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The '''Yorkshire Terrier''' is a dog. |
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The '''Yorkshire Terrier''' is a small [[dog breed]] of [[terrier]] [[dog type|type]], developed in the 19th century in the county of [[Yorkshire]], [[England]], to catch rats in clothing mills, also used for [[rat-baiting]]. The defining features of the breed are its maximum size of {{convert|7|lb|kg}} and its gray, black, and tan coat. The breed is nicknamed '''Yorkie''' and is placed in the Toy Terrier section of the Terrier Group by the [[Fédération Cynologique Internationale]] and in the Toy Group or [[Companion Group]] by other kennel clubs, although all agree that the breed is a terrier. A popular [[companion dog]], the Yorkshire Terrier has also been part of the development of other breeds, such as the [[Australian Silky Terrier]]. |
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== Coat == |
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For adult Yorkshire Terriers, importance is placed on coat colour, quality, and texture.<ref name="AKCstandard">[http://www.akc.org/breeds/yorkshire_terrier/index.cfm American Kennel Club Standard]</ref> The hair must be glossy, fine, straight, and silky. Traditionally the coat is grown-out long and is parted down the middle of the back, but "must never impede movement."<ref name="KCstandard">[http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/199 Kennel Club Standard]</ref> |
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From the back of the neck to the base of the tail, the coat should be a dark gray to a black color, and the hair on the tail should be a darker black. On the head, high chest, and legs, the hair should be a bright, rich tan, darker at the roots than in the middle, that shades into a lighter tan at the tips. Also, in adult dogs, there should be no dark hairs intermingled with any of the tan colored fur. |
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[[File:YorkshireTerrierPuppy.JPG|thumb|left|A Yorkshire Terrier puppy, 4 weeks old, displaying the characteristic black/steel black and tan coat.]] |
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Adult Yorkshire Terriers that have other coat colours than the above, or that have woolly or extra fine coats, are still Yorkshire Terriers. The only difference is that atypical Yorkshire Terriers should not intentionally be bred.<ref>[http://www.ytca.org/faq.html#B quote: "A responsible breeder will not intentionally breed for undesirable traits."]</ref> In addition, care may be more difficult for "woolly" or "cottony" textured coats, or coats that are overly fine.<ref name="AKCstandard" /> One of the reasons given for not breeding "off-coloured" Yorkies is that the colour could be a potential indicator of a genetic defect that may affect the dog's health, a careful health screening can clarify if any health risks exist.<ref name="YTCAcolour">[http://www.ytca.org/faq.html#B "An Important Note About Colour in Yorkshire Terriers", from the US national breed club]</ref> |
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=== Puppy coats === |
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A newborn Yorkshire Terrier puppy is born black with tan points on the muzzle, above the eyes, around the legs and feet and toes, the inside of the ears, and the underside of the tail. Occasionally yorkies are born with a white "star" on the chest or on one or more toes. Also, a few Yorkies are born with a red tint in their coat, but that is only when the parents also have this trait. It is also common to find white patch on one or more nails.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nye|first=Sock|title=White Star Yorkie Happy|url=http://yorkiepuppies.org.uk/white-star-yorkie-happy.html|publisher=Sock Nye|accessdate=9 March 2012}}</ref> These markings fade with age, and are usually gone within a few months. |
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It may take three years or more for the coat to reach its final color. The final color is usually a black/grayish colour.<ref name="YTCA" /> P. H. Combs, writing in 1891, complained about show wins awarded to puppies, when the dog's coat does not fully come in until three or four years old, "and the honor of winning such a prize (for a puppy) can therefore be of but little practical benefit to the owner" since the adult dog's color cannot be exactly predicted. <ref>The American book of the Dog, edited by G. O. Shields, Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago and New York, 1891, no ISBN. Section on the Yorkshire written by P. H. Combs</ref> |
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=== Hypoallergenic coats === |
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{{Main|Hypoallergenic dog breed}} |
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The typical fine, straight, and silky Yorkshire Terrier [[coat (dog)|coat]] has also been listed by many popular dog information websites as being [[Hypoallergenic dog breed|hypoallergenic]]. In comparison with many other breeds, Yorkies do not shed to the same degree, only losing small amounts when bathed or brushed.<ref>[http://www.entdocs.org/catallergy.htm Jeffrey Adelglass, M.D., ear, nose, throat and allergy information] quote: "No dog is considered non-allergenic because all dogs produce dander, saliva, and urine which are the offending allergens."</ref> and it is the dog's dander and saliva that trigger most allergic reactions.<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/pet-allergy/DS00859/DSECTION=causes [[Mayo Clinic]], Pet allergy]</ref> Allergists do recognize that at times a particular allergy patient will be able to tolerate a particular dog, but they agree that "the luck of the few with their pets cannot be stretched to fit all allergic people and entire breeds of dogs."<ref name="NYTallergy">[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07E0D61E3DF936A35751C0A961958260&n=Top/News/Science/Topics/Animals] ''Nonallergenic Dog? Not Really'' by Denise Grady, New York Times, 5 February 1997</ref> The Yorkshire Terrier coat is said to fall out only when brushed or broken, or just said to not shed.<ref name=Wash>{{cite web | last =Wash | first =John | title =Yorkshire Terrier | publisher =NetPets | url=http://www.netpets.com/dogs/reference/breedinfo/submit/yorkie.html | accessdate =21 February 2007}}</ref> Although neither of those statements agree with what biologists, veterinarians, and allergists know about dog fur, allergists "think there really are differences in protein production between dogs that may help one patient and not another",<ref name="NYTallergy" /> meaning that some allergic people may not have allergic reactions to a specific dog, like the Yorkie. |
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=== Coat care === |
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Owners may trim the fur short for easier care. For shows, the coat is left long, and may be trimmed to floor length to give ease of movement and a neater appearance. Hair on the feet and the tips of ears can also be trimmed.<ref name="AKCstandard" /><ref name="KCstandard" /> The traditional long coat is extremely high maintenance. To prevent breakage, the coat may be wrapped in rice paper, tissue paper, or plastic, after a light oiling with a coat oil. The oil has to be washed out once a month and the wraps must be fixed periodically during the week to prevent them from sliding down and breaking the hair. Elaborate coat care dates from the earliest days of the breed. In 1878, John Walsh described similar preparations: the coat is "well greased" with coconut oil, the dog is bathed weekly, and the dog's feet are "carefully kept in stockings."<ref>The Dogs of the British Islands, pg 212, by John Henry Walsh, The Filed publisher, 1878, Third Edition</ref>[[File:Yorkshire Terrier 2.jpg|thumb|Yorkshire Terrier with two toned coat]] |
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[[Image:Yorkshire terrier.JPG|thumb|left|One year old male Yorkshire Terrier]] |
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=== Other colors === |
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[[Image:Silverblueyorkie.JPG|thumb|left|A two-year-old silver blue and pale cream Yorkshire Terrier]] |
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<!--Editors: there are many off-colors, including all colors of the dog genome, and many non standard coat textures. This is a description, not a list. Add additional coat information to the Coat (dog) article, not here-->The Yorkshire Terrier is a tan dog with a blue saddle. Particolors exist, although they are not correct for the breed standard. The particolor coat is white with black/blue and tan. It is very rare to get a particolor, and if one is found, it tends to be very expensive.<ref name="YTCAparti">[http://www.ytca.org/faq.html#C "Parti-Color Yorkshire Terriers? ", from the US national breed club]</ref> Some Yorkshire Terriers are liver or chocolate, a brown colour; they are unable to produce black pigment.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bowling|first=Sue|title=Coat Color Genetics - Brown Locus|url=http://bowlingsite.mcf.com/Genetics/ColorGen.html#B|publisher=Sue Ann Bowling}}</ref> The breed is defined by its colour, and such non-standard colours may indicate health problems or cross-breeding with other breeds of other colours.<ref name="YTCAcolour" /> The AKC registration form for Yorkshire Terriers allows for four choices: blue and tan, blue and gold, black and tan, black and gold. Colour alone will not affect whether or not a dog is a good companion and pet. Even though off-coloured Yorkshire Terriers are advertised at premium prices, being of an unusual or untypical colour is neither new, desirable, nor exotic.<ref name="YTCAparti" /> |
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[[Image:Billy the Yorkshire Terrier (Black and Tan).JPG|thumb|right|A three-year-old Yorkshire Terrier, displaying a black and tan coat.]] |
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Until recently, mismatched Yorkshire Terriers could be crossed with Biewer Terriers, a new breed originated in Germany from party coloured Yorkshire Terriers.<ref>[http://www.biewer-btca.com/biewerhistory.html Biewer club. In 2007 The Biewer Terrier Club of America, Inc. disallowed Yorkshire Terrier to Biewer Terrier breeding in order to produce a purebred breed of Biewer Terrier.]</ref> Although the American Kennel Club will not deny registration of a Yorkshire Terrier on colour alone, the Yorkshire Terrier Club of America has a directive that "any solid colour or combination of colours other than black and tan" for adult dogs is a disqualification, and "dogs of solid colour, unusual combination of colours, and party-colours should be disqualified."<ref name="YTCA">[http://www.ytca.org/mainview.htm Disqualification Directive, 26 September 2007]</ref> |
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== Temperament == |
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The ideal Yorkshire Terrier character or "personality" is described with a "carriage very upright" and "conveying an important air."<ref name="KCstandard" /> Though small, the Yorkshire Terrier is active, very overprotective, loves attention, and should not show the soft temperament seen in [[lap dog]]s. Yorkshire Terriers, also known as Yorkies, are an easy dog breed to train. This results from their own nature to work without human assistance. |
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Yorkshire Terriers tend to bark a lot. This makes them excellent watch dogs because they will sound the alarm when anyone gets near. This barking problem can be resolved with proper training. |
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Yorkshire Terriers are ranked 27th in [[Stanley Coren]]'s ''[[The Intelligence of Dogs]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Coren|first=Stanley|title=The Intelligence of Dogs |year=2006|publisher=Pocket Books|location=London, UK|isbn=978-1-4165-0287-6}}</ref> |
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== History == |
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[[Image:Yorkshirenamedmeetwithsuccesofhappyblue.JPG|250px|right|thumb|Three year old with characteristic long hair]] |
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The Yorkshire Terrier originated in [[West Yorkshire|Yorkshire]] (and the adjoining [[Greater Manchester|Lancashire]]), a rugged region in northern England.<ref name=Weston>{{cite web | last =Weston | first =Lee | title =Yorkshire Terrier History | publisher =BarkBytes.com | url =http://www.barkbytes.com/history/yorkie.htm | accessdate =25 February 2007}}</ref> In the mid-19th century, workers from Scotland came to Yorkshire in search of work and brought with them several different varieties of small terriers. Breeding of the Yorkshire Terrier was "principally accomplished by the people—mostly operatives in cotton and woolen mills—in the counties of Yorkshire and Lancashire."<ref name="Shields">P. H. Combs in The American Book of the Dog, pg 443, edited by G. O. Shields, Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago and New York 1891 no ISBN</ref> Details are scarce. Mrs. A. Foster is quoted as saying in 1886, "If we consider that the mill operatives who originated the breed...were nearly all ignorant men, unaccustomed to imparting information for public use, we may see some reason why reliable facts have not been easily attained."<ref name="Foster">Mrs. A Foster of Bradford, England, quoted by James Watson in the Century Magazine in 1886; on page 441 of The American Book of the Dog, pg 454, edited by G. O. Shields, Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago and New York 1891, no ISBN</ref> |
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What is known is that the breed sprang from three different dogs, a male named Old Crab and a female named Kitty, and another female whose name is not known.<ref>1885 article by Ed. Bootman of Halifax, England was printed in The Stock-Keeper, detailing the breed's origins, discussed pg 441-442 The American Book of the Dog, edited by G. O. Shields, Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago and New York 1891 no ISBN</ref> The [[Paisley Terrier]], a smaller version of the [[Skye Terrier]] that was bred for a beautiful long silky coat, also figured into the early dogs. Some authorities believed that the [[Maltese (dog)|Maltese]] was used as well.<ref>British dogs, their points, selection, and show preparation, by William D. Drury, pg 582 published 1903, L. Upcott Gill, London, and Charles Scribner's Sons, New York (no ISBN) Quote: "I think the Yorkshire gets the softness and length of coat due to Maltese blood".</ref> "They were all originally bred from Scotch Terriers (note: meaning dogs from Scotland, not today's Scottish Terrier) and shown as such...the name Yorkshire Terrier was given to them on account of their being improved so much in Yorkshire."<ref name="Foster" /> Yorkshire Terriers were shown in a dog show category (class) at the time called "Rough and Broken-coated, Broken-haired Scotch and Yorkshire Terriers". Hugh Dalziel, writing in 1878, says that "the classification of these dogs at shows and in the Kennel Club Stud Book is confusing and absurd" in lumping together these different types.<ref name="British Islands 1878, pg 213">quoted in''The dogs of the British Islands'', by John Henry Walsh, The Filed, publisher, 1878, Third Edition, pg 213</ref> |
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In the early days of the breed, "almost anything in the shape of a Terrier having a long coat with blue on the body and fawn or silver coloured head and legs, with tail docked and ears trimmed, was received and admired as a Yorkshire Terrier".<ref name="Shields" /> But in the late 1860s, a popular Paisley type Yorkshire Terrier show dog named [[Huddersfield Ben]], owned by a woman living in Yorkshire, Mary Ann Foster, was seen at dog shows throughout Great Britain, and defined the breed type for the Yorkshire Terrier.<ref name="Clark/Brace">{{cite book| last = Clark| first = Anne Rogers| authorlink = Anne Rogers Clark| title = The International Encyclopedia of Dogs |coauthors= Andrew H. Brace | publisher = Howell Book House| year = 1995| page = 484| isbn = 0-87605-624-9}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Huddersfield Ben.png|250px|left|thumb|Yorkshire Terriers -Mrs. Fosters "Huddersfield Ben" and Lady Giffard's "Katie" c. 1870]] |
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===Huddersfield Ben=== |
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{{Main|Huddersfield Ben}} |
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Huddersfield Ben was a famous dog. His portrait was painted by [[George Earl (painter)|George Earl]]<ref>2006 art exhibition catalog "Best in Show, the Dog in Art from the Renaissance to Today", notes by Edgar Peters Bowron, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-11588-1</ref> and in 1891 an authority on the breed wrote, "Huddersfield Ben was the best stud dog of his breed during his life-time, and one of the most remarkable dogs of any pet breed that ever lived; and most of the show specimens of the present day have one or more crosses of his blood in their pedigree."<ref>P. H. Combs in The American Book of the Dog, pg 454, edited by G. O. Shields, Rand, McNally & Company, Publishers, Chicago and New York 1891 no ISBN</ref> A show winner, Huddersfield Ben quickly became the type of dog everyone wanted, and through his puppies has defined the breed as we know it today. He is still referred to as "father of the breed."<ref name="Clark/Brace" /> |
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===In North America=== |
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The Yorkshire Terrier was introduced in North America in 1872<ref name=Weston/> and the first Yorkshire Terrier was registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC) in 1885.<ref name=Coile5>{{cite book|last=Caroline Coile|first=D.|title=The Yorkshire Terrier Handbook|year=2003|publisher=Barron's Educational Series Inc.|location=Hauppauge, New York, USA|page=5|url=http://books.google.com/?id=cngMUe3bQHgC&pg=PP152&lpg=PP152&dq=first+Yorkshire+Terrier+was+registered+with+the+American+Kennel+Club+%28AKC%29+in+1885#v=onepage&q=first%20Yorkshire%20Terrier%20was%20registered%20with%20the%20American%20Kennel%20Club%20%28AKC%29%20in%201885&f=false|isbn=978-0-7641-2585-0}}</ref> During the [[Victorian era]], the Yorkshire Terrier was a popular pet and show dog in England, and as Americans embraced Victorian customs, so too did they embrace the Yorkshire Terrier.<ref name="Yorkshire Terrier - Yahoo! Pets">{{cite web|url=http://pets.yahoo.com/pets/dogs/breed/yorkshire_terrier|title=Yorkshire Terrier|publisher=[[Yahoo!]] Pets|accessdate=22 December 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070329052239/http://pets.yahoo.com/pets/dogs/breed/yorkshire_terrier|archivedate=29 March 2007}}</ref> The breed's popularity dipped in the 1940s, when the percentage of small breed dogs registered fell to an all-time low of 18% of total registrations.<ref>{{cite news | title =Yorkies Have Their Year! Tiny Toy Overtakes Venerable Favorites - Golden Retriever and German Shepherd - as Second Most Popular Dog in America | publisher =AKC News | date =7 January 2007 | url =http://www.akc.org/news/index.cfm?article_id=3112 | accessdate =25 February 2007}}</ref> [[Smoky (dog)|Smoky]], a Yorkshire Terrier and famous war dog from World War II, is credited with beginning a renewal of interest in the breed.<ref>{{cite news | title =Special Issue: Yorkshire Terrier | publisher =Popular Dog Magazine | year =2001}}</ref> |
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== Health == |
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Health issues often seen in the Yorkshire Terrier include [[bronchitis]], [[lymphangiectasia]], [[portosystemic shunt]], [[cataract]]s, and [[keratoconjunctivitis sicca|keratitis sicca]].<ref name=Lane>Lane, Marion (2001). ''The Yorkshire Terrier: An Owner's Guide to a Happy Healthy Pet'', Second Edition, Howell Book House - Wiley Publishing, Inc., ISBN 0-87605-477-7.</ref> Additionally, Yorkies often have a delicate [[digestive system]], with vomiting or diarrhea resulting from consumption of foods outside of a regular diet.<ref name=Shultz>Schultz, Jacque Lynn (2004), "The Terrier Tyke With a Big Attitude," ''ASPCA''. Retrieved from http://www.petfinder.com/journalindex.cgi?path=/public/breeds/dogbreeds/1.4.28.txt&template=templateprint.html on 2007-03-10.</ref> The relatively small size of the Yorkshire Terrier means that it usually has a poor tolerance for [[anesthesia]]. Additionally, a toy dog such as the Yorkie is more likely to be injured by falls, other dogs and owner clumsiness.<ref name=Shultz/> Injection reactions (inflammation or hair loss at the site of an injection) can occur. In addition they may have skin allergies.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} |
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The [[life expectancy|life span]] of a healthy Yorkie is 17–20 years.<ref name=Shultz/> Under-sized Yorkies (3 pounds or less) generally have a shorter life span, as they are especially prone to health problems such as chronic [[diarrhea]] and [[vomiting]]; are even more sensitive to anesthesia; and are more easily injured.<ref name=Shultz/> |
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=== Teeth === |
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[[File:Morkie puppy retained teeth.jpg|thumb|Morkie (half Maltese, half Yorkie) puppy with his deciduous teeth and adult teeth growing in]] |
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As with all other dogs, Yorkies have two sets of teeth in their life. The first set of teeth is the 28-piece deciduous teeth (often referred to as "milk teeth", "baby teeth" or "puppy teeth"). The second set is the 42-piece permanent or adult teeth. Sometimes the number of permanent or adult teeth may vary, which is fine as long as they do not cause bad bite. When puppies are born, they have no teeth because milk is the only food they need. The deciduous teeth will grow from the age of 3 to 8 weeks old, in the order of incisors, canine/ fangs and premolars. Yorkie puppies have no molar teeth. Yorkie puppies will start to lose their deciduous or baby teeth when the permanent or adult teeth come in. The permanent or adult grow when the Yorkie puppies are 4 to 8 months old. By around 8 months old, those teeth should fully develop. The permanent or adult teeth will grow in the order of incisors, canine/fangs, premolars and molars. Molar teeth will develop at around 6 to 8 months old.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nye|first=Sock|title=When Do Yorkie Puppies Lose Their Teeth?|url=http://yorkiepuppies.org.uk/when-do-yorkie-puppies-lose-their-teeth.html|publisher=Sock Nye|accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref> |
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Yorkies and other small dog breeds may have problems if the deciduous or baby teeth do not fall out as the permanent or adult teeth grow. This is caused by the new teeth not growing right underneath the deciduous teeth. (Usually, a puppy’s body will absorb the roots of puppy teeth.) If the puppy tooth does not yield to the incoming tooth, it should be removed because it can cause a malocclusion or bad bite.<ref>{{cite web|last=Van Dalsum|first=Jeff|title=Different Stages of Puppy Dental Development|url=http://perfectpuppycare.com/different-stages-of-puppy-dental-development|publisher=Jeff Van Dalsum|accessdate=20 June 2012}}</ref> Retained teeth can cause tooth decay because food can be easily caught in between the deciduous and permanent teeth. Sometimes the new teeth are forced to grow into an abnormal position and further cause a bad bite. The retained teeth may stay or fall weeks after the new teeth have developed. When necessary, the retained deciduous or baby teeth need to be removed surgically.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nye|first=Sock|title=Retained Deciduous or Baby Teeth|url=http://yorkiepuppies.org.uk/retained-deciduous-or-baby-teeth.html|publisher=Sock Nye|accessdate=13 March 2012}}</ref> |
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[[File:Yorkie's Retained Deciduous or Baby Fangs.jpg|thumb|Yorkie's retained deciduous or baby fangs.]] |
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Like other small breeds, Yorkies are also prone to severe dental disease. Because they have a small jaw, their teeth can become crowded and may not fall out naturally. This can cause food and plaque to build up, and bacteria can eventually develop on the surface of the teeth, leading to periodontal disease. In addition, the bacteria can spread to other parts of the body and cause heart and kidney problems. The best prevention is regular brushing of the teeth with a toothpaste formulated specifically for dogs. Human toothpaste is not recommended, because it foams easier and may be swallowed. Professional teeth cleaning by a veterinarian may also be required to prevent the development of dental problems.<ref name=Teeth>{{cite web|title=Caring For Your Yorkshire Terrier: Common Health Problems |url =http://www.essortment.com/caring-yorkshire-terrier-common-health-problems-63025.html | accessdate =13 March 2011}}</ref> |
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====Genetic defects==== |
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Certain [[genetic disorder]]s have been found in Yorkshire Terriers, including [[distichia]]sis, [[hydrocephalus]], [[hypoplasia of dens]], [[Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome]], [[luxating patella]], [[portosystemic shunt]], [[retinal dysplasia]], [[tracheal collapse]], and [[bladder stone (animal)|bladder stone]]s.<ref name=KSU>{{cite web | title =Hereditary and Congenital Diseases of Purebred Dogs | publisher =Kansas State University | url =http://www.vet.ksu.edu/studentorgs/Therio/pdf/Hereditary_Congenital.pdf | format =PDF | accessdate =13 March 2007}}</ref> The following are among the most common [[congenital disorder|congenital]] [[genetic disorder|defects]] that affect Yorkies. |
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* [[Distichia]]e, [[eyelash]]es arising from an abnormal spot (usually the duct of the [[meibomian gland]] at the edge of the eyelid), are often found in Yorkies.<ref name=Shultz>{{cite news | last =Schultz | first =Jacque Lynn | title =The Terrier Tyke With a Big Attitude | publisher =ASPCA | year =2004 | url =http://www.petfinder.com/journalindex.cgi?path=/public/breeds/dogbreeds/1.4.28.txt&template=templateprint.html | accessdate =10 March 2007}}</ref> Distichiae can irritate the eye and cause tearing, squinting, inflammation, [[corneal abrasion]]s or [[corneal ulcers in animals|corneal ulcers]], and scarring. Treatment options may include manual removal, [[electrolysis]], or [[surgery]].<ref>{{citation | title =Distichiasis Can Damage Corneas in Cavaliers | publisher =Cavalier Health | year =2007 | url =http://cavalierhealth.net/distichiasis.htm | accessdate =4 March 2007}}</ref> |
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*[[Hypoplasia of dens]] is a non-formation of the pivot point of the second [[cervical vertebrae|cervical vertebra]], which leads to [[spinal cord]] damage.<ref name=KSU/> Onset of the condition may occur at any age, producing signs ranging from neck pain to quadriplegia.<ref name=Bob>{{cite web | last =Linville | first =Robert L. | title =Breed Predisposition to Disease and Congenital Conditions | publisher =Dr. Bob's All Creatures Site | date =6 March 2006 | url =http://www.petdoc.ws/BreedPre.htm | accessdate =13 March 2007}}</ref> |
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*[[Legg–Calvé–Perthes syndrome]], which causes the top of the [[femur]] (thigh bone) to [[degeneration (medical)|degenerate]], occurs in Yorkies in certain lines.<ref name=Legg>{{cite web | last =Degner | first =Danial | title =Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (or Legg-Perthes disease) | publisher =Vet Surgery Central Inc. | year =2004 | url =http://www.vetsurgerycentral.com/legg_calve.htm | accessdate =4 March 2007}}</ref> The condition appears to result from insufficient [[circulatory system|circulation]] to the area around the [[hip#Articulation|hip joint]]. As the blood supply is reduced, the bone in the head of the femur collapses and dies and the [[cartilage]] coating around it becomes cracked and deformed.<ref name=Legg/> Usually the disease appears when the Yorkie is young (between five and eight months of age); signs are pain, limping, or lameness.<ref name=Voit>{{cite web | last =Voit | first =Pam | title =Legg Perthe's Disease: What you Should Know | url =http://www.ahtluvr.com/ahtleggperthes.html | accessdate =4 March 2007}}</ref> The standard treatment is surgery to remove the affected part of the bone.<ref name=Voit/> Following surgery, muscles hold the femur in place and fibrous tissue forms in the area of removal to prevent bone rubbing on bone.<ref name=FHO>{{cite web | last =Degner | first =Danial | title =Femoral Head and Neck Excision | publisher =Vet Surgery Central Inc. | year =2004 | url =http://www.vetsurgerycentral.com/fho.htm | accessdate =4 March 2007}}</ref> Although the affected leg will be slightly shorter than prior to surgery, the Yorkie may regain almost normal use.<ref name=Voit/> |
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* [[Luxating patella]]s (slipping [[patella|kneecap]]s) are another common defect considered to be genetic in Yorkies, although it may also be caused by an accidental fall. Weak [[ligament]]s and [[tendon]]s in the [[knee]] or malformed (too shallow) patellar grooves, allow the patella to slip out of its groove sideways.<ref name=Luxating>{{cite web | last =Foster | first =Race | coauthors =Smith, Marty | title =Luxating Patella | publisher =PetEducation.com | year =2007 | url =http://www.peteducation.com/article.cfm?cls=2&cat=1569&articleid=457 |accessdate =5 March 2007}}</ref> This causes the leg to 'lock up' with the foot held off the ground.<ref name=Luxating/> A dog with this problem may experience frequent pain and lameness or may be bothered by it only on occasion. Over time, the patellar ridges can become worn down, making the groove even more shallow and causing the dog to become increasingly lame.<ref name=Luxating/> Surgery is the main treatment option available for luxating patellas, although it is not necessary for every dog with the condition. |
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* [[Portosystemic shunt]], a congenital malformation of the [[Hepatic portal vein|portal vein]] (which brings blood to the [[liver]] for cleansing), is also common in Yorkies. In this condition some of the dog's blood bypasses the liver and the "dirty" blood goes on to poison the heart, brain, lungs, and other [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] with toxins. A Yorkie with this condition might exhibit a wide variety of symptoms, such as small stature, poor appetite, weak muscle development, decreased ability to learn, inferior coordination, occasional vomiting and diarrhea, [[Abnormality (behavior)|behavioral abnormalities]], seizures (especially after a meal), and [[blindness]], which could lead to a coma and death. Often, the shunt can be treated with surgery. |
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* [[Tracheal collapse]], caused by a progressive weakening of the walls of the [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]], occurs in many toy breeds, especially very tiny Yorkies.<ref name=Degner>{{cite web | last =Degner | first =Danial | title =Tracheal Collapse | publisher =Vet Surgery Central Inc. | year =2004 | url =http://www.vetsurgerycentral.com/tracheal_collapse.htm | accessdate =4 March 2007}}</ref> As a result of genetics, the walls of the trachea can be flaccid, a condition that becomes more severe with age. [[Cushing's syndrome]], a disorder that causes production of excess steroid hormone by the adrenal glands, can also weaken cartilage and lead to [[tracheal collapse]].<ref>[http://cavalierhealth.net/cushing.htm Cushing's Disease in Cavaliers]</ref> There is a possibility that physical strain on the neck might cause or contribute to trachea collapse. Since this is usually caused by an energetic Yorkie pulling against his collar, many veterinarians recommend use of a harness for leashed walks.<ref name=Degner/> An occasional "goose honking" cough, especially on exertion or excitement, is usually the first sign of this condition.<ref name=Degner/> Over time, the cough may become almost constant in the Yorkie's later life. Breathing through the obstruction of a collapsed (or partially collapsed) trachea for many years can result in complications, including chronic lung disease. The coughing can be countered with [[cough medicine|cough suppressant]]s and [[bronchodilator]]s.<ref name=Degner/> If the collapse is advanced and unresponsive to medication, sometimes surgery can repair the trachea.<ref name=Degner/> |
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====Hypoglycemia==== |
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[[blood sugar#Low blood sugar|Low blood sugar]] in puppies, or [[hypoglycemia|transient juvenile hypoglycemia]], is caused by fasting (too much time between meals).<ref name=Hypoglycemia>{{cite web | title =Hypoglycemia symptoms and treatment | publisher =Go Pets America | url =http://www.gopetsamerica.com/dog-health/hypoglycemia.aspx | accessdate =10 March 2007}}</ref> In rare cases hypoglycemia may continue to be a problem in mature, usually very small, Yorkies. It is often seen in Yorkie puppies at 5 to 16 weeks of age.<ref name=Hypoglycemia/> Very tiny Yorkie puppies are especially predisposed to hypoglycemia because a lack of muscle mass makes it difficult to store [[glucose]] and regulate blood sugar.<ref name=Hypoglycemia/> Factors such as stress, fatigue, a cold environment, poor nutrition, and a change in diet or feeding schedule may bring on hypoglycemia.<ref name=Chihuahua> |
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{{cite web | last =O'Neil | first =Jacqueline | title =Dealing with Your Chihuahua's Health Issues (Adapted from ''Chihuahuas for Dummies'') | publisher =Dummies.com | year =2007 | url =http://www.dummies.com/WileyCDA/DummiesArticle/id-2062.html | accessdate =10 March 2007}}</ref> Low blood sugar can also be the result of a [[pathogenic bacteria|bacterial infection]], [[parasitism|parasite]], or portosystemic liver shunt.<ref>{{cite web | last =Brooks | first =Wendy C. | title =Toy Breed Hypoglycemia | publisher =VeterinaryPartner.com | date =31 July 2005 | url =http://www.VeterinaryPartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2085 | accessdate =10 March 2007}}</ref> Hypoglycemia causes the puppy to become drowsy, listless (glassy-eyed), shaky, uncoordinated, since the [[brain]] relies on sugar to function. During a hypoglycemic attack, the puppy usually has very pale or grey gums.<ref>Yorkies of Walnut Hill, Yorkie Hypoglycemia, http://www.yorkiesllc.com/yorkieinfo/yorkiehypoglycemia.html Accessed 8 June 2009.</ref> The puppy also may not eat unless force-fed.<ref name=Hypoglycemia/> Hypoglycemia and dehydration seem to go hand-in-hand, and force-feeding or injecting fluids may also be necessary. Additionally, a hypoglycemic Yorkie may have a lower than [[normal human body temperature|normal body temperature]] and, in extreme cases, may have a [[Epileptic seizure|seizure]] or go into a [[coma]].<ref name=Lee>{{cite web | last =Weston | first =Lee | title =Hypoglycemia | publisher =Pomeranian Club of Canada | url =http://www.pcoc.net/hypoglycemia.htm | accessdate =10 March 2007}}</ref> A dog showing [[symptom]]s should be given sugar in the form of corn syrup or NutriCal and be treated by a [[veterinarian]] immediately, as prolonged or recurring attacks of hypoglycemia can permanently damage the dog's brain.<ref name=Lee/> In severe cases it can be fatal.<ref name=Hypoglycemia/> |
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=== Docking === |
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{{Main|Docking (dog)}} |
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Traditionally, the Yorkshire Terrier's tail is [[docking (dog)|docked]] to a medium length.<ref>{{cite web|title=FCI-Standard|url=http://www.fci.be/uploaded_files/086gb2009_en.doc|accessdate=7 September 2012}}</ref> Opposition to this practice began very early in the history of the breed; Hugh Dalziel, writing about Yorkshire Terriers in 1878, declared that "There is no reason for mutilating pet dogs, and perfect ears and tails should be bred, not clipped into shape with scissors."<ref name="British Islands 1878, pg 213" /> Often, a Yorkshire Terrier's [[dewclaw]]s, if any, are removed in the first few days of life,<ref name="AKCstandard" /> another controversial practice. |
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== Similar breeds and crosses == |
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The Yorkshire Terrier breed descends from larger but similar Scottish breeds such as the now extinct [[Paisley Terrier]] and the [[Skye Terrier]]. In its turn, other breeds have been created from the Yorkshire Terrier, such as the [[Australian Silky Terrier]] and the Biewer Terrier, bred from a blue, white, and gold puppy they later named Schneeflocken von Friedheck, by Mr. and Mrs. Biewer of Germany.<ref> |
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{{cite web |
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|url=http://biewer-btca.com/breedstandard.html |
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|title=Biewer Terrier Standard |
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|publisher=Biewer Terrier Club of America |
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|accessdate=21 December 2009 |
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}}</ref> |
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Demand for unusual pets has resulted in high prices being paid for Yorkshire Terriers crossed with various other breeds, which are described with a [[portmanteau|portmanteau word]] made up of [[syllable]]s (or sounds) from Yorkshire Terrier and the breed name of the other parent. A list of such portmanteau-named [[crossbreed|crosses]] can be found on the [[List of dog hybrids]] page. |
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<!--Editors: Do not add names or photographs of crosses/hybrids here, put them on the 'List of dog hybrids' page.--> |
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==Notablity== |
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[[Image:Yorkie standing.jpg|thumb|right|A three-year-old Yorkie]] |
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===Show dogs=== |
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*In 1997, Champion Ozmilion Mystification became the first Yorkie to win Best in Show at [[Crufts]], the world's largest annual dog show.<ref>{{cite web | title =Crufts Best in Show Roll of Honour 1990 - 1999 | publisher =The Kennel Club | date =7 August 2006 | url =http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=491&d=pg_dtl_art_news&h=244&f=0 |accessdate =7 March 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070930181435/http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=491&d=pg_dtl_art_news&h=244&f=0 |archivedate = September 30, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Linzy | first =Jan | title =Yorkshire Terrier Champions, 1994-2001 | publisher =Camino E E & Book Co | year =2003 | url =http://www.amazon.com/dp/1558931082 | isbn =1-55893-108-2}}</ref> |
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*Champion WA Mozart Dolce Sinfonia ("Mozart") is a show dog owned by socialite [[Sabrina A. Parisi]]. He was featured in the Krassimir Abramov music video for "Say Goodbye" and will star in the upcoming documentary ''It's a Dog Life'' from director Vibeke Muasya.<ref>{{cite web | title =Anything Can Happen in Hollywood | work =DogueBlog | publisher =DogueMag | year =2007 | url =http://doguemag.bravejournal.com/entry/19205 | accessdate =3 May 2007}}</ref> On 11 May 2006, Mozart attended Krassimir's concert at the [[Kodak Theatre]] in Hollywood, becoming the first dog to enter the venue. |
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===Small dogs=== |
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* Sylvia, a matchbox-size Yorkshire Terrier owned by Arthur Marples of [[Blackburn]], England, was the smallest dog in recorded history. The dog died in 1945 when she was two years old, at which point she stood 2.5 inches tall at the shoulder, measured 3.5 inches from nose tip to tail, and weighed 4 ounces.<ref>{{cite book | last =Choron | first =Sandra | coauthors =Choron, Harry | title =Planet Dog: A Doglopedia | publisher =Houghton Mifflin | year =2005 | page =92 | url =http://www.amazon.com/dp/0618517529 | isbn =0-618-51752-9}}</ref><ref> |
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{{cite web | title =What is the worlds smallist (sic) dog?: Answer 6 | publisher =Yahoo! Answers | url =http://au.answers.yahoo.com/question/index.php?qid=20061023202127AA1lrpZ | accessdate =9 March 2007}} See also {{cite book | last =Barr | first =Tracy | coauthors =Veling, Peter F. | title =Yorkshire Terriers for Dummies | publisher =For Dummies | date =20 August 2004 | url =http://www.amazon.com/Yorkshire-Terriers-Dummies-Tracy-Barr/dp/0764568809 | isbn =0-7645-6880-9}}</ref> |
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* For 1995 through 2002 [[Guinness World Records]] listed a Yorkshire Terrier named Big Boss, as the smallest dog in the world. Big Boss was listed at 11.94 cm (4.7 in) tall when his owner, Dr. Chai Khanchanakom of [[Thailand]], registered the toy dog with Guinness.<ref>{{cite news | title =Farewell to the Smallest Dog in the World | publisher =The Scoop | date =15 January 2002 | url =http://dogsinthenews.com/issues/0201/articles/020115a.htm | accessdate =17 February 2007}}</ref> |
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* A Yorkie named Thumbelina, 5.5 inches tall and 8 inches long, held the Guinness World Record for smallest living dog prior to 1995.<ref>{{cite news | title =World's smallest dog debuts | publisher =CNN - World News Briefs | date =10 December 1995 | url =http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/Newsbriefs/9512/12-10/am.html | accessdate =10 March 2007}}</ref> |
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* Tiny Pinocchio, an abnormally small Yorkshire Terrier, has appeared on several television programs including ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show|Oprah]]'' and the ''[[Today (NBC program)|Today Show]]''.<ref>{{cite news | last =Zucco | first =Tom | title =World's Tiniest Dog? | publisher =St. Petersburg Times | date =22 April 2003 | url =http://www.sptimes.com/2003/04/22/SouthPinellas/World_s_tiniest_dog.shtml | accessdate =17 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last =Skeels-Hopson | first =Linda | title =Appearances: Things We Did in 2003 | publisher =TinyPinocchio.com | year =2003 | url =http://tinypinocchio.nstemp.com/appearances.html | accessdate =17 February 2007}}</ref> |
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===War dogs=== |
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*[[Smoky (dog)|Smoky]], a war dog and hero of World War II, was owned by [[Bill Wynne|William Wynne]] of [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]]. Wynne adopted Smoky while he was serving with the 5th Air Force in the Pacific.<ref>{{cite web | last =Wynne | first =Bill | authorlink =Bill Wynne | title =Smoky 'Corporal Smoky' United States Army/Air Corps | publisher =PatsyAnn.com | url =http://www.patsyann.com/smoky.htm | accessdate =15 February 2007}}</ref> |
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===White House dogs=== |
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*Pasha, [[Tricia Nixon Cox]]'s pet Yorkie, lived in the [[White House]] during the [[Richard Nixon]] presidency.<ref> |
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{{cite news | title =Time & Again: White House Pets | publisher =MSNBC | year =1998 | url =http://www.msnbc.com/onair/msnbc/TimeAndAgain/archive/WHpets/whitehouse.asp | accessdate =25 February 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061021022642/http://www.msnbc.com/onair/msnbc/TimeAndAgain/archive/WHpets/whitehouse.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 21 October 2006}}</ref> |
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===Other=== |
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*Timmy Tammy, the beloved pet of [[Lucille P. Markey]] owner of the [[Calumet Farm]] [[thoroughbred racing]] stable in [[Lexington, Kentucky]] traveled with her everywhere she went - even on airplanes. He was often carried in Mrs. Markey's purse. It was rumored that [[Tim Tam (horse)|Tim Tam]], the winner of the 1958 [[Kentucky Derby]] was named after the dog, but that has never been absolutely proven to be the case. He died in 1970 at the age of 17. |
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== Teacup Yorkies == |
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Teacup Yorkshire terriers are any abnormally small Yorkshire terrier. Usually a teacup is any dog weighing less than 4lbs when fully grown. There are many health issues associated with owning any teacup dog, such as luxating patella, heart disease, hydrocephaly, hypoglycemia, CPPS, open fontanels and seizures. Teacupism is a controversial breeding practice that is not encouraged by responsible breeders. |
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A fashion pressure, they are bred to appeal with their puppy-like features, rather than bred to expel health issues. Usually they are inbred, breeding runt to runt until they gradually become too small. |
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==See also== |
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* [[Yorkshire]] |
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* [[Ancient counties of England]] |
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* [[Australian Silky Terrier]] |
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* [[Dog breeding]] |
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* [[Dog hybrid]] |
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* [[Yorkipoo]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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== External links == |
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{{Commons category|Yorkshire Terrier}} |
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* {{AKC standard|yorkshire_terrier}} |
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* {{dmoz|Recreation/Pets/Dogs/Breeds/Toy_Group/Yorkshire_Terrier/}}<!-- Editors: Place all breed related kennel, club and rescue links, as well as other photograph links and other information links about the breed, on the Open Directory Project/DMOZ page, not here in the Wikipedia article "External links" section. Instructions for submitting links are on the Open Directory Project/DMOZ page.--> |
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* [http://dogshaadi.com/breeds/toy-dogs/yorkshire-terrier/ Dog Breed Profile - Yorkshire Terrier] |
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{{Terriers}} |
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{{Toy dogs}} |
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{{English dogs}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}} |
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[[Category:Terriers]] |
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[[Category:Companion dogs]] |
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[[Category:Dog breeds originating in England]] |
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{{Link FA|pt}} |
Revision as of 16:43, 10 April 2013
Yorkshire Terrier | |||||||||
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Common nicknames | Yorkie | ||||||||
Origin | England | ||||||||
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Dog (domestic dog) |
The Yorkshire Terrier is a dog.