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{{About||the Wehrmacht officer|Walter Kuhn (soldier)|the American painter|Walt Kuhn}} |
{{About||the Wehrmacht officer|Walter Kuhn (soldier)|the American painter|Walt Kuhn}} |
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'''Walter Kuhn''' (27 September 1903 – 5 August 1983), was an [[Cisleithania|Austrian]]{{sfn|Appelt|1985|p=493}}-born German linguist and historian. Prior to World War II, Kuhn specializes in the linguistics of German minorities outside Germany, particularly in the area of [[Ukraine]]. In 1940, Kuhn joined the [[Nazi party]].{{sfn|Mühle|2005|p=265}} Before and during the war, he was involved in various Nazi plans of resettlement aimed at Jews, Poles and Germans, including proposals of the [[ethnic cleansing]] of Poles. Kuhn continued to work post-war in [[West Germany]], becoming a recognized expert in the German Ostsiedlung.{{sfn|Angermann}} |
'''Walter Kuhn''' (27 September 1903 – 5 August 1983), was an [[Cisleithania|Austrian]]{{sfn|Appelt|1985|p=493}}-born German linguist and historian. Prior to World War II, Kuhn specializes in the linguistics of German minorities outside Germany, particularly in the area of [[Ukraine]]. In 1940, Kuhn joined the [[Nazi party]].{{sfn|Mühle|2005|p=265}} Before and during the war, he was involved in various Nazi plans of resettlement aimed at Jews, Poles and Germans, including proposals of the [[ethnic cleansing]] of Poles. Kuhn continued to work post-war in [[West Germany]], becoming a recognized expert in the German [[Ostsiedlung]].{{sfn|Angermann}} |
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==Early life and pre-war career== |
==Early life and pre-war career== |
Revision as of 11:46, 25 August 2019
Walter Kuhn (27 September 1903 – 5 August 1983), was an Austrian[1]-born German linguist and historian. Prior to World War II, Kuhn specializes in the linguistics of German minorities outside Germany, particularly in the area of Ukraine. In 1940, Kuhn joined the Nazi party.[2] Before and during the war, he was involved in various Nazi plans of resettlement aimed at Jews, Poles and Germans, including proposals of the ethnic cleansing of Poles. Kuhn continued to work post-war in West Germany, becoming a recognized expert in the German Ostsiedlung.[3]
Early life and pre-war career
Kuhn was born in 1903 in the town of Bielitz (Bielsko) in Austrian Silesia, in a German-speaking enclave surrounded by Polish speakers.[3] As a boy, Kuhn had distributed flowers to soldiers guarding against Polish youths who were celebrating the Assassination of Franz Ferdinand, which Michael Burleigh argues shows an early consciousness for national issues.[4] After the First World War, this territory was annexed to Poland, confronting Kuhn with the issue of German enclaves in Slavic territory while still young.[3] Kuhn met several later scholarly collaborators on matters of German minorities in Eastern Europe after joining the Wandervogel movement in Bielitz in 1919.[5] While he initially studied electrical engineering in Graz till 1927, he later attended universities in Vienna and Tübingen.[4]
Kuhn began to involved with studying German settlement in Eastern Europe while he was still a student, including undertaking several trips to Poland and Ukraine and making several publications.[3] In 1926 Kuhn went to Ukraine with several other members from the Wandervogel movement funded by various German agencies where he studied German communities and praised "the strength and beauty of German volkstum".[6] While the official purpose of the visit was to study German communities, Michael Burleigh writes that it served mostly to reinforce the participants' notions of German superiority towards Polish people.[7] Kuhn argued that more recent German enclaves in Eastern Europe, because they felt themselves to be superior to the surrounding Slavs, were less like to intermarry or become "de-Germanised", as opposed to older enclaves which were more prone to assimilation.[8] Kuhn viewed himself and his colleagues as "bearers of civilization" and his goal as "to transform the instinctive feeling of superiority and pride towards the surrounding peoples(...)into a true national consciousness".[7] Kuhn also secretly worked for German foreign intelligence to verify the population numbers on the German minority in Poland given by the Polish government.[9]
Even before he had begun his doctoral studies, Kuhn was well-known as a scholar of linguistic enclaves.[10] Kuhn received his doctorate in 1931 from the University of Vienna, writing on German linguistic enclaves in Poland.[4] Kuhn's first attempt at achieving an academic position was a failure, but Kuhn received a job as an assistant to Viktor Kauder at the Deutsche Kulturbund in Kattowitz in 1932.[11] Beginning in 1934, Kuhn's work was supported monetarily by de:Nord- und Ostdeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (NODGF), a Nazi research organisation.[8] He became a professor for Volkskunde und ostdeutsches Volkstum at the University of Breslau in 1936.[5] In 1937 he took over duties as director of the Atlas der Deutschen Volkskunde.[5] In 1939, Kuhn became director of the Silesian Society for Folk Studies (Schlesische Gesellschaft für Volkskunde) and a representative of the NODGF at the Upper Education Office (Hauptschulungsamt) of the Nazi Party. He was also honored with the "Nikolaus-Kopernikus Prize" of the Johann-Wolfgang von Goethe-Stiftung for his academic publications.[12] By the start of World War II, Kuhn was a famous scholar.[13]
Anitisemitism and Antislavism
In his work on so called language islands Kuhn expressed both antisemitism and anti-Slavism[14].[15]Slavs and Jews were presented as hostile "others to German "volk-body"(volkskorper)that were harmful to Germans.He proposed that "German colonist" antisemitism was based on "instinct" to pursue "rightousness and health", and Jews were portayed as mearchants that Germans should oppose through boycott.Kuhn also described Germans as superior to Slavs in Poland. The idea of German superiority was used by Kuhn to argue for "foreign traits" of Poles of Jews and description of non-German groups as objects rather than subjects in his reasearch[16].
Second World War
Work for Nazi intelligence services
In 1939 Kuhn was involved in preparing German diversion attempts in Poland,[17][verification needed] as well as espionage operations.[18][verification needed]
Support for Lebensraum
As Nazi Germany invaded Poland Kuhn praised "eternalized German achievements in the East" as means to produce "German Lebensraum'' and stated that it will bring "new German cultural forms to culturally less mature eastern people".[19] With the Nazi occupation of Poland in 1939 Kuhn returned to German communities in Ukraine to assist in determining their "racial qualities" connected to Nazi plans of resettlement; the SS considered his reports in determining which ethnic Germans would be repatriated to Germany.[6] On September 29, 1939 Kuhn authored a position paper titled "German settlement areas beyond the old Reich Borders" for the German-Soviet Border Commission in which he argued that Germany should annex various areas of Poland that had not belonged to the German Empire based on their ethnic makeup.[20][21]
Work as an advisor for SS
In 1940 Kuhn joined the Nazi party.[2] He served as an advisor to the SS for the resettlement of ethnic German in that same year.[12] Kuhn advised the resettlement of German villages as groups to areas of Poland that had similar climatic and soil characteristics to the areas they were taken from, but advised that villages that showed signs of in-breeding, sectarianism, or "spiritual sickness" should be broken up.[22] His other advice was to keep German settlers separated from their non-German farmhands.[23] In 1941 he positively reviewed a a publication called Race, Nation and Heritage in Silesia.[24]
He undertook a final trip with a number of students in 1942, to Volhynia, which he had been unable to visit in the 1930s.[12]
Involvement in Ethnic Cleansing
On October 11, 1939 Nazi Germany authorities published in secret a publication called "Eindeutschung Posens and Westpreußens" by German historians including Hermann Aubin, Albert Brackmann, Theodor Schieder, Ludwig Petry, Werner Trillmilch as well as Walter Kuhn himself. The mentioned historians advised to remove 2,9 million Poles and Jews from the area of Greater Poland, and proposed introduction of German settlers who would lead the "national fight against Poles". Several Polish cities were presented as ancient German possessions and the authors proposed a state settlement policy to ensure continued control over "German Lebensraum".[25] Michael Burleigh describes Kuhn as one of Nazi hack academics but also one of the "finest (historical) minds" involved in support of ethnic cleansing carried by Nazi Germany.[26] Christopher Hale remarks that in 1939–1940 Kuhn "exchanged his Wandervogel outfit of SS black" and became responsible for resettlement policy in Nazi occupied parts of Ukraine.[27] In the winter of 1940 he was busy assisting in settlement Volhynia Germans into homes of Poles who had been ethnically cleansed by Nazis.[28]
Military service
In 1943 he was conscripted into the Wehrmacht and was captured by the British in 1944.[12]
Postwar career in West Germany
Kuhn was released from British captivity in 1947.[12] Kuhn briefly considered emigrating to Chicago in the United States due to financial troubles before Hermann Aubin arranged for him to take a temporary teaching position at the University of Hamburg that same year.[29] The German linguistic enclaves that Kuhn had studied before the war had been destroyed by the resettlement policy of the Nazis and the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II, so Kuhn changed his focus to the history of German settlement in the region (Ostsiedlung).[3][12] Kuhn's pre-war work came under critical fire, especially from the folklorist Ingeborg Weber-Kellermann, who accused him of ethnocentrism and of deliberately polarizing the differences between Germans and Poles.[30] Kuhn's activities advising the SS during the war were not brought up, however.[30] Kuhn himself never acknowledged any wrongdoing, instead bemoaning the loss of his pre-war work in the archives of peoples conquerred by the Nazis and framing himself as a victim.[31] Kuhn's biographical writings omit any awards or honors he received from before the war.[30]
In 1955, Kuhn became professor for the history of German settlement and folklore at the University of Hamburg.[30] While Kuhn initially focused on German settlement in the modern period, following publications in the mid 1950s, he came to focus more on medieval German settlement, particularly in Silesia and Poland.[3] Kuhn went on to advise many dissertations until his retirement in 1968,[3] and frequently functioned as a reviewer of Polish-language scholarly works.[32] He was also involved in various scholarly organisations and received various honors.[30] Kuhn retired to Salzburg, where he continued to publish numerous scholarly works.[3] Norbert Angermann identifies him as "the most significant historian of the German Ostsieldung" ("bedeutendster Historiker der deutschen Ostsiedlung") in the period before his death in 1983.[3]
Scholarly appraisals and reception
Pre-war work
Writing in 2010, the Polish linguist Dariusz Chrobak characterizes Kuhn as a "pioneer" who founded the study of German linguistic enclaves.[33] Wilhelm Fielitz argues that Kuhn's pre-war work shows Social Darwinist, ethnocentric tendencies, although he also used modern field-work techniques.[34] His works from this period are described by Zdzisław Gębołyś as belonging to genre that was one-sided favouring German point of view, tendentious and often using simplifications.[35] While de:Gotthold Rhode writes that no one could find any nationalism in Kuhn's writings from this time and defends Kuhn's focus on German linguistic enclaves as part of the spirit of the time,[36] Christian Lübke notes a strong similarity the vocabulary of Nazi propaganda and the vocabulary of Kuhn and other contemporary German scholars engaged in studying Eastern Europe: as a specific example, Lübke notes that Kuhn published an article in 1939 in which he wrote about the "vital force inherent in German culture in the East" at a moment in which according to him Germans were engaged in "ethnic struggle".[37] Norbert Angermann, however, argues that Kuhn's pre-war work was not influenced by the racial theories of the Nazis.[3]
Post-war work
Contemporary reviews
Kuhn's post-war work was mostly positively reviewed in his lifetime. Gotthold Rhode, in his review of Kuhn's Siedlungsgeschichte Oberschlesiens (1954) and the first volume of Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung in der Neuzeit (1955), praises the first work's academic character, despite it being written as a popular book.[38] Rhode describes Kuhn's engagement and scholarly knowledge as "masterful" ("meisterhaft") and praises his knowledge of Polish scholarship.[39] He praises the historical maps in both works, but notes that it would be preferrable for the maps to differentiate between Dutch and German settlements.[40] John Leighly praises Kuhn's history as "deserv[ing] the attention of all concerned with the geography and history of settlement in Central Europe"[41] and states that it "is likely to remain for a long time the best source of information on both the history and geography of settlement in Upper Silesia."[42] Stephen Borsody gives a more critical review, writing: "The book's political purpose is obvious; it is written in protest against the expulsion of the Germans from Upper Silesia. It is, at the same time, a work of minute scholarship."[43] Borsody praises Kuhn's "outstanding job of research", his "great thoroughness" and diligence,[43] however, he writes "[u]nfortunately, his reflections on the last tragic phases of Upper Silesia's history detract much from the value of his scholarly work"[43] and that "[h]is nonchalant comments on the Hitler era greatly impair the effectiveness of his protest against injustices suffered by the Germans."[44] Borsody criticizes Kuhn's thesis that Germans brought Silesia into Western Civilization for Kuhn's failure to separate the history of Germans in Silesia from the Third Reich, or to condemn its attrocities.[45]
In his review of the first volume of Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung in der Neuzeit (1955), Rhode praises Kuhn's ability to synthesize the material and calls it an "examplary achievement" (Musterleistung).[46]. Reviewing the second volume (1957), Rhode says that Kuhn has accomplished a work that, due to the amount of material, one might have instead thought to give to a collective of scholars.[47] While he acknowledges small "cosmetic defects" in the work, Rhode says it will be a standard work on the subject.[48] In his review of both volumes of the same work, Hans Linde writes that "Walter Kuhn's comprehensive study of the German Ostsiedlung from the fifteenth to the seventeenth centuries closes a considerable gap in the German and, indeed, European social history of the period."[49] He concludes: "It is not likely that this exposition will ever be superseded"[49] and that "the evidence is here presented in a dispassionate and objective manner which excludes any kind of polemic."[50] Herbert Schlenger praised Kuhn's synthesis of material and the usefulness of the first volume,[51] while criticizing Kuhn's attempts to connect various waves of modern settlement by both Germans and other nationalities in Eastern Europe in the second volume.[52] He is nevertheless mostly positive in his review, noting advantages of Kuhn's approach and praising Kuhn's maps in particular.[53] Despite many criticisms of this same work, the Polish historian Gerard Labuda stated he had to bow his head to Kuhn's achievement.[54] Reviewing the first volume, Georges Livet criticizes Kuhn's tendency to take his hypotheses for facts and a tendency toward conclusions that are "flattering to national self-esteem",[55] but praises the volume's engagement with the industrial aspects of the colonization of Eastern Europe.[56] Reviewing the second volume, Livet praises the book's breadth and notes Kuhn's selective use of the works of Baltic and Polish historians, but criticizes Kuhn's failure to engage critically with them, as well as his choice to focus mostly on German colonization rather than that performed by other groups.[57]
Reviewing Die Deutschen und ihre östlichen Nachbarn: ein Handbuch (1967), co-edited by Kuhn, Klaus Zernack found the book factually accurate, but criticized the book for its failure to critically analyze the concepts behind contemporary German scholarship on Eastern Europe.[58] Zernack describes Kuhn's own essays in the volume as "respectable" (solide).[59]
In his review of Die deutschrechtlichen Städte in Schlesien und Polen in der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts (1968), O Kossmann praises Kuhn for showing that Poles and German and other immigrants were together responsible for the founding of cities in medieval Poland, rather than attributing the development to one group or the other. Kossmann expresses his hope that Kuhn's work could lead to greater cooperation between German and Polish scholars.[60]
Kuhn's later works were mostly positively received. Jürgen Petersohn, in his review of Kuhn's essay collection Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur mittelalterlichen Ostsiedlung (1973), writes that, besides the monographs by which Kuhn made his name as a scholar, this essay collection reveals his deep engagement with the economic and social questions involved in the Ostsiedlung.[61] In his review of Kuhn's history of Bielitz (1981), Günther Stökl calls the work the "crowning achievement of [Kuhn's] rich life's work".[62] Reviewing Kuhn's postumously published essay collection Neue Beiträge zur schlesischen Siedlungsgeschichte (1984), Peter Hilsch praises especially Kuhn's work on Lesser Poland and Silesia, and notes that the volume's inclusion of Kuhn's biographical writings makes clear the forces that have shaped his work.[63]
Retrospective reviews
Writing retrospectively, Norbert Angermann writes that Kuhn always strove to be objective in his work, despite his emotional attachment to the subject.[3] de:Gotthold Rhode, writing at Kuhn's death in 1983, praises Kuhn for writing knowledgeable and incisive reviews of Polish scholars in particular,[32] while referring to Kuhn as "the most important and most knowledgable representative" of scholarship on German minorities in Eastern Europe.[54]
Historian Marek Cetwiński writes that Kuhn till end of his life remained a "propagandist", who treated history as a servant. [64] Michal Lis writes that Kuhn and other Ostforschung scholars in post-war West Germany continued to propagate historical and sociological myths aimed at undermining and questioning the Polish identity of the population of Upper Silesia.[65] Andrew Demshuk writes: "As professor for Siedlungsgeschichte (history of settlement) at the University of Hamburg, [Kuhn] dedicated his work to all who remained "faithful" (now to Heimat rather than Hitler) and wrote tales of German suffering through the ages under Slavic oppression."[66]
Selected publications by Walter Kuhn
Scholarly monographs
- Kuhn, Walter (1930). Die jungen deutschen Sprachinseln in Galizien; ein Beitrag zur Methode der Sprachinselforschung. Mit einem Vorworte von Eduard Winter. Münster: Aschendorff.
- Kuhn, Walter (1934). Deutsche Sprachinselforschung : Geschichte, Aufgaben, Verfahren. Plauen im Vogtland: Wolff.
- Kuhn, Walter (1954). Siedlungsgeschichte Oberschlesiens. Würzburg: Oberschlesischer Heimatverlag.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Kuhn, Walter (1955–57). Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung in der Neuzeit, 2 Bde. Cologne, Graz: Böhlau.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: date format (link) - Kuhn, Walter (1968). Die deutschrechtlichen Städte in Schlesien und Polen in der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts. Marburg an der Lahn: J. G. Herder-Institut.
- Kuhn, Walter (1971). Beiträge zur schlesischen Siedlungsgeschichte. Munich: Delp.
- Kuhn, Walter (1973). Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur mittelalterlichen Ostsiedlung. Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau.
- Kuhn, Walter (1981). Geschichte der deutschen Sprachinsel Bielitz (Schlesien). Würzburg: Holzner Verlag.
- Kuhn, Walter (1984). Neue Beiträge zur schlesischen Siedlungsgeschichte : eine Aufsatzsammlung. Sigmaringen: J. Thorbecke.
As editor
- Kuhn, Walter; Aschenbrenner, Viktor; Lemberg, Eugen, eds. (1967). Die Deutschen und ihre östlichen Nachbarn: ein Handbuch. Frankfurt am Main: M. Diesterweg.
Scholarly articles
- Kuhn, Walter (1975). "Westslawische Landesherren als Organisatoren der mittelalterlichen Ostsiedlung". In Schlesinger, Walter (ed.). Die deutsche Ostsiedlung des Mittelalters als Problem der europäischen Geschichte : Reichenau-Vorträge 1970-1972. Sigmaringen: J. Thorbecke. pp. 225–261.
- Kuhn, Walter (2016). "German Town Foundations in Western Pomerania". In Berend, Nora (ed.). The expansion of Central Europe in the Middle Ages. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 113–148. ISBN 9781351890083.
Autobiographical writing
- Kuhn, Walter (1982). "Eine Jugend für die Sprachinselforschung. Erinnerungen". Jahrbuch der schlesischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Breslau. 23: 225–278.
Works cited
- Angermann, Norbert. "Walter Kuhn". Die ostdeutsche Bibliographie.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Burleigh, Michael (1988). Germany turns eastwards : a study of Ostforschung in the Third Reich. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521351200.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Burleigh, Michael (2000). The Third Reich: A New History. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan. ISBN 0333644875.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Chrobak, Dariusz (2010). "Das Phänomen der Sprachinsel. Geschichte der ehemaligen deutschen Sprachinseln in Oberschlesien und Galizien". Studia Śląskie. 69.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Chu, Winson (2012). The German minority in interwar Poland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107008304.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Demshuk, Andrew (2012). The lost German East : forced migration and the politics of memory, 1945-1970. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107020733.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Fielitz, Wilhelm (2008). "Walter Kuhn". In Haar, Ingo; Fahlbusch, Michael (eds.). Handbuch der völkischen Wissenschaften : Personen, Institutionen, Forschungsprogramme, Stiftungen. Munich: K.G. Saur. pp. 387–390. ISBN 9783598117787.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Haar, Ingo (2000). Historiker im Nationalsozialismus : deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft und der "Volkstumskampf" im Osten. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 352535942X.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Haar, Ingo (2005). "German Ostforschung and Anti-Semitism". In Haar, Ingo; Fahlbusch, Michael (eds.). German Scholars and Ethnic Cleansing. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 1–27. ISBN 1-57181-435-3.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Lübke, Christian (2017). "Germany's Growth to the East: from the Polabian Marches to Germania Slavica". In Loud, Graham A.; Staub, Martial (eds.). The making of medieval history. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: York Medieval Press. pp. 167–184. ISBN 1903153700.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Michelsen, Jakob (2008). "Ilse Schwidetzky". In Haar, Ingo; Fahlbusch, Michael (eds.). Handbuch der völkischen Wissenschaften : Personen, Institutionen, Forschungsprogramme, Stiftungen. Munich: K.G. Saur. pp. 751–762. ISBN 9783598117787.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Mühle, Eduard (2005). Für Volk und deutschen Osten. Der Historiker Hermann Aubin und die deutsche Ostforschung. Düsseldorf: Droste. ISBN 377001619X.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Petersohn, Jürgen (1977). "Review: Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur mittelalterlichen Ostsiedlung(Ostmitteleuropa in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, 16) by Walter Kuhn". Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung. 4 (1): 109–110. JSTOR 43566423.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Pinwinkler, Alexander (2009). "Walter Kuhn (1903-1983) und der Bielitzer „Wandervogel e. V.". Historisch-volkskundliche „Sprachinselforschung" zwischen nationalistischem Pathos und politischer Indienstnahme". Zeitschrift für Volkskunde. 105: 29–52.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Rhode, Gotthold (1983). "Walter Kuhn (1903-1983): Ein Leben für die Sprachinselforschung und die Siedlungsforschung". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. N.F. 31 (4): 629–632. JSTOR 41046753.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Schleier, Hans (1999). "German historiography under National Socialism: dreams of a powerful nation-state and German Volkstum come true". In Berger, Stefan; Donovan, Mark; Passmore, Kevin (eds.). Writing National Histories: Western Europe since 1800. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 176–188. ISBN 0-415-16426-5.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Wolff, Larry (1994). Inventing Eastern Europe : the map of civilization on the mind of the enlightenment. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804723141.
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(help)
Recensions and reviews of Kuhn's work
- Appelt, Heinrich. "Review: Walter Kuhn: Neue Beiträge zur schlesischen Siedlungsgeschichte. Eine Aufsatzsammlung". Mitteilungen des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung. 93 (3–4): 493. doi:10.7767/miog.1985.93.34.493.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Borsody, Stephen (1956). "Review: Siedlungsgeschichte Oberschlesiens. by Walter Kuhn". The American Slavic and East European Review. 15 (4): 563–564. JSTOR 3001322.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Hilsch, Peter (1987). "Review: Neue Beiträge zur schlesischen Siedlungsgeschichte. Eine Aufsatzsammlung (Quellen und Darstellungen zur schlesischen Geschichte, Bd. 23) byWalter Kuhn". Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung. 14 (1): 118–119. JSTOR 43567602.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Kossmann, O. (1969). "Review: Die deutschrechtlichen Städte in Schlesien und Polen in der erstenHälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts by Walter Kuhn". Osteuropa. 19 (9): 900. JSTOR 44902897.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Leighly, John (1956). "Review: Siedlungsgeschichte Oberschlesiens by Walter Kuhn". Geographical Review. 46 (3): 436–437. JSTOR 211896.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Linde, Hans (1958). "Review: Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung in der Neuzeit, Vol. I, Das 15. bis17. Jahrhundert (allgemeiner Teil.) by Walter Kuhn; Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlungin der Neuzeit, Vol. II, Das 15. bis 17. Jahrhunder (land-schaftlicher Teil) by Walter Kuhn". The Economic History Review. N.S. 11 (2): 349–350. JSTOR 2592381.
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(help) - Livet, Georges (1957). "Review: Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung in der Neuzeit t. I : Das 15. bis 17.Jahrhundert (Allgemeiner Teil). (Ostmitteleuropa in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, t. I)by Walter Kuhn". Revue historique. 218 (1): 143–145. JSTOR 40948895.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Livet, Georges (1966). "Review: Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung in der Neuzeit. T. 2,(Landschftlicher Teil) by Walter Kuhn". Revue historique. 235 (1): 195–196. JSTOR 40950757.
- Rhode, Gotthold (1956). "Review: Siedlungsgeschichte Oberschlesiens. Veröffentlichungen derOberschlesischen Studienhilfe. 4 by WALTER KUHN; Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlungin der Neuzeit. Bd I. Das 15. bis 17. Jahrhundert (Allgemeiner Teil). Ostmitteleuropa inVergangenheit und Gegenwart by WALTER KUHN and J. G. Herder-Forschungsrat". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. N.F. 4 (2): 176–181. JSTOR 41041386.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Rhode, Gotthold (1958). "Review: Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung in der Neuzeit. Bd II.(Landschaftlicher Teil). Ostmitteleuropa in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart by WALTERKUHN and J. G. Herder-Forschungsrat". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. 6 (2): 292–296. JSTOR 41041525.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Schlenger, Herbert (1957). "Review: Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung in der Neuzeit. 1. Band: Das 15.bis 17. Jahrhundert (Allgemeiner Teil) by Walter Kuhn". Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. 44 (3): 273–276. JSTOR 20728105.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Schlenger, Herbert (1959). "Review: Geschichte der deutschen Ostsiedlung in der Neuzeit. II. Bd.Kartenmappe zu Bd. I by Walter Kuhn". Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. 46 (4): 562–563. JSTOR 20728365.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Stökl, Günther (1982). "Review: Mutterkirche vieler Länder. Geschichte der Evangelischen Kirche imHerzogtum Teschen 1545-1918/20. Studien und Texte zur Kirchengeschichte undGeschichte. In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für protestantische Kirchengeschichte, 1.Reihe. Band IV/1-2 by Oskar Wagner and Peter F. Barton; Geschichte der deutschenSprachinsel Bielitz (Schlesien). Quellen und Darstellungen zur schlesischen Geschichte. Band21 by Walter Kuhn, Ludwig Petry and Josef Joachim Menzel". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. N.F. 30 (4): 618–623. JSTOR 41046576.
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(help) - Zernack, Klaus (1969). "Review: Die Deutschen und ihre östlichen Nachbarn. Ein Handbuch by ViktorAschenbrenner, Ernst Birke, Walter Kuhn and Eugen Lemberg". Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas. N.F. 17 (1): 99–102. JSTOR 41044200.
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See also
References
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- ^ Lebendige Sozialgeschichte page 671 Rainer Hering, Rainer Nicolaysen, Peter Borowsky Bei der Beschreibung der verschiedenen Volksgruppen in Polen bediente sich Kuhn auch antisemitischer Klischees
- ^ Hundert Jahre sudetendeutsche Geschichte: Eine völkische Bewegung in drei Staaten (Die Deutschen und das östliche Europa. Studien und Quellen, Peter Lang Hans Henning Hahn page 321 November 2007
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- ^ Polityka Republiki Federalnej Niemiec wobec polskiej ludności rodzimej na Ṡląsku w latach 1949-1990/91 Michał Lis Wydawnictwo Instytutu Śląskiego w Opolu, 1992 page 20
- ^ Demshuk 2012, p. 72.