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#REDIRECT [[Wanli Emperor]] |
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{{Short description|Ming dynasty era name (1573–1620)}} |
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{{about|the era name of Zhu Yijun, the Ming dynasty emperor|the emperor who used this era name|Wanli Emperor}} |
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{{Infobox Chinese |
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|title = Wanli |
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|pic= |
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|picsize= |
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|piccap= |
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|t=萬曆 |
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|s=万历 |
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|p=Wànlì |
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|w=Wan-li |
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|l="ten thousand calendars" |
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}} |
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'''Wanli''' (萬曆; 2 February 1573 – 27 August 1620; [[Qing dynasty]] avoided the [[naming taboo]] of Hongli 弘曆, the [[Qianlong Emperor]], and wrote 曆 as 歷, 厯, 厤) was the [[Chinese era name|era name]] of the [[Wanli Emperor]], the 14th emperor of [[Ming dynasty]] of China. The Ming dynasty used this era name for a total of 48 years, which was the longest used era name by the Ming dynasty. |
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In the early Wanli period, [[Zhang Juzheng]] led the implementation of a series of reform measures; the economy and society continued to develop; the foreign military also won successive victories; and the imperial court showed a restoration atmosphere. It was known in historiography as the "Wanli Restoration" (萬曆中興). Later, due to the succession dispute (國本之爭), the Wanli Emperor was prevented by his ministers from making his beloved son the crown prince, and he was so angry that he did not go to court for thirty years. It was known in historiography as the "Wanli's negligence" (萬曆怠政). During this period, the Wanli Emperor allowed the court officials to fight against each other, and the Donglin factional strife (東林黨爭) emerged; they used the Three Cases of the late Ming dynasty (明末三案) to fight each other, which eventually led to the fall of the Ming dynasty. |
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On 28 August 1620 (Wanli 48, 1st day of the 8th month), the [[Taichang Emperor]] ascended to the throne and continued to use it. The following year, the era was changed to [[Taichang (era)|Taichang]]. However, the Taichang Emperor died on 26 September (1st day of the 9th month) and reigned for only 30 days. On 1 October (6th day of the 9th month), after the [[Tianqi Emperor]] ascended to the throne, he issued an edict on 25 October (20th day of the 9th month) to change "the 8th month of the 48th year of the Wanli era" to "the first year of the Taichang era", and the following year, the era was changed to [[Tianqi (era)|Tianqi]].<ref>''History of Ming'', Volume 21:〔萬曆〕四十八年七月,神宗崩。……八月丙午朔,即皇帝位。大赦天下,以明年為泰昌元年。……熹宗即位,從廷臣議,改萬曆四十八年八月後為泰昌元年。Volume 22:〔萬曆四十八年〕九月乙亥,光宗崩,遺詔皇長子嗣皇帝位。……庚辰,即皇帝位。詔赦天下,以明年為天啟元年。</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://shc2000.sjtu.edu.cn/100919/wangxiaohu.pdf |title=Wang Xiaohu's (汪小虎) "''Da Ming Taichang yuan nian Tatong li''" kao (《大明泰昌元年大统历》考) |access-date=2021-10-24 |archive-date=2021-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024085932/https://shc2000.sjtu.edu.cn/100919/wangxiaohu.pdf }}</ref> |
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[[File:Chinese migrants in the Philippines.png|thumb|right|The "[[Boxer Codex]]" depiction of Han Chinese costume during the Wanli period]] |
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==Births== |
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* '''1578''' (Wanli 6) – [[Shen Defu]], writer (d. 1642) |
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* '''1584''' (Wanli 12) – [[Hu Zhengyan]], engraver (d. 1674) |
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* '''August 1582''' (Wanli 10, 8th month) – [[Zhu Changluo]], the Taichang Emperor (d. 1620) |
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* '''February 1586''' (Wanli 14, 1st month) – [[Zhu Changxun]], [[Prince of Fu (Ming dynasty)|Prince of Fu]] (d. 1641) |
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* '''November 1592''' (Wanli 20, 10th month) – [[Hong Taiji]], Emperor Taizong of Qing (d. 1643) |
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* '''December 1605''' (Wanli 33, 11th month) – [[Zhu Youjiao]], the Tianqi Emperor (d. 1627) |
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* '''April 1608''' (Wanli 36, 3rd month) – [[Jin Shengtan]], literary critic (d. 1661) |
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* '''February 1611''' (Wanli 39, 1st month) – [[Zhu Youjian]], the Chongzhen Emperor (d. 1644) |
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* '''1627''' (Wanli 45) – Zhu Yongchun (朱用純), educator (d. 1698) |
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==Deaths== |
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[[File:万历年间的明朝(简).png|right|thumb|200px|{{colorbox|#efaf00}} Orange portion was the territory of the Ming dynasty during the Wanli period]] |
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* '''1582''' (Wanli 10) – [[Zhang Juzheng]], politician (b. 1535) |
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* '''1587''' (Wanli 15) – [[Hai Rui]], politician (b. 1514) |
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* '''1587''' (Wanli 15) – [[Qi Jiguang]], general (b. 1528) |
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* '''1593''' (Wanli 21) – [[Li Shizhen]], medical scientist (b. 1518) |
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* '''1594''' (Wanli 22) – Liang Chenyu (梁辰魚), playwright (b. 1519) |
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* '''1605''' (Wanli 33) – [[Tian Yi]], eunuch (b. 1534) |
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* '''1606''' (Wanli 34) – Yuan Huang (袁黃), thinker, author of "[[Liao-Fan's Four Lessons]]" (b. 1533) |
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* '''1616''' (Wanli 44) – [[Tang Xianzu]], dramatist (b. 1550) |
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==Comparison table== |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |
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!Wanli!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9!!10 |
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|- |
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![[AD]] |
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|1573||1574||1575||1576||1577||1578||1579||1580||1581||1582 |
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|- |
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![[Sexagenary cycle|Gānzhī]]<br>干支 |
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|Guǐyǒu<br>癸酉||Jiǎxū<br>甲戌||Yǐhài<br>乙亥||Bǐngzǐ<br>丙子||Dīngchǒu<br>丁丑||Wùyín<br>戊寅||Jǐmǎo<br>己卯||Gēngchén<br>庚辰||Xīnsì<br>辛巳||Rénwǔ<br>壬午 |
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|- |
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!Wanli!!11!!12!!13!!14!!15!!16!!17!!18!!19!!20 |
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|- |
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![[AD]] |
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|1583||1584||1585||1586||1587||1588||1589||1590||1591||1592 |
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|- |
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![[Sexagenary cycle|Gānzhī]]<br>干支 |
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|Guǐwèi<br>癸未||Jiǎshēn<br>甲申||Yǐyǒu<br>乙酉||Bǐngxū<br>丙戌||Dīnghài<br>丁亥||Wùzǐ<br>戊子||Jǐchǒu<br>己丑||Gēngyín<br>庚寅||Xīnmǎo<br>辛卯||Rénchén<br>壬辰 |
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|- |
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!Wanli!!21!!22!!23!!24!!25!!26!!27!!28!!29!!30 |
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|- |
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![[AD]] |
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|1593||1594||1595||1596||1597||1598||1599||1600||1601||1602 |
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|- |
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![[Sexagenary cycle|Gānzhī]]<br>干支 |
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|Guǐsì<br>癸巳||Jiǎwǔ<br>甲午||Yǐwèi<br>乙未||Bǐngshēn<br>丙申||Dīngyǒu<br>丁酉||Wùxū<br>戊戌||Jǐhài<br>己亥||Gēngzǐ<br>庚子||Xīnchǒu<br>辛丑||Rényín<br>壬寅 |
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|- |
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!Wanli!!31!!32!!33!!34!!35!!36!!37!!38!!39!!40 |
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|- |
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![[AD]] |
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|1603||1604||1605||1606||1607||1608||1609||1610||1611||1612 |
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|- |
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![[Sexagenary cycle|Gānzhī]]<br>干支 |
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|Guǐmǎo<br>癸卯||Jiǎchén<br>甲辰||Yǐsì<br>乙巳||Bǐngwǔ<br>丙午||Dīngwèi<br>丁未||Wùshēn<br>戊申||Jǐyǒu<br>己酉||Gēngxū<br>庚戌||Xīnhài<br>辛亥||Rénzǐ<br>壬子 |
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|- |
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!Wanli!!41!!42!!43!!44!!45!!46!!47!!48 |
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|- |
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![[AD]] |
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|1613||1614||1615||1616||1617||1618||1619||1620 |
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|- |
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![[Sexagenary cycle|Gānzhī]]<br>干支 |
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|Guǐchǒu<br>癸丑||Jiǎyín<br>甲寅||Yǐmǎo<br>乙卯||Bǐngchén<br>丙辰||Dīngsì<br>丁巳||Wùwǔ<br>戊午||Jǐwèi<br>己未||Gēngshēn<br>庚申 |
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|} |
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==Other regime eras that existed during the same period== |
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* China |
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** ''Tianming'' (天命, 1616–1626): [[Later Jin (1616–1636)|Later Jin]] — era name of [[Nurhaci]] |
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** ''Hongwu'' (弘武, 1619): Ming period — era name of Li Xin (李新) |
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** ''Tianzhenhun'' (天真混, 1619): Ming period — era name of Li Wen (李文) |
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* Vietnam |
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** ''Gia Thái'' (嘉泰, 1573–1577): [[Lê dynasty|Later Lê dynasty]] — era name of [[Lê Thế Tông]] |
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** ''Quang Hưng'' (光興, 1578–1599): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Thế Tông |
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** ''Thận Đức'' (慎德, 1600): Later Lê dynasty — era name of [[Lê Kính Tông]] |
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** ''Hoằng Định'' (弘定, 1600–1619): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Lê Kính Tông |
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** ''Vĩnh Tộ'' (永祚, 1619–1629): Later Lê dynasty — era name of [[Lê Thần Tông]] |
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** ''Sùng Khang'' (崇康, 1568–1578): [[Mạc dynasty]] — era name of [[Mạc Mậu Hợp]] |
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** ''Diên Thành'' (延成, 1578–1585): Mạc dynasty — era name of Mạc Mậu Hợp |
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** ''Đoan Thái'' (端泰, 1585–1588): Mạc dynasty — era name of Mạc Mậu Hợp |
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** ''Hưng Trị'' (興治, 1588–1591): Mạc dynasty — era name of Mạc Mậu Hợp |
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** ''Hồng Ninh'' (洪寧, 1591–1592): Mạc dynasty — era name of Mạc Mậu Hợp |
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** ''Vũ An'' (武安, 1592): Mạc dynasty — era name of [[Mạc Toàn]] |
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** ''Bảo Định'' (寶定, 1592): Mạc dynasty — era name of [[Mạc Kính Chỉ]] |
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** ''Khang Hựu'' (康佑, 1593): Mạc dynasty — era name of Mạc Kính Chỉ |
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** ''Càn Thống'' (乾統, 1593–1625): Mạc dynasty — era name of [[Mạc Kính Cung]] |
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** ''Long Thái'' (隆泰, 1618–1625): Mạc dynasty — era name of [[Mạc Kính Khoan]] |
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** ''La Bình'' (羅平, 1594): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Vũ Đăng (武登) |
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** ''Phúc Đức'' (福德, 1596–1597): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Nguyễn Đương Minh (阮當明) |
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** ''Đại Đức'' (大德, 1595–1597): Later Lê dynasty — era name of Nguyễn Minh Trí (阮明智) |
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* Japan |
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** ''[[Genki (era)|Genki]]'' (元亀, 1570–1573): era name of [[Emperor Ōgimachi]] |
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** ''[[Tenshō (Momoyama period)|Tenshō]]'' (天正, 1573–1592): era name of [[Emperor Ōgimachi]] and [[Emperor Go-Yōzei]] |
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** ''[[Bunroku]]'' (文禄, 1592–1596): era name of Emperor Go-Yōzei |
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** ''[[Keichō]]'' (慶長, 1596–1615): era name of Emperor Go-Yōzei and [[Emperor Go-Mizunoo]] |
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** ''[[Genna]]'' (元和, 1615–1624): era name of Emperor Go-Mizunoo |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of Chinese era names]] |
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* [[List of Ming dynasty era names]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{Cite book|author=Li Chongzhi (李崇智)|title=Zhongguo lidai nianhao kao (中國歷代年號考)|format=|url=|date=December 2004|publisher=Zhonghua Book Co. (中華書局)|location=Beijing (北京)|id=ISBN 7101025129}} |
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*{{Cite book|author=Deng Hongbo (鄧洪波)|title=Chronology of East Asian history (東亞歷史年表)|format=pdf|url=http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm|date=March 2005|publisher=National Taiwan University, Program for East Asian Classics and Cultures (國立臺灣大學東亞經典與文化研究計劃)|location=Taipei (臺北)|id=ISBN 9789860005189|access-date=2021-11-26|archive-date=2007-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825002742/http://www.eastasia.ntu.edu.tw/chinese/05_a04.htm}} |
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{{s-start}} |
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{{succession box |
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| before = [[Longqing]] |
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| title = Ming dynasty [[Chinese era name|Era or ''nianhao'']] |
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| years = 1573–1620 |
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| after = [[Taichang (era)|Taichang]] |
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}} |
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{{s-end}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Wanli}} |
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[[Category:Ming dynasty eras]] |
Revision as of 13:42, 17 August 2023
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