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About the references of [[Igogo festival]] |
About the references of [[Igogo festival]] |
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'''Fulani herdsmen. The references do not support the text. Copied from Fula people. See table 1 and table 2 below.''' . |
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!Fula people |
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(created [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fulani_herdsmen&oldid=673096118 26 July 2015]) |
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herdsmen |
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note retrieval dates |
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|The Fulani herdsmen are Fulani men who are traditionally Nomadic, herders and sometimes traders. |
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|1 |
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|About Guinea (country). Fulani not mentioned. |
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|{{CIA World Factbook link|gv|Guinea}} |
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|They are predominantly herders and pastoralist and are often seen parading with their cattle in search of grazing pasture. They are common in West African countries including Nigeria, Niger, Senegal and Cameroon. The Fulani Herdsmen settled in the Western High Plateau of Bamenda, highlands of the Jos Plateau as well as Adamawa Plateau of Nigeria and the Cameroons. |
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|2 |
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|Breed info about W. African Zebu cattle. ''Should be ref #5'' |
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|{{cite web|url=http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/display.asp?ID=77 |title=DAGRIS |publisher=Dagris.ilri.cgiar.org |date=2009-10-20 |accessdate=2014-02-27}} |
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|Due to modern civilization, some of the herdsmen now live in towns an cities but a vast majority of them are still either live a fully nomadic, or semi-nomadic life |
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. |
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|3 |
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|Tourist-type info about annual cattle crossing festival. "Fulani have a way of life that revolves around cattle" is the only reference |
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|{{cite web|url=http://www.africareview.com/Arts-and-Culture/Courtship-by-the-river-as-cows-return-home/-/979194/1055420/-/v41ix5/-/index.html |title=Courtship by the river as cows return home - Arts and Culture |publisher=africareview.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-27}} |
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|Wealth is counted by how large the herd of cattle is. Long ago Fulani tribes and clans used to fight over cattle and grazing rights. Being the most treasured animal that the Fulanis herd, the cows are very special [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fula_people&oldid=716725386#Herding (Herding)]. |
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|Cattle, goat and sheep trading is their primary source of income and livelihood. Their wealth and riches are often measured by the size of the Cattle herd being the most treasured animal they herd. |
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|4 |
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|About cattle festival. Info not found |
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|{{cite web|author=Chris Caldicott |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/take-me-to-the-river-1350267.html |title=Take me to the river - Travel |publisher=The Independent |date=1996-11-02 |accessdate=2014-02-27}} |
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|The Fulani have a tradition of giving a ''habbanaya'' - a cow which is loaned to another until she calves. Once the calf is weaned it is retained and the cow is returned to its owner. |
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Fulani nomads keep various species of cattle, but the [[Zebu]] is the most common in the West African hinterland, due to its drought resistant traits. |
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In the wetter areas of Fouta Djallon and Casamance, the dwarf [[N'Dama]] is more common, as they are highly resistant to [[Animal trypanosomiasis|trypanosomiasis]] and other conditions directly associated with high humidity. [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fula_people&oldid=716725386#Herding (Herding)] |
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|Traditionally, the herdsmen often loaned a cow (habbanaya) to another until she calves and after weaning the calf, the cow is returned to its owner. |
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These herdsmen herds several species of cattle species of cattle, but the zebu cattle is the most common in the West African hinterland because of its drought resistant traits. |
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The dwarf Ndama cattle is commonly herd in the wetter areas of Fouta Djallon and Casamance as result of their resistant to trypanosomiasis and other conditions directly associated with high humidity. |
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|5 |
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|About cattle festival. Info not found |
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|{{cite web|author=15 November 2012 |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mali/travel-tips-and-articles/77554 |title=Dewgal (Crossing of the Cattle): a celebration of greener pastures |publisher=Lonely Planet |date=2012-11-15 |accessdate=2014-02-27}} |
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|Traditionally, nomadic Fula live in domed houses known as a ''bukkaru'' or ''suudu hudo'', literally "grass house". During the dry season, the characteristically hemisphere-shaped domed houses are supported by compact millet stalk pillars, and by reed mats held together and tied against wood poles, in the wet or rainy season. [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fula_people&oldid=716725386#Houses (Houses)] |
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|Fulani herdsmen does not have a permanent residence but traditionally, they live in domed houses called "Suudu hudo" or "Bukkaru" built from grasses. |
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During the dry season, it is often supported with compact millet stalk pillars, and by reed mats held together and tied against wood poles, in the wet or rainy season |
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|6 |
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|Not about this.Concerns linguistics- "Fulfulde to Arabic". |
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|Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic (1986), p. 7, books.google.com/books?id=8IYOAAAAYAAJ: "The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'" |
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|7 |
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|About Sudan (country). Fulani not mentioned. |
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|{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}} |
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|These mobile houses are very easy to set up, and dismantle, as typical of houses from nomadic societies. When it is time to move, the houses are easily disassembled and loaded onto donkeys, horses or camels for transport. [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fula_people&oldid=716725386#Houses (Houses)]. |
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|The advantage of the "Bukkaru" house is that it is mobile, easy to set up and dismantle as a typical house of nomadic societies. When it is time to relocate, the houses are dismantled and loaded onto a camel, horses, donkeys and sometimes cattle for transport |
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|7 |
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|see above |
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|see above |
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|8 |
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|Political essay. "Hausa, Fulani, Borno, known collectively as Fellata, whose presence in the Sudan" is the only mention. |
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|{{cite web|url=http://concernedafricascholars.org/bulletin/issue86/sikainga/ |title=Association of Concerned Africa Scholars " Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan |publisher=Concernedafricascholars.org |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}} |
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|With recent trends however, many Fula now live in mud or concrete block houses. [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fula_people&oldid=716725386#Houses (Houses)] |
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|In recent times several herdsmen now live in mud or concrete block houses |
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|9 |
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|Only a general mention of Fulani. Sociological book. |
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|{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=fX6pCg3iDHcC&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=fulani+blue+nile#v=onepage&q=fulani%20blue%20nile&f=false | title = Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands | isbn = 9781845459635 | editor1-last = Schlee | editor1-first = Gunther | editor2-last = Watson|editor2-first=Elizabeth | date = 2013-10-15}} |
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|}'''References were copied from the Fula people article, and inserted at random. None of the refs support the article, except for the DAGIS ref, which was placed in the wrong position.''' |
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Fulani herdsmen |
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|1 |
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|{{CIA World Factbook link|gv|Guinea}} |
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|30 |
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|2 |
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|{{cite web|url=http://dagris.ilri.cgiar.org/display.asp?ID=77 |
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|title=DAGRIS |publisher=Dagris.ilri.cgiar.org |date=2009-10-20 |accessdate=2014-02-27}} |
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|31 |
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|3 |
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|{{cite web|url=http://www.africareview.com/Arts-and-Culture/Courtship-by-the-river-as-cows-return-home/-/979194/1055420/-/v41ix5/-/index.html |title= |
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Courtship by the river as cows return home - Arts and Culture |publisher=africareview.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-27}} |
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|32 |
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|4 |
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|{{cite web|author=Chris Caldicott |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/take-me-to-the-river-1350267.html |title=Take me to the river - Travel |publisher=The Independent |date=1996-11-02 |accessdate=2014-02-27}} |
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|33 |
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|5 |
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|{{cite web|author=15 November 2012 |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/mali/travel-tips-and-articles/77554 |title=Dewgal (Crossing of the Cattle): |publisher=Lonely Planet |date=2012-11-15 |accessdate=2014-02-27}} |
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|12 |
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|6 |
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|Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic (1986), p. 7, |
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|13 |
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|7 |
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|{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}} |
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|14 |
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|8 |
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|{{cite web|url=http://concernedafricascholars.org/bulletin/issue86/sikainga/ |title= " Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}} |
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|11 |
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|9 |
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|{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=fX6pCg3iDHcC&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=fulani+blue+nile#v=onepage&q=fulani%20blue%20nile&f=false | title = Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II | isbn = 9781845459635 | date = 2013-10-15}} |
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|}|}|}|}|} |
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{{reflist-talk}} |
{{reflist-talk}} |
Revision as of 20:59, 1 May 2016
User:Pldx1/Igogo Festival in Owo References
About the references of Igogo festival
Comment2 addresses these comments. Pldx1 (talk) 14:50, 17 April 2016 (UTC)
# | code | # | ref | qmax | should prove | comment1 | comment2 |
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1 | BookGoogle | 1 | Abiodun, Roland. Yoruba Art and Language: Seeking the African in African Art. Cambridge University Press. p. 409. ISBN 9781107047440. | 409 | to honor Queen Oronsen, a mythical wife of Rerengejen, a legendary King of the ancient Owo Kingdom.[1] | no Oronsen nor Rerengejen | no Rerengejen p96 |
2 | BookGoogle | 2 | Elizabeth, Benard; Beverly, Moon. Goddesses Who Rule. Oxford University Press. p. 272. ISBN 0195121309. | 272 | to celebrate and pay homage to Queen Oronsen at "Ugbo Laja" and "Ugbo Oluwa" in appreciation of her protection. [2] | chapter in a book. no precisions given | The whole chapter pp 119-132 is relevant to the topic (and not used). But no Ugbo Oluwa p 125. |
3 | BookGoogle | 3 | Victor, Ade. Dinner with Demons (Illusion of Rainbows). Dorance publishing co. p. 272. ISBN 9780805978568. | 205 | during which nobody is allowed to wear a cap in the case of men and head ties in the case of women and the beating of drum is usually forbidden during this period instead metal gongs are used.[3] | This a book of fiction | Fiction means fiction. |
5 | GoogleCoUk | 4 | "Drum: A Magazine of Africa for Africa". | 1970 | Oronsen, a beautiful and affluent queen who was the most loved wife of Rerengejen, a powerful king and hunter.[4] | South African magazine | |
31 | GoogleCoUk | 5 | "Nigerian Heritage: Journal of the National Commission for Museums". | Vol 6-11 | Rerengejen was enchanted by her beauty and promised to adhere strictly to her rules.[5] | ? | |
4 | GoogleCoUk | 6 | "A Yoruba Goddess in Africa and America". | 288 | Queen Oronsen insisted on certain taboos, things she must not see that people should not do in her presence, either accidentally or intentionally.[6] | not about that | |
8 | GoogleCoUk | 7 | "A Treasury of Afro-American Folklore: The Oral Literature". | 618 | The taboo is a negation of the common domestic activities in the palace.[7] | App xiii don't say that. | |
9 | GoogleCoUk | 8 | "Yoruba Religious Textiles: Essays in Honour of Cornelius Oyeleke". | 259 | King Rerengejen cautioned the other wives not to carry out any of these activities and this warning provided a clue of her taboos.[8] | ??? | Snippets. no Rerengejen at all. |
x | GoogleCoUk | 9 | "The Anscesral act of Owo, Nigeria". | 1182 | This led to the King placing much values on her than the senior wives, who were all jealous of the adoration and love by Rerengejen.[9] | Phd thesis about Ancestral Art. | Snippets. No page given. No Rerengejen at all. Phd Thesis, Indiana Univ. About Ancestral Art, not Anscesral act. |
27 | GoogleCoUk | 10 | "Sir Olateru Olagbegi II KBE: the legendary king". | 253 | The confrontation resulted in an immediate vacation of the palace.[10] | ??? | |
15 | GoogleCoUk | 11 | "Africa". | v. 10-17 | ran after her to bring her back to the palace, an effort that was futile.[11] | ??? | Snippets. p64-70 ? no grind Okra in the source. This is a monthly. Which volume ? |
16 | GoogleCoUk | 12 | "Yoruba:nine centuries of African art and thought". | 256 | "Ugbo Laja" is now a sacred grove.[12] | ??? | Snippets. What is supported where in p. 97-101 ? |
7 | GoogleCoUk | 13 | "Character is beauty: redefining Yoruba culture". | 372 | such as dried fish, kolanut, Aligator pepper, bitter cola and many more for ritual (Igogo) and in return she promised to protect the Kingdom.[13] | no dried fish nor aligator pepper | Snippets. No Epo Eyo. Sentence Queen Orosen terra cotta sculptured image from "Igbo Oluwa" by Ekpo Eyo stood at a distance to inform... is absurd, since p237 says that Ekpo Eyo is a Nigerian archeologist, not the sculptor. |
17 | GoogleCoUk | 14 | "Tales of Yoruba Gods and Heroes". | 243 | "Ugbo Laja" is the basis of the Igogo festival.[14] | no Ugbo laja | Snippets. What is supported where ? |
21 | GoogleCoUk | 16 | "Ondo State Annual". | ??? | Before the day runs out, they must visit "Ugbo Laja" to pay homage to Queen Oronsen.[16] | ??? | |
12 | GoogleCoUk | 17 | "Tenderheaded: A Comb-Bending Collection of Hair Stories". | 320 | the incumbent Olowo will send a sheep to "Ugbo Luwa" through Chief Obata and Obajo, who will eventually end the festival in the last day of the events.[17] | no Ugbo Luwa nor Obata | |
23 | GoogleCoUk | 20 | "Kingdoms of the Yoruba". | 174 | This praise is in relation to Queen Oronsen, the mythical goddess.[20] | No Queen Oronsen, only two Igogo, in reference titles. | |
35 | GoogleCoUk | 21 | "Planner's Echo". | y2005 | Chief Obata and Obajo will now dance round the town in feminine dressing as well and this marked the end of the festival for that year.[21] | Town's planers ? | |
x | InTheNews | 15 | "Owo celebrate Igogo festival". The Nation. Retrieved June 28, 2015. | * | The festival is often held at the middle of September but sometimes it could be held before September.[15] | No September | used to support what ? Supports that the festival can be held earlier, since it was held in June in this case. ???? Date is October 29, 2014. Pldx1 (talk) 15:49, 22 April 2016 (UTC) |
x | InTheNews | 18 | "Olowo: Custodian of Yoruba –Benin heritage". The Sun News. Retrieved June 28, 2015. | * | This is the only day the Olowo of Owo will publicly uncovered his head and he does not wear his crown throughout that day.[18] | not found | dead is dead |
x | InTheNews | 19 | "Owo culture of ancient Nigeria - Vanguard News". Vanguard News. Retrieved June 28, 2015. | * | Following the King's visitation, on different day within the festival period, each of the high Chiefs will dress in feminine and parade themselves around the town in honor of the goddess.[19] | no goddess, no festival | random reference |
References
User:Anthonyhcole/Legionella
This is a short article. The entire article is in the left column; analysis in the right.
New York City Legionnaires' disease outbreak | Discussion |
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The New York City Legionnaires' disease outbreak refers to the first known cases of infection by Legionella pneumophila in New York City.[1] | The source does not support the claim that the 2015 outbreak was the first known outbreak in NYC, and the claim is false. The language does mirror the language of pre-existing en.Wikipedia article, 1976 Philadelphia Legionnaires' disease outbreak, whose first sentence reads. "The 1976 Legionnaires Disease outbreak also known as Legion Fever, refers to the first known cases of infection by Legionella pneumophila in the United States." |
Since the outbreak in 1976, that gave Legionnaires' disease its name, water-cooling towers have been identified as the primary breeding medium of the bacteria. | No source cited but it mirrors NYT 4 August 2015: "Since the outbreak that gave Legionnaires’ disease its name nearly four decades ago, water-cooling towers have been identified as prime breeding grounds for the deadly disease." |
The legionella bacteria were discovered on July 31, 2015 at the Opera House Hotel in the Bronx.[2] | True, but the source does not say this; it says, "Officials say the outbreak is centred on the area near the Opera House Hotel in the South Bronx." No mention of July 31. Not "at" but "near". No mention of the bacterium being found in the hotel. |
The outbreak began on July 10, 2015 in the South Bronx, the poorest area of the boroughs of New York City. The disease outbreak was confirmed by the New York City health officials and Bill de Blasio, the New York Mayor.[3] | The source says, "... the outbreak began on July 10 in the south Bronx, the poorest section of New York state." |
The 2015 outbreak is the largest outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease in the history of New York.[4] | The source supports this: "... the worst outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease in the city’s history." |
On July 10, 2015, New York City confirmed its first cases of Legionnaires' disease. On August 3, 2015 the New York health officials reported that over 80 people were diagnosed of the bacteria infection. Out of the 64 people hospitalized, 28 people were treated and discharged.[5] | The source doesn't mention July 10, but the date is repeated earlier in the article and supported by a source. The source supports the remainder of the paragraph; it says: "Health officials presented updated figures on Monday at a public town hall meeting. They said there have been more than 80 reported diagnoses. Of the 64 people hospitalized with the disease, 28 have been discharged." |
On August 4, 2015, seven people were reported dead from the deadly disease. On August 8, 2015 about 57 buildings with cooling towers were disinfected and 42 other buildings were inspected and disinfected on August 9, 2015 as a measure to curtail the deadly bacteria.[6] | True[1] but not supported by the source. |
On August 8, 2015 about 57 buildings with cooling towers were disinfected, and 42 other buildings were inspected and disinfected on August 9, 2015 as a measure to curtail the deadly bacteria.[7] | The source doesn't say this, and I can't find one that does. |
On August 10, 2015, twelve people were reported dead from the outbreak with over 94 people admitted in the hospital. | Unsourced. The last source (NBC New York) confirms 12 dead on August 10 but I can't find support for 94 hospitalized by August 10. |
By August 11, 2015, over 100 people had been diagnosed with the disease.[8] | The source supports this: "The total number of people suffering from the disease in the South Bronx, where the current outbreak began, has reached 114..." |
References
- ^ "Seven dead in Legionnaires' outbreak in New York". CNN News. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ "Legionnaires' outbreak widens to 12 dead in New York". BBC News. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ "Legionnaires disease outbreak in New York affects record 108 people". News Telegraph. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ "Hotel That Enlivened the Bronx Is Now a 'Hot Spot' for Legionnaires'". New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ "New York legionnaires' disease outbreak leaves seven dead". The Guardian News. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ "Death Toll in Legionnaires' Outbreak Rises to 12". NBC New York. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ "Death Toll in Legionnaires' Outbreak Rises to 12". NBC New York. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
- ^ "Legionnaires' Disease Outbreak In New York City Claims 12 Lives". Ibtimes. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
User:Peter Damian/investigation
Elementary mistakes
The (II) in Nitrogen (II) oxide means the oxidation state of the nitrogen in the compound. For two-element compounds, each oxidation state times the number of that atom present cancels to zero. Since the oxidation state of oxygen is always -II in compounds, nitrogen(II) oxide will be NO as a +2 nitrogen will cancel a -2 oxygen. For nitrogen(IV) oxide, we have a +4 nitrogen and so need two -2 oxygens to balance the charge, and so nitrogen(IV) oxide is NO2.
Wikicology also made the mistake of thinking carbon(I) oxide was CO when it would actually be C2O - which doesn't exist! Carbon monoxide is CO, and would be carbon(II) oxide under this naming system.This is a beginner mistake: it is taught at High School in Australia.
His classification of beryllium poisoning as an example of gas poisonings was also a surprise, as any chemist should know that beryllium is a solid at room temperature. Further, beryllium poisoning is characterised by granulomas ("an inflammation found in many diseases. It is a collection of immune cells known as histiocytes. Granulomas form when the immune system attempts to wall off substances it perceives as foreign but is unable to eliminate.") formed by the body to deal with solid particles of beryllium. Gas poisonings aren't like this, and while some symptoms might be superficially similar, a biochemist wouild understand the process and the differences.
Another example is the statement from the biochemical effects part of the article: "It also causes a decrease in Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase which may results in Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency known as favism, a condition that predisposes to hemolysis (spontaneous destruction of red blood cells).[47]" Ref 47 is another rat study on NO2, which is a questionable basis for such a broad statement. More disturbingly, the abstract states that "The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutathione reductase were significantly higher than those in the control group for the 9-month exposure. In the 18-month exposure, however, they showed a tendency to return to control level." Any scientist should know that the control group is the one not exposed to the test and so the abstract actually says that the levels of this enzyme were higher in the treatment group but the article says the levels decreased. These examples suggest limited understanding of the chemistry, poor choice of sources, and mistaken interpretation of those sources, in addition to sources being incorrect.
Yet another example from the lead of the article is:
- Known sources of Nitrogen gas poisoning includes automobile exhaust, Power stations, The toxicity may also results from non-combustible sources such as the one released from anaerobic fermentation of food grains and Anaerobic digestion of Biodegradable waste.
However:
- Nitrogen gas poisoning is the bends and has nothing to do with nitrogen dioxide poisoning.
- "Anaerobic fermentation" is wikilinked to lactic acid fermentation, which doesn't involve nitrogen (it is a major source of methane from sugars).
- The linked anaerobic digestion page show that nitrogen in these cases ends up mostly as ammonia. The reference does mention nitrogen and its oxides, but a biochemist should know that significant NO2 production requires oxygen (ie. aerobic not anaerobic conditions) and that the anaerobic product of metabolising nitrogen is overwhelmingly ammonia. In other words, interpreting the reference appropriately requires recognition that one of the products listed is vastly more significant in terms of quantity than are the others.
The description of nitrogen dioxide in the lead is incomplete, in that it is a red-brown gas but exists in equilibrium as colourless dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) and at low temperatures this second form is the dominant form. It does not become colourless though the colour intensity may fade to be not noticeable as concentration decreases, in addition to reacting to form N2O4.
The impression is that Wikicology is enthusiastic about science but has knowledge gaps that one would hope not to see in a graduate in the field.
Wikipedia | Virginia tech |
In 1873, Josiah Willard Gibbs, an American Scientist published the theory associated with thermodynamic state by designing a graphical method of expression of the relationship between energy, entropy, volume, temperature, and pressure.[1] | Objective: To show the independence and sufficiency of a general graphical method coextensive in its' application, that when applied to the thermodynamic theory of state demonstrates the relationship between state variables of energy, entropy, volume, temperature, and pressure |
with and without analytic expressions, where the emphasis will be not to use analytic experssions as recommended by Gibbs and endorsed by Maxwell. | |
This historical publication was divided into part 1 and part 2. The part 1 involves a graphical methods in the thermodynamics of fluids while Part 2, deals with a method of geometrical representation of the thermodynamic properties of substances by means of surfaces.[2] | J. Willard Gibbs created the theory associated with thermodynamic state by development of a graphical method in his two historic publications, Part 1, "Graphical Methods in the Thermodynamics of Fluids" and Part 2,"A Method of Geometrical Representation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Substances by Means of Surfaces", Ref.[1]. |
The graphical methods in the thermodynamics of fluids published by Gibbs provided an intuitive understanding of the thermodynamic property relationships governed by the 1st and second laws of thermodynamics.[3] | In the first publication, Part 1, as the title implies, Gibbs developed a general graphical method that provided insight into thermodynamic property relationships governed by the first and second laws of thermodynamics. |
The first paragraph of Gibbs's part 1 publication reads
|
In the first paragraph Gibbs explains,
"Although geometrical representations of propositions in the thermodynamics of fluids are in general use, and have done good service in disseminating clear notions in this science, yet they have by no means received the extension in respect to variety and generality of which they are capable. So far as regards a general graphical method, which can exhibit at once all the thermodynamic properties of a fluid concerned in reversible processes, and serve alike for the demonstration of general theorems and the numerical solution of particular problems, it is the general if not the universal practice to use diagrams in which the rectilinear co-ordinates represent volume and pressure. The object of this article is to call attention to certain diagrams of different construction, which afford graphical methods coextensive in their applications with that in ordinary use, and preferable to it in many cases in respect of distinctness or of convenience." |
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an irritant of the mucous membrane and is linked with other air pollutants that cause pulmonary diseases such as obstructive lung disease (OLD), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and sometimes acute exacerbation of COPD and in fatal cases, death.[2] |
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/302133-overview
NO2 is a mucous membrane irritant commonly associated with other toxic products of combustion. Symptoms most commonly range from mild cough and mucous membrane irritation to severe exacerbations of underlying pulmonary diseases like COPD or asthma and, in extreme cases, death. |
Nitrogen gas poisoning only causes severe damage to the pulmonary artery and respiratory tract. Nitrogen (II) oxide poisoning is not harmful to all forms of life just like "Chlorine gas poisoning" and Carbon (I) oxide. It is easily absorbed through the lungs and its inhalation result in heart failure and sometimes death in severe and fatal cases.[9] | 'Search has expired'
Chlorine gas poisoning "Chlorine gas poisoning only causes severe damage to the respiratory tract and is therefore not harmful to all forms of life like carbon monoxide poisoning". " It is easily absorbed through the lungs and its inhalation result in CNS damage and death." |
Individual and races may differ in Nitrogen (II)oxide tolerance level and individual tolerance level for the gas may be altered by several factors, such as metabolic rate, barometric pressure and hematological disorders but significant exposure may result in fatal conditions that could lead to shorter life span due to heart failure.[10] | 10 is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8768665 "Indoor pollution from heating"
Chlorine gas poisoning states that ' Different people and races may have different chlorine gas tolerance levels. Chlorine gas exposure may lead to a significantly shorter life span due to heart damage. Individual tolerance level for chlorine gas may be altered by several factors, such as metabolic rate, hematological disorders and barometric pressure'. |
Exposure to high level of Nitrogen (II) oxide may lead to inflammation of the mucous membrane and the lower and upper respiratory tracts.[11] | "Determinants of nitrogen dioxide concentrations in indoor ice skating rinks. American Journal of Public Health" [link – not given in article] |
The symptoms also resembles that of pneumonia or viral infection and other inhalational injuries but common symptoms includes Rhinitis wheezing or coughing, conjunctivitis, headache, throat irritation and dyspnea which may progress to nasal fissures, ulcerations, or perforation.[12] | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18717983 "Is a quantitative risk assessment of air quality in underground parking garages possible?" Appears to bear little relation to the claim.
Beryllium poisoning states that 'Nasopharyngitis can progress to formation of nasal fissures, ulcerations, or perforation'. |
The patient is usually ill-appearing, and presents with hypoxemia coupled with shallow rapid breathing. Therapy is supportive and includes removal from further Nitrogen (II) oxide exposure Systemic symptoms include fever and anorexia. Electrocardiography and Chest radiography can help in revealing diffuse, bilateral alveolar infiltrates. The Chest radiography may be used in diagnosis and the baseline could be established with a Pulmonary function testing.[13][14] | 13 is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9645595 " Indoor environment of residential homes in Hong Kong--relevance to asthma and allergic disease" 14 is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8831283 "Measurements of indoor and outdoor nitrogen dioxide concentrations using a diffusive sampler" |
There is no specific laboratory diagnostic test for acute Nitrogen dioxide poisoning but analysis of arterial blood gas level, Methemoglobin level, Complete blood count, Glucose test, Lactate threshold measurement and r peripheral blood smear may be helpful in the diagnosis of Nitrogen (II) oxide poisoning.[15] | 15 is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9949739
"Impact of residential nitrogen dioxide exposure on personal exposure: an international study " |
The determination of Nitrogen (II)oxide in urine or tissue does not establish the diagnosis, and there are technical and interpretive problems with these tests.[16] | 16 is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8240759 " Nitrogen dioxide and respiratory illness in children. Part II: Assessment of exposure to nitrogen dioxide." |
Prolong exposure to a very high level of Nitrogen (II) oxide in micro meter-size range, may have an inflammatory effect that principally targets the respiratory tracts leading to chronic Nitrogen dioxide poisoning which can occur within a days or weeks after the threshold limit value is excessively exceeded.[17] | 17 is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12194158 " The Po River Delta (north Italy) indoor epidemiological study: effects of pollutant exposure on acute respiratory symptoms and respiratory function in adults." |
This condition causes fever, rapid breathing coupled with rapid heart rate, Fever and Severe Seizure of breath. Other effects includes: Diaphoresis, chest pain and persistent dry cough, all of which may result in weight loss, anorexia and may also lead to right-side heart enlargement and heart disease in advanced cases. Prolong exposure to relatively low levels of Nitrogen (II) oxide may cause persistent headaches and nausea.[18] | 18 is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14649750
"Sources and concentrations of indoor nitrogen dioxide in Barcelona, Spain" Note that the Wikipedia article on Beryllium poisoning states that Chronic beryllium disease can cause "a persistent dry cough. It can result in anorexia, weight loss, and may also lead to right-side heart enlargement and heart disease in advanced cases." |
Nitrogen dioxide is sparingly soluble in water. On inhalation, it diffuses into the lung and slowly hydrolyzes to nitrous acid and nitric acid, which causes pulmonary edema and pneumonitis; this leads to inflation of the bronchioles and pulmonary alveolus via lipid peroxidation as well as oxidative stress.[21] | 21 is (link) "Relationship between outdoor and indoor air quality in eight French schools" |
Mucous membranes are primarily affected, along with type I pneumocytes and the respiratory epithelium. The generation of free radicals from lipid peroxidation results in irritation of the bronchioles and alveoli, causing rapid destruction of the respiratory epithelial cells. The reaction's net result is the release of fluids, leading to pulmonary edema.[22] | 22 is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392240/
This contains none of the text whatsoever, and few references to Nitrogen Dioxide.
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Nitrogen dioxide poisoning may alter macrophage activity and immune function, leading to susceptibility of the body to a wide range of infections. Overexposure to the gas may also lead to methemoglobinemia, a disorder characterized by a higher-than-normal level of methemoglobin (metHb, i.e., ferric [Fe3+] rather than ferrous [Fe2+] hemoglobin) in the blood. | https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rVrEJltQ8fIC&pg=PA268 |
Methemoglobinemia prevents the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin, causing oxygen depletion which can potentially lead to severe hypoxia.[23] | |
If poisoning goes untreated, fibrous granulation tissue is likely to develop within the alveolar ducts, tiny ducts that connect the respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs, each of which contains a collection of alveoli (small mucus-lined pouches made of flattened epithelial cells). The overall reaction may cause obstructive lung disease. | Alveolar duct " tiny ducts that connect the respiratory bronchioles to alveolar sacs, each of which contains a collection of alveoli (small mucus-lined pouches made of flattened epithelial cells)." |
Meanwhile, proliferative bronchiolitis is a secondary effect of nitrogen dioxide poisoning.[24] | http://www.nature.com/jes/journal/v17/n5/full/7500532a.html |
Occupational exposure constitutes the highest risk of toxicity.This risk is often high for farmers, especially those dealing with food grains. It is equally high for firefighters and military personnel(especially those dealing with explosives). The risk is also high for arc welders, traffic officers, aerospace staff, and miners, as well as people whose occupation is connected with nitric acid.[25] | |
Silo-filler's disease is a consequence of nitrogen dioxide exposure to farmers dealing with silos. Food grains such as corn and millet, grasses such as alfalfa, and some other plant materials produce nitrogen dioxide within hours due to anaerobic fermentation.[26] | |
Threshold concentrations of nitrogen (II)oxide are often attained within 1 to 2 days, and begin to decline gradually after 10 to 14 days; however, if a silo is well sealed, the gas may remain there for weeks. Heavily fertilized silage, particularly if produced from immature plants, generates a higher concentration of the gas within the silo.[27] | |
Nitrogen dioxide is about 1.5 times heavier than air; thus during storage of silage, it may remain in the silage material. Improper ventilation may result in exposure during leveling of the silage.[28] | |
The EPA have some regulations and guidelines for monitoring nitrogen dioxide levels, although historically, some areas in the U.S including Chicago, the Northeast Corridor and L.A have high levels of nitrogen dioxide. In 2006, the WHO estimated that over 2 million deaths result annually from air pollution in which nitrogen dioxide constitutes one of the pollutants. While over 50% of the disease that results from these pollutants are common in developing countries, the effects in developed countries is not insignificant.[29] | 29 - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.00555.x/abstract
Magnitude of indoor NO2 from biomass fuels in rural settings of Ethiopia |
An EPA survey in the U.S suggests that 16 percent of the country's housing units are sited close to airports, highway, and railroads, increasing the exposure risk of approximately 48 million Americans. A feasibility study of the ozone formed from the oxidation of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air reported by the WHO suggested that daily deaths of 1 to 2% are attributed to exposure to ozone at a concentration above 47.3 ppb and that exposure above 75.7 ppb is attributed to a 3 to 5% increase in daily mortality. Levels above 114 ppb were attributed to a 5 to 9% increase daily mortality. Silo filler's disease in particular is pervasive during the harvest seasons of food grains.[30] | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2004.00311.x/abstract Indoor/outdoor relationships of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations in a central Indian region |
Tribe of Tiger
Fulani herdsmen. The references do not support the text. Copied from Fula people. See table 1 and table 2 below. .
Fula people
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Fulani herdsmen
(created 26 July 2015) |
Fulani
herdsmen ref# |
topic of ref | ref cited
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The Fulani herdsmen are Fulani men who are traditionally Nomadic, herders and sometimes traders. | 1 | About Guinea (country). Fulani not mentioned. | "Guinea". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. | |
They are predominantly herders and pastoralist and are often seen parading with their cattle in search of grazing pasture. They are common in West African countries including Nigeria, Niger, Senegal and Cameroon. The Fulani Herdsmen settled in the Western High Plateau of Bamenda, highlands of the Jos Plateau as well as Adamawa Plateau of Nigeria and the Cameroons. | 2 | Breed info about W. African Zebu cattle. Should be ref #5 | "DAGRIS". Dagris.ilri.cgiar.org. 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2014-02-27. | |
Due to modern civilization, some of the herdsmen now live in towns an cities but a vast majority of them are still either live a fully nomadic, or semi-nomadic life
. |
3 | Tourist-type info about annual cattle crossing festival. "Fulani have a way of life that revolves around cattle" is the only reference | "Courtship by the river as cows return home - Arts and Culture". africareview.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27. | |
Wealth is counted by how large the herd of cattle is. Long ago Fulani tribes and clans used to fight over cattle and grazing rights. Being the most treasured animal that the Fulanis herd, the cows are very special (Herding). | Cattle, goat and sheep trading is their primary source of income and livelihood. Their wealth and riches are often measured by the size of the Cattle herd being the most treasured animal they herd. | 4 | About cattle festival. Info not found | Chris Caldicott (1996-11-02). "Take me to the river - Travel". The Independent. Retrieved 2014-02-27. |
The Fulani have a tradition of giving a habbanaya - a cow which is loaned to another until she calves. Once the calf is weaned it is retained and the cow is returned to its owner.
Fulani nomads keep various species of cattle, but the Zebu is the most common in the West African hinterland, due to its drought resistant traits. In the wetter areas of Fouta Djallon and Casamance, the dwarf N'Dama is more common, as they are highly resistant to trypanosomiasis and other conditions directly associated with high humidity. (Herding) |
Traditionally, the herdsmen often loaned a cow (habbanaya) to another until she calves and after weaning the calf, the cow is returned to its owner.
These herdsmen herds several species of cattle species of cattle, but the zebu cattle is the most common in the West African hinterland because of its drought resistant traits. The dwarf Ndama cattle is commonly herd in the wetter areas of Fouta Djallon and Casamance as result of their resistant to trypanosomiasis and other conditions directly associated with high humidity. |
5 | About cattle festival. Info not found | 15 November 2012 (2012-11-15). "Dewgal (Crossing of the Cattle): a celebration of greener pastures". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2014-02-27.{{cite web}} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
|
Traditionally, nomadic Fula live in domed houses known as a bukkaru or suudu hudo, literally "grass house". During the dry season, the characteristically hemisphere-shaped domed houses are supported by compact millet stalk pillars, and by reed mats held together and tied against wood poles, in the wet or rainy season. (Houses) | Fulani herdsmen does not have a permanent residence but traditionally, they live in domed houses called "Suudu hudo" or "Bukkaru" built from grasses.
During the dry season, it is often supported with compact millet stalk pillars, and by reed mats held together and tied against wood poles, in the wet or rainy season |
6 | Not about this.Concerns linguistics- "Fulfulde to Arabic". | Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic (1986), p. 7, books.google.com/books?id=8IYOAAAAYAAJ: "The Fulani in the Sudan are known by the loose generic term 'Fellata'" |
7 | About Sudan (country). Fulani not mentioned. | "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-28. | ||
These mobile houses are very easy to set up, and dismantle, as typical of houses from nomadic societies. When it is time to move, the houses are easily disassembled and loaded onto donkeys, horses or camels for transport. (Houses). | The advantage of the "Bukkaru" house is that it is mobile, easy to set up and dismantle as a typical house of nomadic societies. When it is time to relocate, the houses are dismantled and loaded onto a camel, horses, donkeys and sometimes cattle for transport | 7 | see above | see above |
8 | Political essay. "Hausa, Fulani, Borno, known collectively as Fellata, whose presence in the Sudan" is the only mention. | "Association of Concerned Africa Scholars " Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan". Concernedafricascholars.org. Retrieved 2013-12-28. | ||
With recent trends however, many Fula now live in mud or concrete block houses. (Houses) | In recent times several herdsmen now live in mud or concrete block houses | 9 | Only a general mention of Fulani. Sociological book. | Schlee, Gunther; Watson, Elizabeth, eds. (2013-10-15). "Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II: Sudan, Uganda, and the Ethiopia-Sudan Borderlands". ISBN 9781845459635. {{cite journal}} : Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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References were copied from the Fula people article, and inserted at random. None of the refs support the article, except for the DAGIS ref, which was placed in the wrong position.
Fula people
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Corresponding
Fulani herdsmen ref # |
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10 | 1 | "Guinea". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency. |
30 | 2 | "DAGRIS". Dagris.ilri.cgiar.org. 2009-10-20. Retrieved 2014-02-27. |
31 | 3 | "Courtship by the river as cows return home - Arts and Culture". africareview.com. Retrieved 2014-02-27. |
32 | 4 | Chris Caldicott (1996-11-02). "Take me to the river - Travel". The Independent. Retrieved 2014-02-27. |
33 | 5 | 15 November 2012 (2012-11-15). "Dewgal (Crossing of the Cattle):". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2014-02-27.{{cite web}} : CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
|
12 | 6 | Al-Amin Abu-Manga, Fulfulde in the Sudan: process of adaptation to Arabic (1986), p. 7, |
13 | 7 | "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2013-12-28. |
14 | 8 | "" Citizenship and Identity in Post-Secession Northern Sudan". Retrieved 2013-12-28. |
11 | 9 | "Changing Identifications and Alliances in North-east Africa: Volume II". 2013-10-15. ISBN 9781845459635. {{cite journal}} : Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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References
- ^ "J. Willard Gibbs -American scientist". Britannica.com. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
- ^ Maxwell, James Clerk (1995-01-01). Maxwell on Heat and Statistical Mechanics: On "Avoiding All Personal Enquiries" of Molecules. p. 248. ISBN 9780934223348.
I think you know Prof. J. Willard Gibbs's (Yale College Connecticut) graphical methods in thermodynamics. Last winter I made several attempts to model the surface which he suggests, in which the three coordinates are volume, entropy and energy. The numerical data about entropy can only be obtained by integration from data which are for most bodies very insufficient, and besides it would require a very unwieldy model to get all the features, say of CO2, well represented, so I made no attempt at accuracy, but modelled a fictitious substance, in which the volume is greater when solid than when liquid; and in which, as in water, the saturated vapour becomes superheated by compression. When I had at last got a plaster cast I drew on it lines of equal pressure and temperature, so as to get a rough motion of their forms. This I did by placing the model in sunlight, and tracing the curve when the rays just grazed the surface... I send you a sketch of these lines..." (letter to Thomas Andrews, 15 July 1875)
- ^ "Josiah Willard Gibbs Facts, information, pictures". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
- ^ "Thermodynamic Case Study-Gibbs' Thermodynamic Graphical Method". sv.vt.edu. Retrieved January 9, 2015.