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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}} |
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{{Use American English|date=May 2016}} |
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{{About|the water movement}} |
{{About|the water movement}} |
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{{Redirect|Maelstrom}} |
{{Redirect|Maelstrom}} |
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{{TAFI}} |
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[[File:The Corryvreckan Whirlpool - geograph-2404815-by-Walter-Baxter.jpg|thumb|upright=1.36|The [[Gulf of Corryvreckan]] whirlpool is the third largest whirlpool in the world]] |
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⚫ | A '''whirlpool''', is a body of swirling [[water]] produced by the meeting of opposing currents. The vast majority of whirlpools are not very powerful and very small whirlpools can easily be seen when a bath or a sink is draining. More powerful ones in seas or oceans may be termed '''''maelstroms'''''. ''[[Vortex]]'' is the proper term for any whirlpool that has a [[downdraft]]. |
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⚫ | In oceans, in narrow straits, with fast flowing water, whirlpools are normally caused by [[tides]]; there are few stories of large ships ever being sucked into such a maelstrom, although smaller craft are in danger.<ref name="CusslerKemprecos2012">{{cite book|last1= Cussler |first1=Clive |last2= Kemprecos |first2=Paul |title=Polar Shift: NUMA Files #6|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=REm52mI7axkC&pg=PT94|date=7 June 2012|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-1-4059-0959-4|page=94}}</ref><ref>[http://webecoist.com/2009/07/24/10-magnificent-maelstroms-and-destructive-whirlpools 10 Magnificent Maelstroms]. WebEcoist. Retrieved 26 October 2011.</ref> Smaller whirlpools also appear at the base of many [[waterfall]]s.<ref name="fenh">{{cite book |title=The Family Encyclopedia of Natural History |editor1-first=Rosalind |editor1-last=Carreck |date=1982 |publisher=The Hamlyn Publishing Group |isbn=0-7112-0225-7 |page=246 }}</ref> In the case of powerful waterfalls, like [[Niagara Falls]], these whirlpools can be quite strong. |
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Basically, it is generated due to the "convergence opposing forces". According to James Kenny the definition is: "The maelstrom arises as a result of a dramatic discontinuity in the ocean floor that disturbs the tidal flow, allowing a rising tide to begin its inflow well before the preceding tide has ebbed. The consequence, of course, is a confusion of flows, generating a rotary".<ref name="Kenney2012">{{cite book|author=James Kenney|title=Thriving in the Crosscurrent: Clarity and Hope in a Time of Cultural Sea Change|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iE9bBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|date=19 December 2012|publisher=Quest Books|isbn=978-0-8356-3019-1|pages=143–}}</ref> |
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=== Moskstraumen === |
=== Moskstraumen === |
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{{Main|Moskstraumen}} |
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The original Maelstrom (described by Poe and others) is the [[Moskstraumen]], a powerful tidal current in the [[Lofoten Islands]] off the [[Norway|Norwegian coast]].<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 1958 edition.</ref> |
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The Maelstrom is formed by the conjunction of the strong currents that cross the [[straits]] (Moskenstraumen) between the islands and the great amplitude of the tides, and reaches speeds of {{convert|27.8|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} |
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Moskstraumen is an unusal system of whirlpools in the open seas in the [[Lofoten Islands]] off the [[Norway|Norwegian coast]].<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, 1958 edition.</ref> It is the second strongest whirlpool in the world with flow currents reaching speeds as high as {{Convert|32|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. It finds mention in several books and movies.<ref name="Doyle2012" /> |
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In Norwegian, the most frequently used name is Moskenesstraumen (current of [island] Mosken). |
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The Moskstraumen is formed by the combination of powerful semi-diurnal tides and the unusual shape of the [[seabed]], with a shallow ridge between the [[Moskenesøya]] and [[Værøy]] islands which amplifies and whirls the tidal currents.<ref name="Compton2013">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TWwQAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|title=Why Sailors Can't Swim and Other Marvellous Maritime Curiosities|last=Compton|first=Nic|date=28 July 2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4081-9263-4|pages=78–79}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The fictional depictions of the Maelstrom by [[Edgar Allan Poe]] and [[Jules Verne]] describe it as a gigantic circular vortex that reaches the bottom of the ocean, when in fact it is a set of currents and crosscurrents with a rate of 18 |
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⚫ | The fictional depictions of the Maelstrom by [[Edgar Allan Poe]] and [[Jules Verne]] describe it as a gigantic circular vortex that reaches the bottom of the ocean, when in fact it is a set of currents and crosscurrents with a rate of {{Convert|18|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref>B. Gjevik, H. Moe and A Ommundseb, "Strong Topographic Enhancement of Tidal Currents: Tales of the Maelstrom", University of Oslo, working paper, 5 September 1997. A condensed version published as {{cite journal|doi=10.1038/42159|last1=Gjevik|url=http://www.math.uio.no/~bjorng/moskstraumen/bilder/article.pdf|first1=B.|last2=Moe|first2=H.|last3=Ommundsen|first3=A.|title=Sources of the Maelstrom|journal=Nature|volume=388|pages=837–838|year= 1997|issue=6645 | archive-url=http://wayback.archive.org/web/20040414111611/http://www.math.uio.no/~bjorng/moskstraumen/bilder/article.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2004}}</ref> Poe described this phenomenon in his short story ''[[A Descent into the Maelström|A Descent into the Maelstrom]],'' which in 1841 was the first to usage of the word "maelstrom" in the English language;<ref name="Compton2013" /> in this story related to the Lofoten Maelstrom, two fishermen are swallowed by the maelstrom while one survives miraculously.<ref name="Kenney2012" /> |
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=== Saltstraumen === |
=== Saltstraumen === |
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{{Main|Saltstraumen}} |
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The maelstrom of [[Saltstraumen]] is the world's strongest maelstrom and is located {{convert|10|km|sigfig=1}} south-east of the city of [[Bodø]], [[Norway]]. It reaches speeds of {{convert|37|km/h|abbr=on}}. Its impressive strength is caused by the world's strongest tide occurring in the same location. A narrow channel connects the outer Saltfjord with its extension, the large Skjerstadfjord, causing a colossal tide which in turn produces the Saltstraumen maelstrom. |
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[[File:Saltstraumen quiet.JPG|right|thumb|[[Saltstraumen]]]] |
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The maelstrom of Saltstraumen is the world's strongest maelstrom, close to the [[Arctic Circle]]<ref name="Doyle2012">{{cite book|last= Doyle |first=James |title=A Young Scientist's Guide to Defying Disasters|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nD_eUzeJZM8C&pg=PA15|date=1 March 2012|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-2441-7|page=15}}</ref> and is located {{convert|33|km|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} round the bay on the Highway 17, south-east of the city of [[Bodø]], [[Norway]]. The strait at its narrowest is {{Convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} in width and water "funnels" through the channel four times a day.<ref name="Brown2004" /> It is estimated that 400 million cubic meter of water passes the narrow strait during this event.<ref name="(Firm)2001">{{cite book|author=Michelin Travel Publications (Firm)|title=Scandinavia – Finland|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7U8ZAQAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Michelin Travel Publications|isbn=978-2-06-000140-1|page=201|accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref> The water is creamy in colour and most turbulent during high tide, which is witnessed by thousands of tourists.<ref name="Brown2004">{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Jules |title=The Rough Guide to Barcelona|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aB_3QXyOTkQC&pg=PA355|year=2004|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-218-7|page=355|accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref> It reaches speeds of {{convert|40|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.;<ref name="Compton2013" /> with mean speed of about {{convert|13|km/h|abbr=on}}. As navigation is dangerous in this strait only a small slot of time is available for large ships to pass through.<ref name="Doyle2012" /> Its impressive strength is caused by the world's strongest tide occurring in the same location during the new- and full moon. A narrow channel of {{convert|3|km|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} length connects the outer Saltfjord with its extension, the large [[Skjerstadfjorden|Skjerstadfjord]], causing a colossal tide which in turn produces the Saltstraumen maelstrom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://snl.no/Saltstraumen|title=Saltstraumen|language=Norwegian|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=Store Norske Leksikon}}</ref> |
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=== Corryvreckan === |
=== Corryvreckan === |
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{{Main|Corryvreckan}} |
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[[File:Corryvreckan.jpg|right|thumb|Corryvreckan whirlpool]] |
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The |
The Corryvreckan is a narrow [[strait]] between the islands of [[Jura, Scotland|Jura]] and [[Scarba]], in [[Argyll and Bute]], on the northern side of the [[Gulf of Corryvreckan]], [[Scotland]]. It is the third-largest whirlpool in the world.<ref name="Doyle2012" /> Flood [[tides]] and inflow from the [[Firth of Lorne]] to the west can drive the waters of Corryvreckan to waves of over {{convert|9|metres}}, and the roar of the resulting maelstrom, which reaches speeds of {{convert|18|km/h|abbr=on}}, can be heard {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=}} away. Though it was initially classified as non-navigable by the [[British navy]] it was later categorized as "extremely dangerous".<ref name="Doyle2012" /> |
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A documentary team from Scottish independent producers Northlight Productions once threw a [[mannequin]] into the Corryvreckan ("the Hag") with a [[Personal flotation device|life jacket]] and depth gauge. |
A documentary team from Scottish independent producers [[Northlight Productions]] once threw a [[mannequin]] into the Corryvreckan ("the Hag") with a [[Personal flotation device|life jacket]] and depth gauge. The mannequin was swallowed and spat up far down current with a depth gauge reading of {{Convert|262|m|ft}} with evidence of being dragged along the bottom for a great distance.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/680755 |title=Equinox: Lethal Seas}} UK and US co-production by Northlight, "Lethal Seas" UK Channel 4, "Sea Twister!" US Discovery Channel, covers several notable maelstroms.</ref> |
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=== Other notable maelstroms and whirlpools === |
=== Other notable maelstroms and whirlpools === |
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[[File:Naruto Whirlpools taken 4-21-2008.jpg|right|thumb|[[Naruto whirlpools]]]] |
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[[Old Sow whirlpool]] is located between Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada, and Moose Island, Eastport, Maine, USA |
[[Old Sow whirlpool]] is located between Deer Island, [[New Brunswick]], Canada, and Moose Island, Eastport, [[Maine]], USA. It is given the epithet "pig-like" as it makes a screeching noise when the vortex is at its full fury. The smaller whirlpools around this Old Sow are known as "Piglets.<ref name="Doyle2012" /> and reaches speeds of up to {{convert|27.6|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Compton2013" /> |
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The [[Naruto whirlpools]] are located in the Naruto Strait near Awaji Island in Japan, which have speeds of {{convert| |
The [[Naruto whirlpools]] are located in the Naruto Strait near Awaji Island in Japan, which have speeds of {{convert|26|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Compton2013" /> |
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[[Skookumchuck Narrows]] is a tidal rapids that develops whirlpools, on the [[Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)]], Canada. |
[[Skookumchuck Narrows]] is a tidal rapids that develops whirlpools, on the [[Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)|Sunshine Coast]], Canada with current speeds exceeding {{convert|30|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Compton2013" /> |
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[[French Pass]] ({{lang|fr|Te Aumiti}}) is a narrow and treacherous stretch of water that separates D'Urville Island from the north end of the South Island of New Zealand. In 2000 a whirlpool there caught student divers, resulting in multiple fatalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://divenewzealand.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/frenchpass.pdf|format=PDF|last=Smith|first=I R|title=In the matter of an inquest into the deaths of Narelle Taniko te Purei, Ricki Graeme McDonald and Michael David Welsh|date= |
[[French Pass]] ({{lang|fr|Te Aumiti}}) is a narrow and treacherous stretch of water that separates D'Urville Island from the north end of the South Island of New Zealand. In 2000 a whirlpool there caught student divers, resulting in multiple fatalities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://divenewzealand.co.nz/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/frenchpass.pdf|format=PDF|last=Smith|first=I R|title=In the matter of an inquest into the deaths of Narelle Taniko te Purei, Ricki Graeme McDonald and Michael David Welsh|date=14 April 2003|publisher=Nelson District Coroner|via=Dive New Zealand}}</ref> |
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There was a short-lived whirlpool that sucked in a portion of [[Lake Peigneur]] in Louisiana, United States after a drilling mishap in 1980. This was not a naturally-occurring whirlpool, but a man-made disaster caused by breaking through the roof of a salt mine. |
There was a short-lived whirlpool that sucked in a portion of the [[Lake Peigneur]] of 1300 acre area in [[Louisiana, United States]] after a drilling mishap in November 1980. This was not a naturally-occurring whirlpool, but a man-made disaster caused by breaking through the roof of a salt mine. This mishap resulted in destruction of five houses, loss of nineteen barges and eight tug boats, oil rigs, a mobile home and most of the botanical garden and 10 percent area of the nearby Jefferson Island. A crater of 0.5-mile was created. The lake then drained, until the mine filled and the water levels equalized but the three-foot deep lake was now 1,300 feet deep. Nine of the barges which had sunk floated back.<ref name="Pile2012">{{cite book|author=Stephen Pile|title=The Not Terribly Good Book of Heroic Failures: An intrepid selection from the original volumes|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E_qS4RW5nw0C&pg=PT146|date=4 October 2012|publisher=Faber & Faber|isbn=978-0-571-27734-6|pages=146–}}</ref><ref name="Heggen2015">{{cite book|author=Richard Heggen|title=Underground Rivers: From the River Styx to the Rio San Buenaventura, with occasional diversions|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7zczBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1108|date=16 January 2015|publisher=Richard Heggen|pages=1108–|id=GGKEY:BS7JB1BB957}}</ref><ref name=Recovery>{{cite web|url= http://members.tripod.com/%7Eearthdude1/texaco/texaco.html |title= And away goes the lake down the drain!|accessdate=23 May 2016|publisher=Archive of tripod.com}}</ref> |
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A more recent example of a man-made whirlpool that received significant media coverage was in early June 2015, when an intake vortex formed in [[Lake Texoma]], on the Oklahoma–Texas border, near the floodgates of the dam that forms the lake. At the time of the whirlpool's formation, the lake was being drained after reaching its highest level ever. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]], which operates the dam and lake, expected that the whirlpool would last until the lake reached normal seasonal levels by late July.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kxii.com/home/headlines/Levels-at-Lake-Texoma-decrease-rare-look-at-intake-vortex-306557501.html |title=Levels at Lake Texoma decrease; rare look at intake vortex |first=Chelsi |last=Smith |publisher=[[KXII |
A more recent example of a man-made whirlpool that received significant media coverage was in early June 2015, when an intake vortex formed in [[Lake Texoma]], on the Oklahoma–Texas border, near the floodgates of the dam that forms the lake. At the time of the whirlpool's formation, the lake was being drained after reaching its highest level ever. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|Army Corps of Engineers]], which operates the dam and lake, expected that the whirlpool would last until the lake reached normal seasonal levels by late July.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kxii.com/home/headlines/Levels-at-Lake-Texoma-decrease-rare-look-at-intake-vortex-306557501.html |title=Levels at Lake Texoma decrease; rare look at intake vortex |first=Chelsi |last=Smith |publisher=[[KXII]]-TV |location=Sherman, TX |date=8 June 2015 |accessdate=30 June 2015}}</ref> |
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== Dangers == |
== Dangers == |
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[[File:'Edgard Poë et ses oeuvres' by Lix and Dargent 5.jpg|thumb|An illustration from Jules Verne's essay "Edgard Poë et ses oeuvres" (Edgar Poe and his Works,1862) drawn by Frederic Lix or Yan' Dargent]] |
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⚫ | Powerful whirlpools have killed unlucky seafarers, but their power tends to be exaggerated by laymen.<ref>[http://mythbustersresults.com/episode56 MythBusters Episode 56: Killer Whirlpool]. Mythbustersresults.com. Retrieved |
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⚫ | Powerful whirlpools have killed unlucky seafarers, but their power tends to be exaggerated by laymen.<ref>[http://mythbustersresults.com/episode56 MythBusters Episode 56: Killer Whirlpool]. Mythbustersresults.com. Retrieved 26 October 2011.</ref> There are virtually no stories of large ships ever being sucked into a whirlpool. Tales like those by [[Paul the Deacon]], [[Edgar Allan Poe]], and [[Jules Verne]] are entirely fictional.<ref>[[Paul the Deacon]], ''[[History of the Lombards]]'' (8th century AD); [[Edgar Allan Poe]], "[[A Descent into the Maelström]]" (1841); and [[Jules Verne]], ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea]]'' (1870).</ref> |
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== In literature and popular culture == |
== In literature and popular culture == |
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Apart from Poe and Verne other literary source is of the 1500s, of [[Olaus Magnus]], a Swedish Bishop, who had stated that the maelstrom which was more powerful than ''The Odyssey'' destroyed ships which sank to the bottom of the sea, and even whales were sucked in. [[Pytheas]], the Greek historian, also mentioned that maelstroms swallowed ships and threw them up again.<ref name="CusslerKemprecos2012" /> |
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[[Charybdis]] in [[Greek mythology]] was later rationalized as a whirlpool, which sucked entire ships into its fold in the narrow coast of [[Sicily]], a disaster faced by navigators.<ref name="Andrews2000">{{cite book|last=Andrews|first=Tamra |title=Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7jS65aClvFEC&pg=PA171|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513677-7|page=171|accessdate=25 May 2016}}</ref> |
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[[Charybdis]] in Greek mythology was later rationalized as a whirlpool. |
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In the 8th century, [[Paul the Deacon]], who had lived among the Belgii, described [[tidal bore]]s and the |
In the 8th century, [[Paul the Deacon]], who had lived among the Belgii, described [[tidal bore]]s and the maelstrom for a Mediterranean audience unused to such violent tidal surges:<ref name="Deacon2011">{{cite book|last=Deacon|first=Paul the |title=History of the Lombards|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zt3jZ69vJKQC&pg=PA8|date=3 June 2011|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-0558-8|page=8}}</ref> |
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{{quote|quote=Not very far from this shore … toward the western side, on which the ocean main lies open without end, is that very deep whirlpool of waters which we call by its familiar name "the navel of the sea." This is said to suck in the waves and spew them forth again twice every day. … They say there is another whirlpool of this kind between the island of Britain and the province of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], and with this fact the coasts of the Seine region and of Aquitaine agree, for they are filled twice a day with such sudden inundations that any one who may by chance be found only a little inward from the shore can hardly get away. I have heard a certain high nobleman of the [[Gaul]]s relating that a number of ships, shattered at first by a tempest, were afterwards devoured by this same [[Charybdis]]. And when one only out of all the men who had been in these ships, still breathing, swam over the waves, while the rest were dying, he came, swept by the force of the receding waters, up to the edge of that most frightful abyss. And when now he beheld yawning before him the deep chaos whose end he could not see, and half dead from very fear, expected to be hurled into it, suddenly in a way that he could not have hoped he was cast upon a certain rock and sat him down.|source=Paul the Deacon, ''History of the Lombards'', i.6}} |
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Three of the most notable literary references to the Lofoten Maelstrom date from the nineteenth century. The first is the [[Edgar Allan Poe]] story "[[A Descent into the Maelström]]" (1841). The second is ''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]'' (1870), the famous novel by [[Jules Verne]]. At the end of this novel, [[Captain Nemo]] seems to commit suicide, sending his ''Nautilus'' submarine into the Maelstrom (although in Verne's [[The Mysterious Island|sequel]] Nemo and Nautilus survived). |
Three of the most notable literary references to the Lofoten Maelstrom date from the nineteenth century. The first is the [[Edgar Allan Poe]] short story "[[A Descent into the Maelström]]" (1841). The second is ''[[20,000 Leagues Under the Sea]]'' (1870), the famous novel by [[Jules Verne]]. At the end of this novel, [[Captain Nemo]] seems to commit suicide, sending his ''Nautilus'' submarine into the Maelstrom (although in Verne's [[The Mysterious Island|sequel]] Nemo and Nautilus survived). The "Norway maelstrom" is also mentioned in [[Herman Melville|Herman Melville's]] ''[[Moby-Dick]]''.<ref>Herman Melville ''Moby-Dick'' [[s:Moby-Dick/Chapter 36|Chapter 36]], Wikisource.</ref> |
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In the 'Life of [[St Columba]]', the author, [[Adomnan of Iona]]', attributes to the saint miraculous knowledge of a particular bishop who ran into a whirlpool off the coast of Ireland. In Adomnan's narrative, he quotes Columba saying<ref> |
In the 'Life of [[St Columba]]', the author, [[Adomnan of Iona]]', attributes to the saint miraculous knowledge of a particular bishop who ran into a whirlpool off the coast of Ireland. In Adomnan's narrative, he quotes Columba saying<ref>Adomnan of Iona. Life of St Columba. Penguin Books, 1995</ref> |
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{{quote|quote=Cólman mac Beognai has set sail to come here, and is now in great danger in the surging tides of the whirlpool of Corryvreckan. Sitting in the prow, he lifts up his hands to heaven and blesses the turbulent, terrible seas. Yet the Lord terrifies him in this way, not so that the ship in which he sits should be overwhelmed and wrecked by the waves, but rather to rouse him to pray more fervently that he may sail through the peril and reach us here.}} |
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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One of the earliest uses in English of the [[Scandinavian languages|Scandinavian]] word (''malström'' or ''malstrøm'') was by [[Edgar Allan Poe]] in his story "[[A Descent into the Maelström]]" (1841). |
One of the earliest uses in English of the [[Scandinavian languages|Scandinavian]] word (''malström'' or ''malstrøm'') was by [[Edgar Allan Poe]] in his short story "[[A Descent into the Maelström]]" (1841). In turn, the Nordic word is derived from the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''maelstrom'', modern spelling ''maalstroom'', from ''malen'' (''to grind'') and ''stroom'' (''stream''), to form the meaning ''grinding current'' or literally "mill-stream", in the sense of milling (grinding) grain.<ref>{{cite book |
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{{cite book |
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| title = The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories |
| title = The Merriam-Webster new book of word histories |
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| publisher = Merriam-Webster, Inc |
| publisher = Merriam-Webster, Inc |
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| page = 300 |
| page = 300 |
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=IrcZEZ1bOJsC&pg=PA300 |
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=IrcZEZ1bOJsC&pg=PA300 |
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| accessdate = 25 May 2016 |
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}}</ref> |
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<gallery class="center" caption="Whirlpools" widths="220px" heights="165px"> |
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File:Whirlpool gap in a strong surge DSC03464.JPG|Tide whirlpool in [[Rooi-Els, Western Cape]] |
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File:Whirlpool - geograph.org.uk - 115536.jpg|A man-made whirlpool in the Water Garden within [[Alnwick Garden]] |
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</gallery> |
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{{portal|Environment|Water}} |
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*[[Coriolis effect]] |
*[[Coriolis effect]] |
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*[[Eddy (fluid dynamics)]] |
*[[Eddy (fluid dynamics)]] |
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*[[Rip current]] |
*[[Rip current]] |
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==References== |
== References == |
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{{reflist|30em}} |
{{reflist|30em}} |
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== Further reading == |
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==Bibliography== |
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* |
*Baron PA, Willeke K (1986) Respirable droplets from whirlpools: measurements of size distribution and estimation of disease potential. Environ Res 39, 8–18. |
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*{{cite book | last=Blake | first=John Lauris | title=The Wonders of the Ocean | publisher=Henry & Sweetlands | year=1845 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DiIIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA50 | pages=50-53}} |
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==External links== |
== External links == |
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{{Commons category|Whirlpools}} |
{{Commons category|Whirlpools}} |
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{{Commons category|Videos of whirlpools}} |
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{{physical oceanography}} |
{{physical oceanography}} |
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{{authority control}} |
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[[Category:Natural hazards]] |
[[Category:Natural hazards]] |
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[[Category:Vortices]] |
[[Category:Vortices]] |
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