of the mouth.<Ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cURjuGT2FD4C&pg=PA108-IA56&lpg=PA108-IA56&dq=Abaja+tribal+mark+in+Oyo&source=bl&ots=7HaTCKz99C&sig=0ARXa6CDKwIanUY5bZplSOhLj_E&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PXtbVae2CoehsAHFioGgBA&ved=0CCQQ6AEwCDgK|title=Tradition and Creativity in Tribal Art|work=google.co.uk|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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It exists in two different formats, the horizontal and vertical formats which further consists of three versions namely; ''Pele Ijesa'' usually inscribed on the cheeks of the Ijesha of [[Osun State]], ''Pele Ekiti'', a quarter of an inch horizontal line usually inscribed on the cheeks of Ekiti people of [[Ekiti State]] and ''Pele Akoko'', about the same length, but in either vertical or horizontal format.<Ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XSiGw4_qlAC&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&dq=Abaja+tribal+mark+in+Oyo&source=bl&ots=u1X81-qiOo&sig=bjqY33dozg8TCclsnLYhBy5U0ys&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PXtbVae2CoehsAHFioGgBA&ved=0CB0Q6AEwBjgK</ref> |
It exists in two different formats, the horizontal and vertical formats which further consists of three versions namely; ''Pele Ijesa'' usually inscribed on the cheeks of the Ijesha of [[Osun State]], ''Pele Ekiti'', a quarter of an inch horizontal line usually inscribed on the cheeks of Ekiti people of [[Ekiti State]] and ''Pele Akoko'', about the same length, but in either vertical or horizontal format.<Ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XSiGw4_qlAC&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&dq=Abaja+tribal+mark+in+Oyo&source=bl&ots=u1X81-qiOo&sig=bjqY33dozg8TCclsnLYhBy5U0ys&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PXtbVae2CoehsAHFioGgBA&ved=0CB0Q6AEwBjgK|title=The History of the Yorubas|work=google.co.uk|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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The Indigenes of [[Ondo Kingdom]] are usually identified by the vertical format of the pele style on both sides of the nose down to the mouth and are usually long and thick.< |
The Indigenes of [[Ondo Kingdom]] are usually identified by the vertical format of the pele style on both sides of the nose down to the mouth and are usually long and thick.<ref name="starafrica.com"/> |
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The Owu tribal mark, a six lines incisions on each side of the cheeks. It is synonymous to the Pele style and peculiar to the indigenes of Owu, an historical city in [[Abeokuta]], the capital of [[Ogun State, Nigeria]].<Ref>http://thenationonlineng.net/new/obasanjo-why-i-didnt-know-my-father-had-tribal-marks/</ref> The Owu tribal mark was inscribed on the cheeks of [[Tribal chief|Chief]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], the former President of the [[Nigeria|Federal Republic of Nigeria]].<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=89265|title=My tribal marks are my natural ID card, Obasanjo tells NIMC boss|work=The Sun News|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
The Owu tribal mark, a six lines incisions on each side of the cheeks. It is synonymous to the Pele style and peculiar to the indigenes of Owu, an historical city in [[Abeokuta]], the capital of [[Ogun State, Nigeria]].<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/obasanjo-why-i-didnt-know-my-father-had-tribal-marks/|title=Obasanjo: why I didn’t know my father had tribal marks|author=Ernest Nwokolo, Abeokuta|work=The Nation|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> The Owu tribal mark was inscribed on the cheeks of [[Tribal chief|Chief]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], the former President of the [[Nigeria|Federal Republic of Nigeria]].<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/?p=89265|title=My tribal marks are my natural ID card, Obasanjo tells NIMC boss|work=The Sun News|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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===Gọmbọ=== |
===Gọmbọ=== |
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The Gọmbọ style also known as Kẹkẹ is a multiple straight and curved lines about a half of an inch long inscribed on the cheeks on both sides of the mouth. Indigenes of [[Ogbomosho]] in [[Oyo State]] are usually identified by the Gombo or Kẹkẹ style of Yoruba tribal marks. The Gombo style was inscribed on the cheeks of Chief [[Samuel Akintola]], a Nigerian [[Orator]].<Ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XSiGw4_qlAC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=Abaja+tribal+mark+on+Alaafin+of+oyo+face&source=bl&ots=u1X81-olMn&sig=zFEjLDp3j9Xt2sSj6HeGegta2y8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g3RbVevjFMmrsAG_r4CIDQ&ved=0CBwQ6AEwBg</ref><ref>http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/07/20/nigeria.scarring.ceremony/</ref> |
The Gọmbọ style also known as Kẹkẹ is a multiple straight and curved lines about a half of an inch long inscribed on the cheeks on both sides of the mouth. Indigenes of [[Ogbomosho]] in [[Oyo State]] are usually identified by the Gombo or Kẹkẹ style of Yoruba tribal marks. The Gombo style was inscribed on the cheeks of Chief [[Samuel Akintola]], a Nigerian [[Orator]].<Ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7XSiGw4_qlAC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=Abaja+tribal+mark+on+Alaafin+of+oyo+face&source=bl&ots=u1X81-olMn&sig=zFEjLDp3j9Xt2sSj6HeGegta2y8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g3RbVevjFMmrsAG_r4CIDQ&ved=0CBwQ6AEwBg|title=The History of the Yorubas|work=google.co.uk|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/africa/07/20/nigeria.scarring.ceremony/|title=Tribal scars custom drying up in Nigeria|work=cnn.com|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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===Abaja=== |
===Abaja=== |
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The Abaja style is a twelve horizontal lines , consisting of six lines per cheek. It is often refers to as "Abaja Alaafin Mefa Mefa". This tribal mark is peculiar to the indigenes of [[Oyo, Nigeria]].<Ref>https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T5v11UywUbwC&pg=PT198&lpg=PT198&dq=Abaja+tribal+mark+in+Oyo&source=bl&ots=Jx8Gxiz1y-&sig=qlQC9pfP9FhbBXKahYMEfA00hmA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PXtbVae2CoehsAHFioGgBA&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAzgK</ref> |
The Abaja style is a twelve horizontal lines , consisting of six lines per cheek. It is often refers to as "Abaja Alaafin Mefa Mefa". This tribal mark is peculiar to the indigenes of [[Oyo, Nigeria]].<Ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T5v11UywUbwC&pg=PT198&lpg=PT198&dq=Abaja+tribal+mark+in+Oyo&source=bl&ots=Jx8Gxiz1y-&sig=qlQC9pfP9FhbBXKahYMEfA00hmA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PXtbVae2CoehsAHFioGgBA&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAzgK|title=Yoruba Traditions and African American Religious Nationalism|work=google.co.uk|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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The Abaja style of Yoruba tribal mark was inscribed on the cheeks of [[Lamidi Adeyemi III]], the [[Alaafin|Alaafin of oyo]].<Ref>http://thevoicesa.com/our-articles/the-yoruba-trabal-marks</ref> |
The Abaja style of Yoruba tribal mark was inscribed on the cheeks of [[Lamidi Adeyemi III]], the [[Alaafin|Alaafin of oyo]].<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://thevoicesa.com/our-articles/the-yoruba-trabal-marks|title=THE YORUBA TRABAL MARKS|work=thevoicesa.com|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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Other Yoruba tribal marks includes Ture, Mande, Bamu and Jamgbadi.<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201103070786.html|title= Nigeria: Tribal Marks - Our Lost Heritage|work=allAfrica.com|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
Other Yoruba tribal marks includes Ture, Mande, Bamu and Jamgbadi.<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201103070786.html|title= Nigeria: Tribal Marks - Our Lost Heritage|work=allAfrica.com|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 19:30, 19 May 2015
The Yoruba Tribal Marks are specific identification and beautification marks designed on the face or body of the Yoruba people. The Tribal marks are part of the Yoruba culture and are usually inscribed on the body by burning or cutting of the skin at Childhood.[1] The primary function of the tribal marks is for identification purpose and its a key factor to the people’s survival and existence. Families or individuals lacking the normal features consistent of the tribe are not considered as acquiring the full standings as agents in the Yoruba society, they would also lack the capacity for meaningful behavior, such as greeting, stating and commanding.[2] Each tribe of the Yoruba ethnic group had different inscription patterns which appears in different sizes and shapes at different locations within the face or body. The location and position of the mark's inscription depends on the tribe and culture.[3] The tribal marks could be inscribed on the breast, arm, lap and sometimes in the buttocks but is usually on the face.[4] The use of tribal marks has a means of identification and beautification among the Yoruba tribe is no longer a norm and some Yoruba states have enacted certain laws that prohibit the use of the marks and violators of the law are liable for fines or imprisonment.[5] In Oyo State, for example, the prohibition of tribal marks is an integral part of the state Child Rights Law, a law that imposes a fine or one month imprisonment or both for violation.[6] According to the law “No person shall tattoo or make a skin mark or cause any tattoo or skin mark to be made on a child”.[7][8]
Style
Pele
The Pele style is a four horizontal lines, about a quarter of an inch long inscribed on the cheeks on both sides of the mouth.[9] It exists in two different formats, the horizontal and vertical formats which further consists of three versions namely; Pele Ijesa usually inscribed on the cheeks of the Ijesha of Osun State, Pele Ekiti, a quarter of an inch horizontal line usually inscribed on the cheeks of Ekiti people of Ekiti State and Pele Akoko, about the same length, but in either vertical or horizontal format.[10] The Indigenes of Ondo Kingdom are usually identified by the vertical format of the pele style on both sides of the nose down to the mouth and are usually long and thick.[6] The Owu tribal mark, a six lines incisions on each side of the cheeks. It is synonymous to the Pele style and peculiar to the indigenes of Owu, an historical city in Abeokuta, the capital of Ogun State, Nigeria.[11] The Owu tribal mark was inscribed on the cheeks of Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, the former President of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.[12]
Gọmbọ
The Gọmbọ style also known as Kẹkẹ is a multiple straight and curved lines about a half of an inch long inscribed on the cheeks on both sides of the mouth. Indigenes of Ogbomosho in Oyo State are usually identified by the Gombo or Kẹkẹ style of Yoruba tribal marks. The Gombo style was inscribed on the cheeks of Chief Samuel Akintola, a Nigerian Orator.[13][14]
Abaja
The Abaja style is a twelve horizontal lines , consisting of six lines per cheek. It is often refers to as "Abaja Alaafin Mefa Mefa". This tribal mark is peculiar to the indigenes of Oyo, Nigeria.[15] The Abaja style of Yoruba tribal mark was inscribed on the cheeks of Lamidi Adeyemi III, the Alaafin of oyo.[16] Other Yoruba tribal marks includes Ture, Mande, Bamu and Jamgbadi.[17]
Prominent people with tribal mark
- Olusegun Obasanjo
- Samuel Akintola
- Lamidi Adeyemi III
- Ayo Fayose
- Adegboyega Dosunmu Amororo II
- Christopher Alao-Akala
- Salihu Moddibo Alfa Belgore
See also
References
- ^ "Indigenous Customs in Childbirth and Child Care". google.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ Our Correspondent. "New Telegraph – Tribal marks, a people's identity". newtelegraphonline.com. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology". google.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Civilisation pushes tribal mark makers out of job". The Punch - Nigeria's Most Widely Read Newspaper. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Facts, Fiction, and African Creative Imaginations". google.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ a b "The kick against aged tribal marks in Nigeria". Starafrica. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ Doyin Adeoye. "Tribal marks in modern Nigeria: The burden, the anguish". tribune.com.ng. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Marked for life? Are your tribal marks attractive or repulsive?". Vanguard News. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Tradition and Creativity in Tribal Art". google.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "The History of the Yorubas". google.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ Ernest Nwokolo, Abeokuta. "Obasanjo: why I didn't know my father had tribal marks". The Nation. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "My tribal marks are my natural ID card, Obasanjo tells NIMC boss". The Sun News. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "The History of the Yorubas". google.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Tribal scars custom drying up in Nigeria". cnn.com. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Yoruba Traditions and African American Religious Nationalism". google.co.uk. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "THE YORUBA TRABAL MARKS". thevoicesa.com. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ "Nigeria: Tribal Marks - Our Lost Heritage". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 19 May 2015.