→COVID-19 pandemic: this is Embarek remark per source, not WHO conclusion, adding actual WHO remarks |
expand on and add COVID-19 conspiracy lead; it's one of the main discussion points based on news search Tag: Reverted |
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| coordinates = {{coord|30|22|35|N|114|15|45|E|type:landmark_region:CN-42|display=inline,title}} |
| coordinates = {{coord|30|22|35|N|114|15|45|E|type:landmark_region:CN-42|display=inline,title}} |
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| owner = <!-- or | owners = --> |
| owner = <!-- or | owners = --> |
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| sec_gen = <!-- or | gen_sec for |
| sec_gen = <!-- or | gen_sec for general secretary --> |
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| leader_title = Director-General |
| leader_title = Director-General |
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| leader_name = [[Wang Yanyi]] |
| leader_name = [[Wang Yanyi]] |
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| leader_title2 = Secretary of Party Committee |
| leader_title2 = Secretary of Party Committee |
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| leader_name2 = Xiao Gengfu<ref>{{Cite web | |
| leader_name2 = Xiao Gengfu<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.whiov.ac.cn/jggk_105204/xrld/201312/t20131227_4006476.html | script-title=zh:现任领导 |title=Current leader |website=Wuhan Institute of Virology, www.whiov.ac.cn| access-date=24 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224142240/http://www.whiov.ac.cn/jggk_105204/xrld/201312/t20131227_4006476.html | archive-date=24 February 2020 | url-status=dead |quote=Wang Yanyi, born in 1981, PhD, researcher. She is currently the director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the leader of the molecular immunology discipline group... Xiao Gengfu, born in 1966, PhD, researcher. Current Secretary of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology...}}</ref> |
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| leader_title3 = Deputy Director-General |
| leader_title3 = Deputy Director-General |
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| leader_name3 = Gong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu |
| leader_name3 = Gong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu |
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| website = {{URL|english.whiov.cas.cn/|whiov.cas.cn}} |
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{{Infobox Chinese|order=st |
{{Infobox Chinese|order=st |
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|s={{linktext|中国|科学院|武汉|病毒|研究所}} |t=中國科學院武漢病毒研究所 |
|s={{linktext|中国|科学院|武汉|病毒|研究所}} |t=中國科學院武漢病毒研究所 |
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|p=Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ}} |
|p=Zhōngguó Kēxuéyuàn Wǔhàn Bìngdú Yánjiūsuǒ}} |
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The '''Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences''' ('''WIV'''; {{zh|s=中国科学院武汉病毒研究所}}) is a research institute on [[virology]] administered by the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS), which reports to the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite news|date= |
The '''Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences''' ('''WIV'''; {{zh|s=中国科学院武汉病毒研究所}}) is a research institute on [[virology]] administered by the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS), which reports to the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 December 2020 |title=Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK|access-date=2021-04-07|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330110537/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-wuhan-lab-idUSKBN28R2UK|url-status=live}}</ref> Located in [[Jiangxia District]], [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], it opened mainland China's first [[biosafety level 4]] (BSL-4) laboratory.<ref name=pmid28230144/> The institute has strong ties to the [[Galveston National Laboratory]] in the United States, the [[Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie]] in France, and the [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] in Canada. The institute has been an active research center for the study of [[coronavirus]]es. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the laboratory has been a focus of several different conspiracy theories and speculation about the origin of the virus. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS). In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/History2016/|title=History|website=Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729180122/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/History2016/|archive-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |
The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS). In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/History2016/ |title=History |website=Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729180122/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/History2016/|archive-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of China's first [[biosafety level 4]] (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. The construction of the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was completed at a cost of 300 million yuan ($44 |
In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of China's first [[biosafety level 4]] (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. The construction of the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was completed at a cost of 300 million yuan ($44 million) in collaboration with the French government's [[Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie|CIRI lab]] at the end of 2014.<ref name=pmid28230144>{{cite journal |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |title=Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens |journal=Nature |date=23 February 2017 |volume=542 |issue=7642 |pages=399–400 |doi=10.1038/nature.2017.21487 |pmid=28230144 |bibcode=2017Natur.542..399C |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan |date=3 February 2015 |publisher=Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences |url=http://english.whiov.cas.cn/News/Events/201502/t20150203_135923.html |access-date=9 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215545/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/News/Events/201502/t20150203_135923.html |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref> The new laboratory building has 3000 m<sup>2</sup> of BSL-4 space, and also 20 [[BSL 2|BSL-2]] and two [[BSL 3|BSL-3]] laboratories.<ref>[https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311625/WHO-WHE-CPI-2018.40-eng.pdf?sequence=1 Report of the WHO Consultative Meeting on High/Maximum Containment (Biosafety Level 4) Laboratories Networking, Lyon, France, 13–15 December 2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208090926/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/311625/WHO-WHE-CPI-2018.40-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |date=8 February 2021 }}. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/WHE/CPI/2018.40).</ref> The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017,<ref name=pmid28230144 /> with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/04/c_136872077.htm |date=4 January 2018 |work=xinhuanet|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210014041/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/04/c_136872077.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the Institute investigated highly dangerous viruses, such as [[SARS]], [[influenza H5N1]], [[Japanese encephalitis]], and [[dengue]], along with germ causing [[anthrax]].<ref name=Shoham>Dany Shoham (2015) China's Biological Warfare Programme: An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 April–June 2015, pp. 131–156 [https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_2_2015_DanyShoham.pdf China’s Biological Warfare Programme. An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210162222/https://idsa.in/system/files/jds/jds_9_2_2015_DanyShoham.pdf |date=10 February 2021 }}</ref> |
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The National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the [[Galveston National Laboratory]] in the [[University of Texas]].<ref name=WPO>{{cite |
The National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the [[Galveston National Laboratory]] in the [[University of Texas]].<ref name=WPO>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/01/29/experts-debunk-fringe-theory-linking-chinas-coronavirus-weapons-research/ |title=Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research |first=Adam |last=Taylor |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=29 January 2020 | access-date=3 February 2020 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20200131185716/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/01/29/experts-debunk-fringe-theory-linking-chinas-coronavirus-weapons-research/ | archive-date=31 January 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref> It also had strong ties with [[Canada]]'s [[National Microbiology Laboratory]] until WIV staff scientists Xiangguo Qiu and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.<ref name="cbcqiu">{{cite web |title=University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/lab-researcher-rcmp-national-microbiology-lab-1.5212851 |website=[[CBC News]] |date=15 July 2019 |first=Karen |last=Pauls |access-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415064232/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/lab-researcher-rcmp-national-microbiology-lab-1.5212851 |archive-date=15 April 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Researchers from the WIV have also collaborated in [[gain of function]] research on coronaviruses with American colleagues.<ref name="nature_medicine_201511"/> |
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A number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. The scientific community was also reassured that many Wuhan lab scientists were trained in safety procedures at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France.<ref name=pmid28230144/> Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist [[Richard H. Ebright]], who had expressed concern of [[List of accidents and incidents involving laboratory biosecurity|previous escapes of the SARS virus]] at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories,<ref name=pmid28230144/> called the institute a "world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.<ref name=WPO/> |
A number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. The scientific community was also reassured that many Wuhan lab scientists were trained in safety procedures at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France.<ref name=pmid28230144/> Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist [[Richard H. Ebright]], who had expressed concern of [[List of accidents and incidents involving laboratory biosecurity|previous escapes of the SARS virus]] at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories,<ref name=pmid28230144/> called the institute a "world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.<ref name=WPO/> |
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=== SARS-related coronaviruses === |
=== SARS-related coronaviruses === |
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In 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the [[SARS coronavirus]], finding that China's [[horseshoe bat]]s are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Wendong |last2=Shi |first2=Zhengli |last3=Yu |first3=Meng |last4=Ren |first4=Wuze |last5=Smith |first5=Craig |last6=Epstein |first6=Jonathan H |last7=Wang |first7=Hanzhong |last8=Crameri |first8=Gary |last9=Hu |first9=Zhihong |last10=Zhang |first10=Huajun |last11=Zhang |first11=Jianhong |last12=McEachern |first12=Jennifer |last13=Field |first13=Hume |last14=Daszak |first14=Peter |last15=Eaton |first15=Bryan T |last16=Zhang |first16=Shuyi |last17=Wang |first17=Lin-Fa |s2cid=2971923 |title=Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses |journal=Science |date=28 Oct 2005 |volume=310 |issue=5748 |pages=676–679 |doi=10.1126/science.1118391 |pmid=16195424 |bibcode=2005Sci...310..676L |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3949088 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111110805/https://zenodo.org/record/3949088 |url-status=live |
In 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the [[SARS coronavirus]], finding that China's [[horseshoe bat]]s are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Wendong |last2=Shi |first2=Zhengli |last3=Yu |first3=Meng |last4=Ren |first4=Wuze |last5=Smith |first5=Craig |last6=Epstein |first6=Jonathan H |last7=Wang |first7=Hanzhong |last8=Crameri |first8=Gary |last9=Hu |first9=Zhihong |last10=Zhang |first10=Huajun |last11=Zhang |first11=Jianhong |last12=McEachern |first12=Jennifer |last13=Field |first13=Hume |last14=Daszak |first14=Peter |last15=Eaton |first15=Bryan T |last16=Zhang |first16=Shuyi |last17=Wang |first17=Lin-Fa |s2cid=2971923 |title=Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses |journal=Science |date=28 Oct 2005 |volume=310 |issue=5748 |pages=676–679 |doi=10.1126/science.1118391 |pmid=16195424 |bibcode=2005Sci...310..676L |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3949088 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111110805/https://zenodo.org/record/3949088 |url-status=live}}</ref> Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.<ref name=nature2017>{{cite journal |last1=Cyranoski |first1=David |title=Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus – and suggests new outbreak could occur |journal=Nature |date=1 December 2017 |volume=552 |issue=7683 |pages=15–16 |doi=10.1038/d41586-017-07766-9 |bibcode=2017Natur.552...15C |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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In 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether [[SHC014-CoV|a bat coronavirus]] could be made to infect [[HeLa]]. The team engineered a [[chimera (virus)|hybrid virus]], combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.<ref name="nature_medicine_201511">{{cite Q|Q36702376}}</ref><ref name="nature2015bat">{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |title=Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research |journal=Nature |date=12 November 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18787 |doi-access=free |
In 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether [[SHC014-CoV|a bat coronavirus]] could be made to infect [[HeLa]]. The team engineered a [[chimera (virus)|hybrid virus]], combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.<ref name="nature_medicine_201511">{{cite Q|Q36702376}}</ref><ref name="nature2015bat">{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Declan |title=Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research |journal=Nature |date=12 November 2015 |doi=10.1038/nature.2015.18787 |doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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In 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in [[Yunnan]] contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of "the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS".<ref name=nature2017/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Drosten |first1=C. |last2=Hu |first2=B. |last3=Zeng |first3=L.-P. |last4=Yang |first4=X.-L. |last5=Ge |first5=Xing-Yi |last6=Zhang |first6=Wei |last7=Li |first7=Bei |last8=Xie |first8=J.-Z. |last9=Shen |first9=X.-R. |last10=Zhang |first10=Yun-Zhi |last11=Wang |first11=N. |last12=Luo |first12=D.-S. |last13=Zheng |first13=X.-S. |last14=Wang |first14=M.-N. |last15=Daszak |first15=P. |last16=Wang |first16=L.-F. |last17=Cui |first17=J. |last18=Shi |first18=Z.-L. |title=Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=13 |issue=11 |year=2017 |pages=e1006698 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698|pmid=29190287 |pmc=5708621}}</ref> |
In 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in [[Yunnan]] contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of "the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS".<ref name=nature2017/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Drosten |first1=C. |last2=Hu |first2=B. |last3=Zeng |first3=L.-P. |last4=Yang |first4=X.-L. |last5=Ge |first5=Xing-Yi |last6=Zhang |first6=Wei |last7=Li |first7=Bei |last8=Xie |first8=J.-Z. |last9=Shen |first9=X.-R. |last10=Zhang |first10=Yun-Zhi |last11=Wang |first11=N. |last12=Luo |first12=D.-S. |last13=Zheng |first13=X.-S. |last14=Wang |first14=M.-N. |last15=Daszak |first15=P. |last16=Wang |first16=L.-F. |last17=Cui |first17=J. |last18=Shi |first18=Z.-L. |title=Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus |journal=PLOS Pathogens |volume=13 |issue=11 |year=2017 |pages=e1006698 |doi=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698 |pmid=29190287 |pmc=5708621}}</ref> |
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In 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a serological study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in [[Jinning District]] of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.<ref>{{Cite journal |title= |
In 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a serological study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in [[Jinning District]] of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans |year=2018 |pmc=6178078 |last1=Wang |first1=N. |last2=Li |first2=S. Y. |last3=Yang |first3=X. L. |last4=Huang |first4=H. M. |last5=Zhang |first5=Y. J. |last6=Guo |first6=H. |last7=Luo |first7=C. M. |last8=Miller |first8=M. |last9=Zhu |first9=G.|last10 = Chmura|first10 = A. A. |last11=Hagan |first11=E. |last12=Zhou |first12=J. H. |last13=Zhang |first13=Y. Z. |last14=Wang |first14=L. F. |last15=Daszak |first15=P. |last16=Shi |first16=Z. L. |journal=China Virologica Sinica |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=104–107 |doi=10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7 |pmid=29500691}}</ref> |
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Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, [[coronavirus]] research at the WIV was conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Reply to Science Magazine|website=sciencemag.org|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/Shi%20Zhengli%20Q%26A.pdf|pages=9 |
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, [[coronavirus]] research at the WIV was conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Reply to Science Magazine |website=sciencemag.org |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/Shi%20Zhengli%20Q%26A.pdf |pages=9|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=6 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206204844/https://www.sciencemag.org/sites/default/files/Shi%20Zhengli%20Q%26A.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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===COVID-19 pandemic=== |
===COVID-19 pandemic=== |
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{{seealso|COVID-19 misinformation|Investigations into the origin of COVID-19}} |
{{seealso|COVID-19 misinformation|Investigations into the origin of COVID-19}} |
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In December 2019, cases of [[pneumonia]] associated with an unknown [[coronavirus]] were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to [[RaTG13]], a virus its researchers had discovered in [[horseshoe bat]]s in southwest China.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1|magazine=Scientific American|title=How China's "Bat Woman" Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus|last=Qiu|first=Jane|date=11 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318205611/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1/|archive-date=18 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RathoreSingh">{{cite journal|last1=Rathore|first1=Jitendra Singh|last2=Ghosh|first2=Chaitali|date= |
In December 2019, cases of [[pneumonia]] associated with an unknown [[coronavirus]] were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to [[RaTG13]], a virus its researchers had discovered in [[horseshoe bat]]s in southwest China.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1 |magazine=Scientific American |title=How China's "Bat Woman" Hunted Down Viruses from SARS to the New Coronavirus |last=Qiu |first=Jane |date=11 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318205611/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-chinas-bat-woman-hunted-down-viruses-from-sars-to-the-new-coronavirus1/|archive-date=18 March 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="RathoreSingh">{{cite journal |last1=Rathore |first1=Jitendra Singh |last2=Ghosh |first2=Chaitali |date=25 August 2020 |title=Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a newly emerged pathogen: an overview |journal=[[Pathogens and Disease]] |volume=78 |issue=6 |doi=10.1093/femspd/ftaa042 |pmid=32840560 |pmc=7499575 |issn=2049-632X |oclc=823140442 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> |
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As the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that a team led by [[Shi Zhengli]] at the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the [[novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]], upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,<ref>{{cite |
As the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported that a team led by [[Shi Zhengli]] at the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the [[novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)]], upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/01/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html |title=As New Coronavirus Spread, China's Old Habits Delayed Fight |date=1 February 2020 | access-date=3 February 2020 |first1=Chris |last1=Buckley |author2=Steven Lee Myers |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319085226/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/01/world/asia/china-coronavirus.html | archive-date=19 March 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/mining-coronavirus-genomes-clues-outbreak-s-origins |title=Mining coronavirus genomes for clues to the outbreak's origins |magazine=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |first=Jon |last=Cohen |date=1 February 2020 | access-date=4 February 2020 |quote=The viral sequences, most researchers say, also knock down the idea the pathogen came from a virology institute in Wuhan. | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203150001/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/mining-coronavirus-genomes-clues-outbreak-s-origins | archive-date=3 February 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref> and publish papers in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''.<ref name=zhengli03-2020>{{cite journal |title=A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |first1=Shi |last1=Zhengli |author2=Team of 29 researchers at the WIV |pages=270–273 |date=3 February 2020 |volume=579 |issue=7798 | author1-link=Shi Zhengli |doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7 |pmid=32015507 |pmc=7095418 |bibcode=2020Natur.579..270Z}}</ref> On 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whiov.ac.cn/tzgg_105342/202002/t20200219_5502325.html |title=A letter to all staff and graduate students |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=19 February 2020 |website=WIV Official Website |access-date=24 May 2020 |language=zh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426005111/http://www.whiov.ac.cn/tzgg_105342/202002/t20200219_5502325.html |archive-date=26 April 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2020, in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights,<ref>{{Cite web |title=China Wants to Patent Gilead's Experimental Coronavirus Drug |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-05/china-is-trying-to-patent-gilead-s-experimental-coronavirus-drug|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206064149/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-05/china-is-trying-to-patent-gilead-s-experimental-coronavirus-drug|archive-date=6 February 2020|access-date=2020-02-05 |website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref> the institute applied for a patent in China for the use of [[remdesivir]], an experimental drug owned by [[Gilead Sciences]], which the institute found inhibited the virus [[in vitro]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro |date=4 February 2020 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |first1=Shi |last1=Zhengli |author2=Team of 10 researchers at the WIV |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=269–271 | author1-link=Shi Zhengli |doi=10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 |pmid=32020029 |pmc=7054408}}</ref> The WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights "if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China's epidemic".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/health/coronavirus-treatments.html |title=China Begins Testing an Antiviral Drug in Coronavirus Patients |first=Denise |last=Grady |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |date=6 February 2020 | access-date=8 February 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208044014/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/06/health/coronavirus-treatments.html | archive-date=8 February 2020 | url-status=live}}</ref> |
||
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the laboratory has been |
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the laboratory has been a focus of several different conspiracy theories and speculation about the origin of the virus. This speculation ranges from the WIV having prior knowledge for a period of anywhere between days to months before public statements about the outbreak in Wuhan were made, speculation about potential accidental escape of the virus, or the virus predecessor in bat samples in a lab leak, to more elaborate and unsubstantiated conspiracies.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wirawan |first1=Gede Benny Setia |title=Conspiracy beliefs and trust as determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Bali, Indonesia: Cross-sectional study |journal=Personality and Individual Differences |date=14 May 2021 |volume=180 |pages=110995 |doi=10.1016/j.paid.2021.110995 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886921003706?via%3Dihub |access-date=14 June 2021 |language=en |issn=0191-8869}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stephens |first1=Monica |title=A geospatial infodemic: Mapping Twitter conspiracy theories of COVID-19 |journal=Dialogues in Human Geography |date=June 23, 2020 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=276–281 |doi=https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2043820620935683}}</ref><ref name=Hakim>{{cite journal |title=SARS‐CoV‐2, Covid‐19, and the debunking of conspiracy theories |vauthors=Hakim MS |date=February 2021 |journal=Rev Med Virol |pages=e2222 |doi=10.1002/rmv.2222 |type=Review |pmid=33586302 |pmc=7995093 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="grahamb:20">{{cite journal |last1=Graham |first1=Rachel L. |last2=Baric |first2=Ralph S. |date=May 2020 |title=SARS-CoV-2: Combating Coronavirus Emergence |journal=Immunity |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=734–736 |doi=10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.016 |pmc=7207110 |pmid=32392464|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maxmen |first=Amy |date=27 May 2021 |title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01383-3 |journal=Nature |volume=594 |issue=7861 |pages=15–16 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3 |pmid=34045757 |s2cid=235232290|access-date=27 May 2021|archive-date=27 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210527054525/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01383-3|url-status=live}}</ref> Shi Zheng-Li commented on this controversy by saying: "Sadly, WIV was at the center of the misleading speculations regarding the origin of the virus, which were not fully clarified until a recent joint study was performed by an international expert team led by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese experts."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zheng-Li |first1=Shi |title=Origins of SARS-CoV-2: Focusing on Science |journal=Infectious Diseases & Immunity |date=2021 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=3–4 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8057312/ |pmc=8057312}}</ref> In April 2020, the [[Trump administration]] terminated an [[NIH]] grant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subbaraman |first=Nidhi |date=21 August 2020 |title='Heinous!': Coronavirus researcher shut down for Wuhan-lab link slams new funding restrictions |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02473-4 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-02473-4 |pmid=32826989|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=14 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214194113/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02473-4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 April 2020 |title=Under Political Pressure, NIH Blacklists Wuhan Virology Lab |url=https://www.aip.org/fyi/2020/under-political-pressure-nih-blacklists-wuhan-virology-lab|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222151338/https://www.aip.org/fyi/2020/under-political-pressure-nih-blacklists-wuhan-virology-lab|archive-date=22 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-12 |website=American Institute of Physics |language=en}}</ref> On 9 February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team concluded a laboratory "leak" origin for COVID-19 was "extremely unlikely",<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396 |date=9 February 2021 |title=Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says |quote=The lab leak hypothesis is an extremely unlikely pathway for COVID-19 and will not require further study as part of their work in studying the origins of the virus, Embarek says. |access-date=9 February 2021 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209201752/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mallapaty |first1=Smriti |last2=Maxmen |first2=Amy |last3=Callaway |first3=Ewen |date=10 February 2021 |title='Major stones unturned': COVID origin search must continue after WHO report, say scientists |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00375-7 |journal=Nature |volume=590 |issue=7846 |pages=371–372 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00375-7 |pmid=33574591 |bibcode=2021Natur.590..371M|doi-access=free|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212122028/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00375-7|url-status=live}}</ref> confirming what experts already expected about the likely origins and early transmission.<ref name="APNews20210211">{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05 |title=EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan |date=11 February 2021 |first1=Emily Wang |last1=Fujiyama |first2=Ken |last2=Moritsugu |newspaper=AP News|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227100554/https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|url-status=live}}</ref> The WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus however called for further studies, saying all hypotheses "remain open" in probe into virus origins.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/30-03-2021-who-calls-for-further-studies-data-on-origin-of-sars-cov-2-virus-reiterates-that-all-hypotheses-remain-open |title=WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open |date=30 March 2021 |website=WHO|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-probe-idUSKBN2AC1UV |title=WHO says all hypotheses still open in probe into virus origins |date=12 February 2021 |work=Reuters|access-date=14 June 2021}}</ref> In response to the WHO report, politicians, members of the media and some scientists have called for further investigations into the matter.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maxmen |first1=Amy |title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01383-3 |work=Nature |date=27 May 2021 |language=en |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3 |quote=The investigation concluded that an animal origin was much more likely than a lab leak. But since then, politicians, journalists, talk-show hosts and some scientists have put forward unsubstantiated claims linking the coronavirus to the Wuhan Institute of Virology (WIV), in the Chinese city where COVID-19 was first detected.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gorman |first1=James |last2=Zimmer |first2=Carl |title=Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry into Origins of the Coronavirus |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html |work=The New York Times |date=13 May 2021 |access-date=27 May 2021 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525212823/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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==Research centers== |
==Research centers== |
||
The Institute contains the following research centers:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/Administration2016/|title=Administration|website=Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729175613/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/Administration2016/|archive-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |
The Institute contains the following research centers:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/Administration2016/ |title=Administration |website=Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS|access-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729175613/http://english.whiov.cas.cn/About_Us2016/Administration2016/|archive-date=29 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* Center for Emerging Infectious Disease |
* Center for Emerging Infectious Disease |
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* Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center |
* Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center |
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Line 81: | Line 81: | ||
== See also == |
== See also == |
||
* [[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention]] |
* [[Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention]] |
||
* [[Investigations into the origin of COVID-19]] |
|||
* [[Zoonosis]] |
* [[Zoonosis]] |
||
Revision as of 09:48, 14 June 2021
中国科学院武汉病毒研究所 | |
Abbreviation | WIV |
---|---|
Predecessor |
|
Formation | 1956 |
Founder | Chen Huagui, Gao Shangyin |
Headquarters | Xiaohongshan, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, China |
Coordinates | 30°22′35″N 114°15′45″E / 30.37639°N 114.26250°E |
Director-General | Wang Yanyi |
Secretary of Party Committee | Xiao Gengfu[1] |
Deputy Director-General | Gong Peng, Guan Wuxiang, Xiao Gengfu |
Parent organization | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
Website | whiov.cas.cn |
Wuhan Institute of Virology | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simplified Chinese | 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所 | ||||||
Traditional Chinese | 中國科學院武漢病毒研究所 | ||||||
|
The Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIV; Chinese: 中国科学院武汉病毒研究所) is a research institute on virology administered by the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), which reports to the State Council of the People's Republic of China.[2] Located in Jiangxia District, Wuhan, Hubei, it opened mainland China's first biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory.[3] The institute has strong ties to the Galveston National Laboratory in the United States, the Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie in France, and the National Microbiology Laboratory in Canada. The institute has been an active research center for the study of coronaviruses. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the laboratory has been a focus of several different conspiracy theories and speculation about the origin of the virus.
History
The WIV was founded in 1956 as the Wuhan Microbiology Laboratory under the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). In 1961, it became the South China Institute of Microbiology, and in 1962 was renamed Wuhan Microbiology Institute. In 1970, it became the Microbiology Institute of Hubei Province when the Hubei Commission of Science and Technology took over the administration. In June 1978, it was returned to the CAS and renamed Wuhan Institute of Virology.[4]
In 2003, the Chinese academy of Sciences approved the construction of China's first biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) laboratory at the WIV. The construction of the WIV's National Bio-safety Laboratory was completed at a cost of 300 million yuan ($44 million) in collaboration with the French government's CIRI lab at the end of 2014.[3][5] The new laboratory building has 3000 m2 of BSL-4 space, and also 20 BSL-2 and two BSL-3 laboratories.[6] The BSL-4 facilities were accredited by the China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) in January 2017,[3] with the BSL-4 level lab put into operation in January 2018.[7] The highest level biosafety installation is necessary because the Institute investigated highly dangerous viruses, such as SARS, influenza H5N1, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue, along with germ causing anthrax.[8]
The National Bio-safety Laboratory has strong ties to the Galveston National Laboratory in the University of Texas.[9] It also had strong ties with Canada's National Microbiology Laboratory until WIV staff scientists Xiangguo Qiu and her husband Keding Cheng, who were also remunerated by the Canadian government, were escorted from the Canadian lab for undisclosed reasons in July 2019.[10] Researchers from the WIV have also collaborated in gain of function research on coronaviruses with American colleagues.[11]
A number of safety precautions were taken into consideration when building the Wuhan lab. The lab was built far away from any flood plain. It was also built to withstand a magnitude-7 earthquake, even though the region has no history of earthquakes. The scientific community was also reassured that many Wuhan lab scientists were trained in safety procedures at a BSL-4 lab in Lyon, France.[3] Scientists such as U.S. molecular biologist Richard H. Ebright, who had expressed concern of previous escapes of the SARS virus at Chinese laboratories in Beijing and had been troubled by the pace and scale of China's plans for expansion into BSL-4 laboratories,[3] called the institute a "world-class research institution that does world-class research in virology and immunology" while he noted that the WIV is a world leader in the study of bat coronaviruses.[9]
In 2005, a group including researchers from the Wuhan Institute of Virology published research into the origin of the SARS coronavirus, finding that China's horseshoe bats are natural reservoirs of SARS-like coronaviruses.[12] Continuing this work over a period of years, researchers from the institute sampled thousands of horseshoe bats in locations across China, isolating over 300 bat coronavirus sequences.[13]
In 2015, an international team including two scientists from the institute published successful research on whether a bat coronavirus could be made to infect HeLa. The team engineered a hybrid virus, combining a bat coronavirus with a SARS virus that had been adapted to grow in mice and mimic human disease. The hybrid virus was able to infect human cells.[11][14]
In 2017, a team from the institute announced that coronaviruses found in horseshoe bats at a cave in Yunnan contain all the genetic pieces of the SARS virus, and hypothesized that the direct progenitor of the human virus originated in this cave. The team, who spent five years sampling the bats in the cave, noted the presence of a village only a kilometer away, and warned of "the risk of spillover into people and emergence of a disease similar to SARS".[13][15]
In 2018, another paper by a team from the institute reported the results of a serological study of a sample of villagers residing near these bat caves (near Xiyang Township 夕阳乡 in Jinning District of Yunnan). According to this report, 6 out of the 218 local residents in the sample carried antibodies to the bat coronaviruses in their blood, indicating the possibility of transmission of the infections from bats to people.[16]
Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, coronavirus research at the WIV was conducted in BSL-2 and BSL-3 laboratories.[17]
COVID-19 pandemic
In December 2019, cases of pneumonia associated with an unknown coronavirus were reported to health authorities in Wuhan. The institute checked its coronavirus collection and found the new virus had 96% genetic similarity to RaTG13, a virus its researchers had discovered in horseshoe bats in southwest China.[18][19]
As the virus spread worldwide, the institute continued its investigation. In February 2020, the New York Times reported that a team led by Shi Zhengli at the institute were the first to identify, analyze and name the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), upload it to public databases for scientists around the world to understand,[20][21] and publish papers in Nature.[22] On 19 February 2020, the lab released a letter on its website describing how they successfully obtained the whole virus genome.[23] In February 2020, in a move that raised concerns regarding intellectual property rights,[24] the institute applied for a patent in China for the use of remdesivir, an experimental drug owned by Gilead Sciences, which the institute found inhibited the virus in vitro.[25] The WIV said it would not exercise its new Chinese patent rights "if relevant foreign companies intend to contribute to the prevention and control of China's epidemic".[26]
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the laboratory has been a focus of several different conspiracy theories and speculation about the origin of the virus. This speculation ranges from the WIV having prior knowledge for a period of anywhere between days to months before public statements about the outbreak in Wuhan were made, speculation about potential accidental escape of the virus, or the virus predecessor in bat samples in a lab leak, to more elaborate and unsubstantiated conspiracies.[27][28][29][30][31] Shi Zheng-Li commented on this controversy by saying: "Sadly, WIV was at the center of the misleading speculations regarding the origin of the virus, which were not fully clarified until a recent joint study was performed by an international expert team led by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Chinese experts."[32] In April 2020, the Trump administration terminated an NIH grant to research how coronaviruses spread from bats to humans.[33][34] On 9 February 2021, after investigations in Wuhan, the WHO team concluded a laboratory "leak" origin for COVID-19 was "extremely unlikely",[35][36] confirming what experts already expected about the likely origins and early transmission.[37] The WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus however called for further studies, saying all hypotheses "remain open" in probe into virus origins.[38][39] In response to the WHO report, politicians, members of the media and some scientists have called for further investigations into the matter.[40][41]
Research centers
The Institute contains the following research centers:[42]
- Center for Emerging Infectious Disease
- Chinese Virus Resources and Bioinformatics Center
- Center of Applied and Environmental Microbiology
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry and Biotechnology
- Department of Molecular Virology
See also
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Investigations into the origin of COVID-19
- Zoonosis
References
- ^ "Current leader" 现任领导. Wuhan Institute of Virology, www.whiov.ac.cn. Archived from the original on 24 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
Wang Yanyi, born in 1981, PhD, researcher. She is currently the director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the leader of the molecular immunology discipline group... Xiao Gengfu, born in 1966, PhD, researcher. Current Secretary of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the Wuhan Institute of Virology...
- ^ "Fact check: The Wuhan Institute of Virology is not owned by GlaxoSmithKline". Reuters. 17 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Cyranoski, David (23 February 2017). "Inside the Chinese lab poised to study world's most dangerous pathogens". Nature. 542 (7642): 399–400. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..399C. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.21487. PMID 28230144.
- ^ "History". Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
- ^ "China Inaugurates the First Biocontainment Level 4 Laboratory in Wuhan". Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
- ^ Report of the WHO Consultative Meeting on High/Maximum Containment (Biosafety Level 4) Laboratories Networking, Lyon, France, 13–15 December 2017 Archived 8 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 (WHO/WHE/CPI/2018.40).
- ^ "China's first bio-safety level 4 lab put into operation". xinhuanet. 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
- ^ Dany Shoham (2015) China's Biological Warfare Programme: An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2 April–June 2015, pp. 131–156 China’s Biological Warfare Programme. An Integrative Study with Special Reference to Biological Weapons Capabilities Archived 10 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Taylor, Adam (29 January 2020). "Experts debunk fringe theory linking China's coronavirus to weapons research". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 31 January 2020. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ Pauls, Karen (15 July 2019). "University severs ties with two researchers who were escorted out of National Microbiology Lab". CBC News. Archived from the original on 15 April 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
- ^ a b Vineet D Menachery; Boyd L Yount; Kari Debbink; et al. (9 November 2015). "A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence". Nature Medicine. 21 (12): 1508–1513. doi:10.1038/NM.3985. ISSN 1078-8956. PMC 4797993. PMID 26552008. S2CID 5953778. Wikidata Q36702376. (erratum)
- ^ Li, Wendong; Shi, Zhengli; Yu, Meng; Ren, Wuze; Smith, Craig; Epstein, Jonathan H; Wang, Hanzhong; Crameri, Gary; Hu, Zhihong; Zhang, Huajun; Zhang, Jianhong; McEachern, Jennifer; Field, Hume; Daszak, Peter; Eaton, Bryan T; Zhang, Shuyi; Wang, Lin-Fa (28 October 2005). "Bats Are Natural Reservoirs of SARS-Like Coronaviruses". Science. 310 (5748): 676–679. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..676L. doi:10.1126/science.1118391. PMID 16195424. S2CID 2971923. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
- ^ a b Cyranoski, David (1 December 2017). "Bat cave solves mystery of deadly SARS virus – and suggests new outbreak could occur". Nature. 552 (7683): 15–16. Bibcode:2017Natur.552...15C. doi:10.1038/d41586-017-07766-9.
- ^ Butler, Declan (12 November 2015). "Engineered bat virus stirs debate over risky research". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.18787.
- ^ Drosten, C.; Hu, B.; Zeng, L.-P.; Yang, X.-L.; Ge, Xing-Yi; Zhang, Wei; Li, Bei; Xie, J.-Z.; Shen, X.-R.; Zhang, Yun-Zhi; Wang, N.; Luo, D.-S.; Zheng, X.-S.; Wang, M.-N.; Daszak, P.; Wang, L.-F.; Cui, J.; Shi, Z.-L. (2017). "Discovery of a rich gene pool of bat SARS-related coronaviruses provides new insights into the origin of SARS coronavirus". PLOS Pathogens. 13 (11): e1006698. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006698. PMC 5708621. PMID 29190287.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Wang, N.; Li, S. Y.; Yang, X. L.; Huang, H. M.; Zhang, Y. J.; Guo, H.; Luo, C. M.; Miller, M.; Zhu, G.; Chmura, A. A.; Hagan, E.; Zhou, J. H.; Zhang, Y. Z.; Wang, L. F.; Daszak, P.; Shi, Z. L. (2018). "Serological Evidence of Bat SARS-Related Coronavirus Infection in Humans". China Virologica Sinica. 33 (1): 104–107. doi:10.1007/s12250-018-0012-7. PMC 6178078. PMID 29500691.
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The viral sequences, most researchers say, also knock down the idea the pathogen came from a virology institute in Wuhan.
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