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A '''wiki''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet for English|IPA]]: {{IPA|[ˈwɪ.kiː]}} <WICK-ee> or {{IPA|[ˈwiː.kiː]}} <WEE-kee><ref>[http://c2.com/doc/etymology.html according to Ward Cunningham]</ref>) is a type of [[website]] that allows visitors to easily add, remove, or otherwise [[edit]] and change some available content, sometimes without the need for registration. This ease of interaction and operation makes a wiki an effective tool for [[collaborative writing|collaborative authoring]]. The term wiki can also refer to the [[collaborative software]] itself ([[wiki software|wiki engine]]) that facilitates the operation of such a website, or to certain specific wiki sites, including the computer science site (an original wiki), [[WikiWikiWeb]], and the online encyclopedias such as [[Wikipedia]]. |
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The first wiki, [[WikiWikiWeb]], is named after the "Wiki Wiki" line of [[Chance RT-52]] buses in [[Honolulu International Airport]], [[Hawaii]]. ("Wiki wiki" means "quick" or "hurry" in Hawai'ian, and also refers to a type of fish native to the islands). It was created in 1994 and installed on the web in 1994 by [[Ward Cunningham]], who also created the [[Portland Pattern Repository]]. |
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==Histories== |
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The first WikiWikiWeb (http://c2.com/cgi/wiki), is named after the "Wiki Wiki" line of "Chance RT-52 shuttle buses" in Honolulu International Airport, Hawaii by Ward Cunningham. Cunningham named WikiWikiWeb that way because he remembered a Honolulu International Airport counter employee telling him to take the so-called "Wiki Wiki" Chance RT-52 shuttle bus line that runs between the airport's terminals. According to Cunningham, "I chose wiki-wiki as an alliterative substitute for 'quick' and thereby avoided naming this stuff quick-web." "Wiki Wiki" is a reduplication of "wiki", a [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian-language]] word for fast. The word wiki is a shorter form of '''wiki wiki''' (weekie, weekie). The word is sometimes interpreted as the [[backronym]] for "what I know is", which describes the knowledge contribution, storage and exchange function. |
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=== Development of Wiki=== |
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According to Cunningham, the idea of wiki can be traced back to a [[HyperCard]] stack he wrote in the late 1980s. In the late 1990s, wikis were increasingly recognized as a promising way to develop private- and public-[[knowledge base]]s, and this potential inspired the founders of the Nupedia encyclopedia project, [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]], to use wiki technology as a basis for an electronic encyclopedia: Wikipedia was launched in January 2001; it originally was based upon [[UseMod]] software, but later switched to its own, open source codebase, now adopted by many other wikis. |
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In the early 2000s, wikis were increasingly adopted in the enterprise as collaborative software. Common uses included project communication, intranets and documentation, initially for technical users. In December 2002, [[Socialtext]] launched the first commercial open source wiki solution. Open source wiki software was widely available, downloaded and installed throughout these years. Today some companies use wikis as their only collaborative software and as a replacement for static [[intranet|intranets]]. There is arguably greater use of wikis behind firewalls than on the public internet.. |
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==Typical site operations== |
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A wiki (originally called Quickweb) is an editable website that does not require users to know [[HTML]]. Most have a system to record changes so that at any time, a page can be reverted to any of its previous states. A wiki '''system''' may also include various tools, designed to provide users with an easy way to monitor the constantly changing state of the wiki as well as a place to discuss and resolve the many inevitable issues, namely, the inherent disagreement over wiki content. Wiki content can also be misleading, as users are bound to add incorrect information, whether intentionally or accidentally, to the wiki. |
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Many wikis will allow completely unrestricted access so that people are able to contribute to the site without necessarily having to undergo a process of 'registration', as had usually been required by various other types of interactive websites such as [[Internet forum]]s or chat sites. Many users find this a very attractive alternative. |
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==Key characteristics== |
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A wiki enables documents to be written collectively in a simple [[markup (computing)|markup]] language using a [[web browser]]. A single page in a '''wiki''' is referred to as a "wiki page", while the entire body of pages, which are usually highly interconnected via [[hyperlink]]s, is "the wiki"; in effect, a wiki is actually a very simple, easy-to-use user-maintained [[database]] for searching or even creating information. |
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A defining characteristic of wiki technology is '''the ease with which pages can be created and updated.''' Generally, there is no review before modifications are accepted. Most wikis are open to the general public without the need to register any user account. Sometimes session log-in is requested to acquire a "wiki-signature" cookie for autosigning edits. More private wiki servers require user authentication. Many edits, however, can be made in real-time, and appear almost instantaneously online. This can often lead to abuse of the system. |
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===Pages and editing=== |
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The source format, sometimes known as "''[[wikitext]]'''", is augmented with a simplified markup language to indicate various structural and visual conventions. An often used example of one such convention is to start a line of text with an [[asterisk]] ("*") in order to mark it as an item in a [[Bullet (typography)|bulleted list]]. Style and syntax can vary a great deal among implementations, some of which also allow HTML tags. |
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The reasoning behind this design is that HTML, with its many cryptic tags, is not especially [[human-readable]]. Making typical HTML source visible makes the actual text content very hard to read and edit for most users. It is therefore better to promote plain-text editing with a few simple conventions for structure and style. |
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It is somewhat beneficial that users cannot directly use all the capabilities of HTML, such as [[JavaScript]] and [[Cascading Style Sheets]]. Consistency in look and feel is also achieved: In many (but by no means all) wiki implementations, an active hyperlink is exactly as it is shown, unlike in HTML where the invisible hyperlink can have an arbitrary visible anchor text. This goes along with some extra safety for the user: Permitting users to write in HTML might allow harmful or annoying code (for example, JavaScript code that prevents the reader from marking part of the text). |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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![[MediaWiki]] syntax |
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!Equivalent HTML |
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!Rendered output |
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|---- valign="top" |
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|<tt><nowiki>"''Doctor''? No other title? A ''scholar''? And |
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he rates above the civil authority?"</nowiki> |
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"Why, certainly," replied Hardin, amiably. "We're all scholars more or less. After all, we're not so much a world as a scientific foundation &mdash; under the direct control of the Emperor."</tt> |
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|<tt><p><br /> &quot;<em>Doctor</em>? No other title? A <em>scholar</em>? And he rates above the civil authority?&quot;<br /></p><br /><p><br />&quot;Why, certainly,&quot; replied Hardin, amiably. &quot;We're all scholars more or less. After all, we're not so much a world as a scientific foundation &mdash; under the direct control of the Emperor.&quot;<br /></p></tt> |
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|"''Doctor''? No other title? A ''scholar''? And he rates above the civil authority?" |
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"Why, certainly," replied Hardin, amiably. "We're all scholars more or less. After all, we're not so much a world as a scientific foundation—under the direct control of the Emperor." |
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|} |
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(Quotation above from ''[[Foundation (novel)|Foundation]]'' by [[Isaac Asimov]]) |
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Some recent wiki engines use a different method: they allow "[[WYSIWYG]]" editing, usually by means of [[JavaScript]] or an [[ActiveX]] control that translates graphically entered formatting instructions, such as "bold" and "italics", into the corresponding HTML tags. In those implementations, the markup of a newly-edited HTML version of the page is generated and submitted to the server [[transparency (computing)|transparently]], and the user is shielded from this technical detail. Users who do not have the necessary plugin can generally edit the page, usually by directly editing the raw HTML code. More recently, wiki engines are generating wiki syntax instead of HTML. This way, users who are comfortable editing in wiki syntax can carry on. |
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Although for years the ''[[de facto]]'' standard was the syntax of the original WikiWikiWeb, currently the formatting instructions vary depending on the wiki engine. Simple wikis allow only basic text formatting, whereas more complex ones have support for tables, images, formulas, or even interactive elements such as polls and games. At present there is no standard for wiki markup. |
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===Linking and creating pages=== |
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Wikis are a true [[hypertext]] medium, with non-linear navigational structures. Each page typically contains a large number of links to other pages. Hierarchical navigation pages often exist in larger wikis, often a consequence of the original page creation process, but they do not have to be used. Links are created using a specific syntax, the so-called "link pattern". |
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Originally, most wikis used [[CamelCase]] when naming program identifiers, produced by capitalizing words in a phrase and removing the spaces between them (the word "CamelCase" is itself an example of CamelCase). While CamelCase makes linking very easy, it also leads to links which are written in a form that deviates from the standard spelling. CamelCase-based wikis are instantly recognizable because they have many links with names such as "TableOfContents" and "BeginnerQuestions". Note that it is possible for a wiki to render the visible anchor for such links "pretty" by reinserting spaces, and possibly also reverting to lower case. However, this reprocessing of the link to improve the readability of the anchor is limited by the loss of capitalization information caused by CamelCase reversal. For example, "RichardWagner" should be rendered as "Richard Wagner", whereas "PopularMusic" should be rendered as "popular music". There is no easy way to determine which capital letters should remain capitalized. |
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===Searching=== |
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Most wikis offer at least a title [[search]], and sometimes a full-text search. The scalability of the search depends on whether the wiki engine uses a database; indexed database access is necessary for high speed searches on large wikis. On [[Wikipedia]], a wiki-based encyclopedia, the so-called "Go button" allows readers to view a page that matches the entered search criteria as closely as possible. The [[MetaWiki]] search engine was created to enable searches across multiple wikis. Search is keyword-based. |
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=== Server-side versus client-side wiki === |
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By far, the most common wiki systems are [[server-side]]. In essence, the edit, display and control functions are provided on the server through the wikiengine that renders the content into an HTML-based page for display in a web browser. |
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A [[client-side]] wiki system requires only that the server "serve" wiki files in much the same way that a web server allows HTML files to be retrieved using HTTP. In this type of wiki system, all the execution required to convert the underlying wiki text into an onscreen formatted display page resides in the client browser. Likewise, the editing tools and functionality reside in the browser. |
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The client-side wiki system parallels HTML in that the page becomes a rendering instruction for the browser to interpret. |
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Client-side wiki systems may be little more than a code plugin to a more traditional web browser. |
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==Controlling changes== |
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[[Image:History comparison example.png|thumb|History comparison reports highlight the changes between two revisions of a page.]] |
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Wikis are generally designed with the philosophy of making it easy to correct mistakes, rather than making it difficult to make them. Thus while wikis are very open, they provide a means to verify the validity of recent additions to the body of pages. The most prominent, on almost every wiki, is the "Recent Changes" page—a specific list numbering recent edits, or a list of all the edits made within a given timeframe. Some wikis can filter the list to remove minor edits and edits made by automatic importing scripts ("[[Internet bot|bot]]s"). |
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From the change log, other functions are accessible in most wikis: the ''Revision History'' showing previous page versions; and the ''[[diff]] feature'', highlighting the changes between two revisions. Using the Revision History, an editor can view and restore a previous version of the article. The diff feature can be used to decide whether or not this is necessary. A regular wiki user can view the diff of an edit listed on the "Recent Changes" page and, if it is an unacceptable edit, consult the history, restoring a previous revision; this process is more or less streamlined, depending on the wiki software used. |
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In case unacceptable edits are missed on the "Recent Changes" page, some wiki engines provide additional content control. It can be monitored to ensure that a page, or a set of pages, keeps its quality. A person willing to maintain pages will be warned of modifications to the pages, allowing him or her to verify the validity of new editions quickly. |
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==Vandalism== |
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The open philosophy of most wikis—of allowing anyone to edit content—does not ensure that editors are well intentioned. [[Wiki vandalism]] is a problem for wikis. The approach of making damage easy to undo rather than attempting to prevent damage has been characterized as ''[[soft security]]''. |
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==Wiki communities == |
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Many wiki communities are private, particularly within enterprises as [[collaborative software]]. They are often used as internal documentation for in-house systems and applications. The democratic, all-encompassing nature of Wikipedia is a significant factor in its growth, while many other wikis are highly specialized. |
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Today, the English-language Wikipedia is, by far, the world's largest wiki; the German-language Wikipedia is the second-largest, while the other Wikipedias fill many of the remaining upper slots. Other large wikis include the [[WikiWikiWeb]], [[Wikitravel]], [[World66]] and [[Susning.nu]], a Swedish-language knowledge base. The largest wikis are listed at [[meta:List of largest wikis]] (and a list from July 3, 2004 on |
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[http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/mb.pl?BiggestWiki#Biggest_wikis_by_page_count_on_July_3_2004 Meatball: Biggest wikis]). Many public wikis are listed at |
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[http://wikiindex.com WikiIndex] - a wiki of wiki. |
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There exist WikiNodes — pages on wikis describing related wikis. They are usually organized as neighbors and delegates. A ''neighbor'' wiki is simply a wiki that may discuss similar content or may otherwise be of interest. A ''delegate'' wiki is a wiki that agrees to have certain content delegated to that wiki. |
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One way of finding a wiki on a specific subject is to follow the [[Wikipedia:WikiNode|wiki-node]] network from wiki to wiki; another is to take a Wiki bus tour: [[Wikipedia:TourBusStop|TourBusStop]]. Domain names containing "wiki" are growing in popularity to support specific niches. |
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For those interested in creating their own wiki, there are many publicly available "[[wiki farm]]s", some of which can also make private, password-protected wikis. [http://www.jotspot.com/ JotSpot], [http://www.communitywiki.org/odd/HomePage OddWiki], [[PeanutButterWiki]], [http://www.seedwiki.com/ SeedWiki], [[Socialtext]], [[Wetpaint]], [http://www.wiki.com/ Wiki.com], [[Wikia]], and [http://www.wikispaces.com/ Wikispaces] are popular examples of such services; more at [[List of wiki farms]]. |
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==Wikis and content management systems== |
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Wikis have shared, and encouraged, several features with generalized [[content management systems]] (CMS) which are used by enterprises and communities-of-practice. Those looking to compare a CMS with an enterprise wiki should consider these basic features: |
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# The name of an article is embedded in the hyperlink. |
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# Articles can be created or edited at anytime by anyone (with certain limitations for protected articles). |
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# Articles are editable through the web browser. |
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# Each article provides one-click access to the history/versioning page, which also supports version differencing (“diff”) and retrieving prior versions. |
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# Each article provides one-click access to a discussion page particular to that article. |
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# The most recent additions/modifications of articles can be monitored actively or passively. |
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None of these are particular to a wiki, and some have developed independently. Still the concept of a wiki unequivocally refers to this core set of features. Taken together, they fit the ''generative'' nature of the Internet (as scholar Jonathan Zittrain has [http://www.harvardlawreview.org/issues/119/may06/zittrain.pdf labeled] it), in encouraging each user to help build it. It is yet to be studied whether an enterprise wiki encourages more usage, or leads to more knowledgeable community members, than other content management systems. |
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Sometimes, when an [[online translator]] is used to translate the language of the text in a Wiki, and somebody edits it, it can erroneously change the language of the text[http://wikia.com/index.php?title=Wikia:Sandbox&diff=50254&oldid=49837]. However, using an online translator can be a good tool for translating to the language used for other language editions of Wikipedia. |
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==Notes== |
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<div class="references-small"><references /></div> |
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==References== |
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*Aigrain, Philippe (2003). [http://www.debatpublic.net/Members/paigrain/texts/icoic.html The Individual and the Collective in Open Information Communities]. Invited talk at the 16th Bled Electronic Commerce Conference, Bled, Slovenia, [[June 11]] [[2003]]. |
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*Aronsson, Lars (2002). [http://aronsson.se/wikipaper.html Operation of a Large Scale, General Purpose Wiki Website: Experience from susning.nu's first nine months in service]. Paper presented at the 6th International ICCC/IFIP Conference on Electronic Publishing, [[November 8]], 2002, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic. |
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*Benkler, Yochai (2002). Coase's penguin, or, Linux and The Nature of the Firm. The Yale Law Journal. v.112, n.3, pp.369–446. |
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*Choate, Mark (2006). [http://www.cmswatch.com/Feature/145-Wikis-in-the-enterprise What makes an enterprise wiki?] CMS Watch. April 28, 2006. |
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*Cunningham, Ward and Leuf, Bo (2001): [[The Wiki Way]]. Quick Collaboration on the Web. Addison-Wesley, ISBN 0-201-71499-X. |
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*Delacroix, Jérôme (2005): Les wikis, espaces de l'intelligence collective, M2 Editions, Paris, ISBN 2-9520514-4-5. |
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*Ebersbach, Anja, Glaser, Markus and Heigl, Richard (2005): Wiki. Web Collaboration. Springer, ISBN 3-540-25995-3. |
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*Jansson, Kurt (2002): [http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benutzer:Kurt_Jansson/Vortrag_auf_dem_19C3 "Wikipedia. Die Freie Enzyklopädie."] Lecture at the 19th Chaos Communications Congress (19C3), [[December 27]], [[2002]] [http://my.opera.com/intermot intermot] Berlin, Germany. |
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*Klobas, Jane and others (2006): Wikis: Tools for Information Work and Collaboration. Oxford, UK, Chandos Publishing, ISBN 1-84334-179-4. |
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*Lange, Christoph (ed., 2005). [http://www.cul.de/wiki.html Wiki - Planen, Einrichten, Verwalten]. Computer- und Literaturverlag, ISBN 3-936546-28-2. |
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*Mattison, David (2003). [http://www.infotoday.com/searcher/apr03/mattison.shtml "QuickiWiki, Swiki, TWiki, ZWiki, and the Plone Wars: Wiki as PIM and Collaborative Content Tool."] ''Searcher: The Magazine for Database Professionals'', v. 11, no. 4 (April 2003): 32-48 |
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*Möller, Erik (2003). [http://opencultures.t0.or.at/oc/participants/moeller Loud and clear: How Internet media can work]. Presentation at the Open Cultures conference, June 5 & 6, 2003 Vienna, Austria. |
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*Möller, Erik (2003). [http://www.humanist.de/erik/tdg/ Tanz der Gehirne]. ''Telepolis'', May 9–30. Four parts: (i) "Das Wiki-Prinzip", (ii) "Alle gegen Brockhaus", (iii) "Diderots Traumtagebuch", und (iv) "Diesen Artikel bearbeiten". |
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*[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ramin_Nakisa Nakisa, Ramin] (2003). [http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/images/stories/pdf/lud29-Collaborative_Software-Wiki.pdf "Wiki Wiki Wah Wah"]. [[Linux User and Developer]] v.29, pp.42–48. [http://my.opera.com/sanyodenki sanyo] |
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*Remy, Melanie. (2002). Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. Online Information Review. v.26, n.6, p.434 |
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*[http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article1096343.ece New Media: Who are the real winners now we've all gone Wiki-crazy?] |
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==See also== |
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{{sisterlinks|wiki}} |
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*[[Comparison of wiki farms]] |
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*[[Comparison of wiki software]] |
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*[[Bliki]] |
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*[[List of wikis]] |
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*[[List of wiki software]] |
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*[[Massively distributed collaboration]] |
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*[[Wiki farm]] |
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*[[Help:Help|Wiki Help]] |
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*[[Social software]] |
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*[[Content management]] |
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*[[Content management system]] |
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==External links== |
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<!-- Please do not add links to wikis to this list, instead create new, internal pages about them, and link them to those in the above wiki community list. Please also keep this list alphabetized. --> |
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*[http://computer.howstuffworks.com/wiki.htm Wikis] at [[HowStuffWorks]]. |
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*[http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,66382,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_2: "Information Wants to be Liquid"] — [[Wired magazine]] article |
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*[http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiEngines Wiki Engines] |
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*[http://www.themedia.co.za/article.aspx?articleid=249581&area=/media_columnistsnet_savvy/ What's a Wiki?] |
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*[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wiki_Science Wiki Science] |
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*[http://wikibooks.org/wiki/Wiki_Science:How_to_start_a_Wiki How to start a wiki] (on [[Wikibooks]]) — help write the book on starting a wiki |
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*[http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WelcomeVisitors WikiWikiWeb] (the first wiki) |
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*[http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7068/full/438548a.html Science in the Web Age: Joint Efforts] on wikis and the scientific community, from Nature magazine |
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*[http://www.wikimatrix.org/ www.wikimatrix.org]: A side-by-side comparison of many different wiki installations. |
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*[http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article1096343.ece New Media: Who are the real winners now we've all gone Wiki-Loopy? (subscription required to read beyond intro)] |
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*[http://aronsson.se/wikipaper.html Operation of a Large Scale, General Purpose Wiki Website] Book abstract |
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[[Category:Groupware]] |
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Revision as of 14:06, 7 September 2006
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