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===SARS-CoV-2=== |
===SARS-CoV-2=== |
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On January 29, 2020, Lipkin flew into [[Guangzhou]] China to “see for myself what the issues were” regarding the spread of SARS-nCoV-2.<ref name="microbe.tv">{{Cite web|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|access-date=2020-09-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Due to Lipkin’s long standing relationship with Chinese government officials and scientists<ref name="publichealth.columbia.edu">{{Cite web|title=China Honors Ian Lipkin {{!}} Columbia Public Health|url=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/china-honors-ian-lipkin|access-date=2020-09-11|website=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}}</ref> he said: “I would get more accurate information than the agencies (NIH and CDC) had about the number of cases, and what was known and not known, and who was doing what.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weintraub|first=Karen|title=Epidemiologist Veteran of SARS and MERS Shares Coronavirus Insights after China Trip|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/epidemiologist-veteran-of-sars-and-mers-shares-coronavirus-insights-after-china-trip/|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> In Guangzhou he met with Chinese pulmonologist [[Zhong Nanshan]], who updated him on the progress of the epidemic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Renowned epidemiologist Walter Lipkin lauds China's transparent and professional approach against coronavirus outbreak - Global Times|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1178317.shtml|access-date=2020-09-11|website=www.globaltimes.cn}}</ref> Lipkin then traveled to Beijing, where he met with Foreign Minister for Health [[Chen Zhu]] ( 陈竺), the Minister of Science and Technology, and the Premier, [[Li Keqiang]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, timestamp 18:30|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-11|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> who, according to the The China Straits Times, presented Lipkin with an award for his services to the PRC.<ref>{{Cite web|last=hermes|date=2020-04-29|title=Coronavirus: US, Chinese researchers team up in search for virus' origins|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/us-chinese-researchers-team-up-in-search-for-virus-origins|access-date=2020-09-11|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> At these meetings Lipkin gained an understanding of the seriousness of the virus, whilst also providing input on measures to contain it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, timestamp 18:27|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-11|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> In an interview with NPR, Lipkin said: “I work very closely with the people who are running these isolation areas within China. This is very, very difficult. It's stressful. I also don't like the idea of screening people with CT scans because there's a lot of radiation, which is potentially problematic as well.”<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Epidemiologist Who Traveled To China To Investigate Coronavirus Relays Findings|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/17/806729361/u-s-epidemiologist-who-traveled-to-china-to-investigate-coronavirus-relays-findi|access-date=2020-09-11|website=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> According to Columbia's website, Lipkin was an architect of China's bio-security system, who "helped develop the institutional infrastructure to ensure China would have the resources to detect and more rapidly respond to emerging infectious threats.”<ref name="publichealth.columbia.edu"/> Lipkin also claimed to be involved in formulating Australia's response to the virus.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, timestamp 13:43|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-11|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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On January 29, 2020, Lipkin flew into [[Guangzhou]], [[China]] to learn about the outbreak of [[COVID-19 pandemic|SARS-CoV-2]].<ref name="SciAm-12Feb2020">{{cite web| url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/epidemiologist-veteran-of-sars-and-mers-shares-coronavirus-insights-after-china-trip/ |title=Epidemiologist Veteran of SARS and MERS Shares Coronavirus Insights after China Trip |first=Karen |last=Weintraub |date=12 February 2020 |accessdate=16 June 2020 |publisher=Scientific American}}</ref> Lipkin met with the epidemiologist and pulmonogist [[Zhong Nanshan]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1178317.shtml |title=Renowned epidemiologist Walter Lipkin lauds China's transparent and professional approach against coronavirus outbreak |first=Sining |last=Zheng |date=3 February 2020 |publisher=Global Times |accessdate=2 July 2020}}</ref> the lead advisor to the Chinese government during the outbreak.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/our-experts-respond-coronavirus-outbreak |title=Our Experts Respond to the Coronavirus Outbreak |date=4 February 2020 |accessdate=2 July 2020}}</ref> Lipkin also worked with [[China CDC]] to access blood samples from across the country for further study into the origin and spread of the virus.<ref name="FT-27Apr2020">{{cite news| url=https://www.ft.com/content/f08181a9-526c-4e4b-ac5f-0614bf1cffb3 |title=US and Chinese researchers team up for hunt into Covid origins |first1=Katrina |last1=Manson |first2=Sun |last2=Yu |publisher=Financial Times |date=27 April 2020 |accessdate=16 June 2020}}</ref> Lipkin did not travel to [[Wuhan]], the epicenter of the outbreak, due to fears that this would prevent him from returning to the United States.<ref name="CNBC-10Feb2020">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/10/ian-lipkin-scientists-worry-coronavirus-could-become-worse-than-flu.html |title=Scientists worry coronavirus could evolve into something worse than flu, says quarantined expert |first=Kevin |last=Stankiewicz |date=10 February 2020 |publisher=CNBC |accessdate=2 July 2020}}</ref> On returning to the United States, Lipkin self-quarantined for 14 days.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/09/a-local-guide-to-the-coronavirus |title=A Local Guide to the Coronavirus |first=Nick |last=Paumgarten |date=1 March 2020 |publisher=The New Yorker |accessdate=2 July 2020}}</ref> Lipkin later contracted SARS-CoV-2 in New York City.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/31/dr-ian-lipkin-coronavirus-shows-need-for-public-health-investment.html |title=Infectious disease expert who has coronavirus says public health can not be overlooked again |first=Kevin |last=Stankiewicz |publisher=CNBC |date=31 March 2020 |accessdate=2 July 2020}}</ref> |
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===Media circuit upon return to US=== |
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Lipkin co-authored a paper on ''The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2'', which was published in ''Nature Medicine'' in March 2020.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Andersen |first1=Kristian G. |last2=Rambaut |first2=Andrew |last3=Lipkin |first3=W. Ian |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9 |title=The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 | website=Nature.com | publisher=Springer Nature Limited | date=March 17, 2020|pmid=32284615 |access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref>. |
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Lipkin returned to the US around Feb 4, whereupon "I started going onto the news media and sharing as much as I could.” <ref>[http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin Microbe TV, This Week in Virology, Lipkin podcast interview, timestamp 19:30, Mar 28, 2020]/</ref> As an expert in virology who had recently been to China, his opinion was highly valued. He noted: “You can push with CNN and NBC - but that’s not really where you need to push - you need to go onto Oz and talk to people who reach the entire country.” <ref>[http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin Microbe TV, This Week in Virology, Lipkin podcast interview, timestamp 19:35, Mar 28, 2020]/</ref> To this end, he said, "I never turn down Fox - it’s an opportunity to preach in the wilderness."<ref>[https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/09/a-local-guide-to-the-coronavirus New Yorker, A local guide to the coronavirus, Mar 9, 2020] |
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</ref> |
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On the day of his return from China, the Columbia University website quoted Lipkin as saying: "So far, there is no evidence that the Wuhan virus will spread to the same extent as SARS."<ref>[https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/our-experts-respond-coronavirus-outbreak Coumbia, Public Health, Our experts respond to coronavirus outbreak, Feb 4, 2020]</ref> Though he cautioned that this was not the time to be complacent. |
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Making an appearance on the Doctor Oz show on March 12 before a studio audience, Lipkin, to allay people's concerns about the need for masks, said: "One of the things I try to emphasize whenever I talk about this virus is … we will almost certainly have additional fatalities ... but it is not as dangerous as some people may suggest - so if for example we look at this like seasonal flu - it’s gonna be much less than say 1% of people - that’s not to say that we won’t lose lives and it’s not important."<ref name="youtube.com">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KmFbVfwZQU Doctor Oz Show: Interview with Ian Lipkin, timestamp 4:00, Mar 12, 2020]</ref> |
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=== Chinese government transparency === |
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With regard to China’s handling of the crisis, Lipkin said in an interview with TWIV: "They were transparent in sharing that this was a serious threat globally."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KmFbVfwZQU Doctor Oz Show: Interview with Ian Lipkin, timestamp 19:05, Mar 12, 2020]</ref> Lipkin added, "There’s going to be some stuff that’s going to come out that’s going to show more insight into the origins of the outbreak. Some people are going to say this is evidence that they (Chinese Communist Party officials) withheld information - I’m gonna push back and say 'No, that’s not the case.'<ref>[http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin Microbe TV, This Week in Virology, Lipkin podcast interview, timestamp 28:30, Mar 28, 2020]/</ref> During his visit to China in late January, 2020, Lipkin offered his services to President [[Xi Jinping|Xi Jin-ping]], "who I found very impressive."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Dr Ian Lipkin dismisses China lab theory, says virus came from bats not lab|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/newstrack-with-rahul-kanwal/video/dr-ian-lipkin-dismisses-china-lab-theory-says-virus-came-from-bat-not-lab-1669524-2020-04-21, timestamp 41:46|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-11|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> |
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Chinese media reported that Lipkin "lauded China's transparent and professional approach". His visit was promoted by the tabloid [[Global Times]] as evidence that China was willing to cooperate with foreign scientists,<ref>[https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1178317.shtml Global Times: Renowned epidemiologist Walter Lipkin lauds China's transparent and professional approach against coronavirus outbreak, Feb 3, 2020]</ref> despite accusations by Wuhan doctors and Professor [[Xu Zhangrun]] (許章潤) of a cover up.<ref name="washingtonpost.com">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/02/01/early-missteps-state-secrecy-china-likely-allowed-coronavirus-spread-farther-faster/ Washington Post, Early missteps and state secrecy in China probably allowed the coronavirus to spread farther and faster, Feb 2, 2020]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-07|title=Virus Outbreak: China detains professor critical of Xi over virus - Taipei Times|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2020/07/07/2003739491|access-date=2020-07-08|website=www.taipeitimes.com}}</ref> Following his return from China, Lipkin was interviewed by two “members of U.S. intelligence.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paumgarten|first=Nick|title=A Local Guide to the Coronavirus|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/09/a-local-guide-to-the-coronavirus|access-date=2020-09-11|website=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref> |
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===Lipkin infected with SARS-CoV-2=== |
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Starting around March 13–14, Lipkin said he had "a mild upper respiratory tract infection for about a week".<ref>[http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin Microbe TV, This Week in Virology, Lipkin podcast interview, timestamp 02:00, Mar 28, 2020]/</ref> On Mar 20, his symptoms worsened, specifically, "a very painful headache that literally woke me from sleep... I had it for two, three days thereafter and some night sweats. That’s when ...I went in and had myself tested by one of our (Columbia) faculty members."<ref name="microbe.tv"/> |
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This time-frame indicates that Lipkin was potentially contagious around the time of his media appearances in a high community-contact environment. |
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Lipkin noted from his investigative tour of China: "Anybody who has any sort of suspicious respiratory tract infection, they’re gonna be all over it with diagnostic tests ... and the ability to isolate and contain - which we don’t do."<ref>[http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin Microbe TV, This Week in Virology, Lipkin podcast interview, timestamp 23:00, Mar 28, 2020]/</ref> Instead, Lipkin continued travelling across New York conducting interviews to spread his messaging. On March 18 he made his last pre-quarantined appearance on Dr. Oz, where he warned: "(This virus) will percolate below the surface - then suddenly it hits a community or an individual who’s very susceptible - and then it takes off like wildfire."<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWNUUHyY_6M Dr. Oz: Interview with Ian Lipkin: The critical guide to recognizing the first symptoms of coronavirus]</ref> |
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Later whilst recovering, he remarked: "The irony is I went to China and everybody wears masks ... no problems. I come back ... I come out of confinement - I’m doing media - I’m travelling around the city - most of the time I’m very cautious - but when you start doing media it's very difficult ... there’s a lot of community contact."<ref>[http://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin Microbe TV, This Week in Virology, Lipkin podcast interview, timestamp 07:21, Mar 28, 2020]/</ref> |
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=== Treatment === |
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Initially, Lipkin was "very eager"<ref name=":0" /> to try plasma therapy. "My close friend, the Foreign Minister of Health of China ... [[Chen Zhu]], was going to send me (his own) plasma ...so i could get infused."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Dr Ian Lipkin dismisses China lab theory, says virus came from bats not lab, time stamp 10.58|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/newstrack-with-rahul-kanwal/video/dr-ian-lipkin-dismisses-china-lab-theory-says-virus-came-from-bat-not-lab-1669524-2020-04-21|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-05|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Plasma therapy involves transfusing the liquid portion of the blood from a recovered patient into an infected one.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Convalescent plasma therapy - Mayo Clinic|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/convalescent-plasma-therapy/about/pac-20486440|access-date=2020-06-05|website=www.mayoclinic.org|language=en}}</ref> But finally, "I was unable to get anybody to agree to allow me to be infused with this unknown plasma from China."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Dr Ian Lipkin dismisses China lab theory, says virus came from bats not lab, timestamp 10:58|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/newstrack-with-rahul-kanwal/video/dr-ian-lipkin-dismisses-china-lab-theory-says-virus-came-from-bat-not-lab-1669524-2020-04-21|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> |
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The "Columbia IV people" also counseled Lipkin against it, saying, "we’ll just do the [[hydroxychloroquine]]".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, timestamp 4.30|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-04|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> A few days later Lipkin began to rally and "hiked about a mile and a half". However coming back home on a slight uphill gradient, Lipkin experienced "shortness of breath".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, timestamp 8:00|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-04|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> It's unclear if this excursion was on Lipkin's property or outside his quarantine zone. |
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As to whether hydroxychloroquine had aided his recovery, Lipkin said he had "no idea", but reported "800 mg certainly makes you feel light-headed."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, timestamp 04:40|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-03|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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=== Advice on face masks === |
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In response to a question about masks on the [[Mehmet Oz|Dr. Oz]] show, Lipkin said: "Well...ah..the...the really ...ah … the messaging that you're getting from WHO, CDC, and others suggests that... masks are not useful."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Lipkin interview, Dr. Oz, Mar 12, 2020, timestamp 4:00|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KmFbVfwZQU timestamp 4:00|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> As Director of the Northeast Biodefense Center and the WHO Collaborating Center, Lipkin headed a key WHO advisory body.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-21|title=W. Ian Lipkin, MD|url=https://www.pathology.columbia.edu/profile/w-i-lipkin-md|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Pathology|language=en}}</ref> Lipkin added that masks should be left for healthcare professionals and "emphasized" that the virus was less dangerous than the flu.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=Mar 12, 2020|title=Lipkin interview on Dr. Oz show, Mar 12, 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KmFbVfwZQU timestamp 4:10|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> He was not wearing a mask or practicing social distancing whilst on the show. At the time, Lipkin was aware of what he calls a “compelling” 2003 WHO study “that showed that face masks... had a dramatic impact on community transmission”.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, Mar 28, 2020, timestamp 32:30|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-11|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> Lipkin said “I thought a long time about trying to publish this (but) I didn’t proceed - so that’s something that unfortunately is going to go in the memoirs rather than the written record.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, Mar 28, timestamp 32:35|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-11|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Lipkin also related a conversation with a colleague in early-mid Feb 2020 who was conducting modelling that showed a spike in infections was likely to hit New York. “One of these people doing the modelling said ‘But you know, all we need to do is put people into facemasks and everybody can go back to work tomorrow.' I said ‘Absolutely not! That’s crazy!' First of all most people don’t know how to use facemasks... and secondly - uhm - we don’t really have any data to support that.”<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, Mar 28, 2020, timestamp 34:50|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-11|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> However, there was ample data that showed masks do provide cheap, effective protection against the virus,<ref name="Bhattacharya">{{Cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Shaoni|title=Face masks are best protection against SARS|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3692-face-masks-are-best-protection-against-sars/|access-date=2020-09-11|website=New Scientist|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=MacIntyre|first=C. Raina|last2=Cauchemez|first2=Simon|last3=Dwyer|first3=Dominic E.|last4=Seale|first4=Holly|last5=Cheung|first5=Pamela|last6=Browne|first6=Gary|last7=Fasher|first7=Michael|last8=Wood|first8=James|last9=Gao|first9=Zhanhai|last10=Booy|first10=Robert|last11=Ferguson|first11=Neil|title=Face Mask Use and Control of Respiratory Virus Transmission in Households - Volume 15, Number 2—February 2009 - Emerging Infectious Diseases journal - CDC|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/15/2/08-1167_article|language=en-us|doi=10.3201/eid1502.081167}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sim|first=Shin Wei|last2=Moey|first2=Kirm Seng Peter|last3=Tan|first3=Ngiap Chuan|date=March 2014|title=The use of facemasks to prevent respiratory infection: a literature review in the context of the Health Belief Model|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4293989/|journal=Singapore Medical Journal|volume=55|issue=3|pages=160–167|doi=10.11622/smedj.2014037|issn=0037-5675|pmc=4293989|pmid=24664384}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-04|title=Virus Outbreak: Masks greatly limit spread: CECC - Taipei Times|url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2020/05/04/2003735785|access-date=2020-09-11|website=www.taipeitimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Esposito|first=Susanna|last2=Principi|first2=Nicola|last3=Leung|first3=Chi Chi|last4=Migliori|first4=Giovanni Battista|date=2020-01-01|title=Universal use of face masks for success against COVID-19: evidence and implications for prevention policies|url=https://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2020/04/27/13993003.01260-2020|journal=European Respiratory Journal|language=en|doi=10.1183/13993003.01260-2020|issn=0903-1936|pmid=32350103}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=June 2020|first=Stephanie Pappas-Live Science Contributor 02|title=Do face masks really reduce coronavirus spread?|url=https://www.livescience.com/are-face-masks-effective-reducing-coronavirus-spread.html|access-date=2020-09-11|website=livescience.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Howard|first=Jeremy|title=Masks help stop the spread of coronavirus – the science is simple and I'm one of 100 experts urging governors to require public mask-wearing|url=http://theconversation.com/masks-help-stop-the-spread-of-coronavirus-the-science-is-simple-and-im-one-of-100-experts-urging-governors-to-require-public-mask-wearing-138507|access-date=2020-09-11|website=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> including a hospital-based study during the 2003 SARS outbreak which found, "Wearing a mask can give a person dealing with SARS patients up to 13 times more protection compared with not wearing one."<ref name="Bhattacharya"/> Furthermore, [[George F. Gao|George Gao]], director-general of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, who Lipkin met with on his China trip and described as a “trusted”,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, timestamp 28:00|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-11|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> friend, contradicted Lipkin’s advice. In an interview with ''Science'', Gao said ''not'' advising the public to wear masks in the U.S at the beginning of the outbreak was a “big mistake”.<ref>{{Cite web|last=CohenMar. 27|first=Jon|last2=2020|last3=Pm|first3=6:15|date=2020-03-27|title=Not wearing masks to protect against coronavirus is a ‘big mistake,’ top Chinese scientist says|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/not-wearing-masks-protect-against-coronavirus-big-mistake-top-chinese-scientist-says|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en}}</ref> |
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As an alternative to masks, Lipkin promoted a video he’d provided advice for,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Carter|first=Ashleigh|title="Contagion" Actors Reunite for PSA on Coronavirus Pandemic|url=https://nowthisnews.com/news/contagion-actors-reunite-for-psa-on-coronavirus-pandemic|access-date=2020-09-11|website=NowThis News}}</ref> involving the lead actors from ''[[Contagion (2011 film)|Contagion]]'', which urged people to “shelter in place”, "wash your hands", and “listen to the experts”.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Contagion actors advice on coronavirus, Mar 27, 2020|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74mxXHcQTjA|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> |
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== Proximal Origins paper == |
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On March 17, 2020, a paper Lipkin co-authored, titled ''The proximal origins of SARS-CoV-2'', was published in ''Nature Medicine''.<ref name="Andersen 450–452">{{Cite journal|last1=Andersen|first1=Kristian G.|last2=Rambaut|first2=Andrew|last3=Lipkin|first3=W. Ian|last4=Holmes|first4=Edward C.|last5=Garry|first5=Robert F.|date=April 2020|title=The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2|journal=Nature Medicine|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=450–452|doi=10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9|pmid=32284615|pmc=7095063|issn=1546-170X}}</ref> The premise of the paper was that SARS-CoV-2 arose through a process of natural evolution and therefore had not leaked from a laboratory. It was widely cited by media outlets throughout the world.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-18|title=Scientists hit back at rumours coronavirus was engineered by humans|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3051167/scientists-hit-back-rumours-engineered-coronavirus|access-date=2020-09-11|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/03/200317175442.htm|access-date=2020-09-11|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=DelhiApril 21|first=India Today Web Desk New|last2=April 22|first2=2020UPDATED:|last3=Ist|first3=2020 19:05|title=No evidence coronavirus was made in Chinese lab: Top virologist Ian Lipkin|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/no-evidence-coronavirus-was-made-chinese-lab-top-virologist-ian-lipkin-1669513-2020-04-21|access-date=2020-09-11|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Daszak|first=Peter|date=2020-06-09|title=Ignore the conspiracy theories: scientists know Covid-19 wasn't created in a lab {{!}} Peter Daszak|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/09/conspiracies-covid-19-lab-false-pandemic|access-date=2020-09-11|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Spinney|first=Laura|date=2020-03-28|title=Is factory farming to blame for coronavirus?|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/28/is-factory-farming-to-blame-for-coronavirus|access-date=2020-09-11|issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-26|title=No, the coronavirus wasn’t made in a lab. A genetic analysis shows it’s from nature|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/coronavirus-covid-19-not-human-made-lab-genetic-analysis-nature|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Science News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Makichuk|first=Dave|date=2020-04-16|title=Epidemic has ‘natural origin’: scientists|url=https://asiatimes.com/2020/04/epidemic-has-natural-origin-scientists/|access-date=2020-09-11|website=Asia Times|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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=== Wet market/pangolin theory === |
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The paper proposed that horseshoe bats, possibly from [[Yunnan|Yunan]], infected [[pangolin|Malayan pangolin]], which were smuggled into [[Guangdong]], then transported to the [[Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market]] in Wuhan, where they were slaughtered for sale. Before their death, the bat virus is theorized to have mutated in the pangolin until it became infectious to humans. Countering the notion that the virus may have leaked from a research facility, the authors write: "...pangolins...provide a much stronger and more parsimonious explanation" of how the virus originated through natural selection.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andersen|first=Kristian G.|last2=Rambaut|first2=Andrew|last3=Lipkin|first3=W. Ian|last4=Holmes|first4=Edward C.|last5=Garry|first5=Robert F.|date=April 2020|title=The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9|journal=Nature Medicine|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=450–452|doi=10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9|issn=1546-170X|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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This Wuhan wet market narrative, concurred with the initial explanation of Chinese authorities,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Columbia News, What you need to know about a new virus outbreak, Jan 24,2020|url=https://news.columbia.edu/news/will-wuhan-virus-spread-us|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Nectar |last=Gan|title=The Wuhan lab at the center of the US-China blame game: What we know and what we don't|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/06/asia/coronavirus-china-wuhan-lab-origins-explainer-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=CNN}}</ref> although a paper published on Jan 26 by Chinese researchers reported that 13 of the first 41 cases had no epidemiological link with the market, including the first known case.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jon|date=2020-01-26|title=Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/01/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en}}</ref> |
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Regarding the mutations in pangolin, the Proximal Origin authors remarked: "For a precursor virus to acquire both the polybasic cleavage site and mutations in the spike protein suitable for binding to human ACE2, an animal host would probably have to have a high population density (to allow natural selection to proceed efficiently)."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andersen|first=Kristian G.|last2=Rambaut|first2=Andrew|last3=Lipkin|first3=W. Ian|last4=Holmes|first4=Edward C.|last5=Garry|first5=Robert F.|date=Mar 17|title=The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0820-9|journal=Nature Medicine|language=en|volume=26|issue=4|pages=450–452|doi=10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9|issn=1546-170X|via=|doi-access=free}}</ref> (authors' brackets) Although Wikipedia describes [[pangolin]] as "solitary animals, meeting only to mate", ''Proximal Origins'' inferred that the 'high-population density' threshold may have been met during transportation or at the market. A ''Nature'' article noted, "pangolins were not listed on an inventory of items sold at the market", but didn't dismiss the idea that they may have been sold there illegally.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cyranoski|first=David|date=2020-02-07|title=Did pangolins spread the China coronavirus to people?|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00364-2|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00364-2}}</ref> As of September 2020, no evidence had emerged that pangolin were sold at the market. |
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On May 26, Chinese media reported that [[George F. Gao|Gao Fu (George F. Gao)]], director of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, had announced that, "no viruses were detected in the animal samples" collected from the Wuhan market in early January.<ref name="globaltimes.cn">{{Cite web|title=Wuhan's Huanan seafood market a victim of COVID-19: CDC director - Global Times|url=https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1189506.shtml|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.globaltimes.cn}}</ref> Lipkin referred to Gao Fu as a "close friend" who he consulted with on his investigative trip to China from Jan 29-Feb 4. |
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=== Natural origins === |
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The ''Proximal Origins'' paper stated: "Our analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus" and presents "strong evidence" that SARS-nCoV-2 was the result of natural selection.<ref name="Andersen 450–452"/> In an interview with India Today, Lipkin re-emphasized this point: "There is no evidence whatsoever that there was an effort to create anything of this sort. There is no evidence that there are animals in which it was passaged to create this problem."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Dr Ian Lipkin dismisses China lab theory, says virus came from bats not lab, timestamp 30:30|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/programme/newstrack-with-rahul-kanwal/video/dr-ian-lipkin-dismisses-china-lab-theory-says-virus-came-from-bat-not-lab-1669524-2020-04-21|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-04|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> |
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However, a 2008 paper published in ''Journal of Virology'', titled ''Difference in Receptor Usage between SARS and SARS-Like Coronavirus of Bat Origin,'' did detail a purposeful manipulation of a bat virus (SL-CoV S). A 'gain-of-function' experiment was performed to make the virus more infectious to humans. They wrote: "A series of S chimeras was constructed by inserting different sequences of the SARS-CoV S into the SL-CoV S backbone." In terms of Ace2-binding, or enhancing the ability of the virus to infect human cells, the experiment was successful: "ACE2-binding activity of SL-CoVs was easily acquired by the replacement of a relatively small sequence segment of the S protein from the SARS-CoV S sequence." The paper concluded: "It remains to be seen whether a recombinant SL-CoV containing a CS protein (e.g., CS14-608) will be capable of infecting experimental animals and causing disease."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ren|first1=Wuze|last2=Qu|first2=Xiuxia|last3=Li|first3=Wendong|last4=Han|first4=Zhenggang|last5=Yu|first5=Meng|last6=Zhou|first6=Peng|last7=Zhang|first7=Shu-Yi|last8=Wang|first8=Lin-Fa|last9=Deng|first9=Hongkui|last10=Shi|first10=Zhengli|date=2008-02-15|title=Difference in Receptor Usage between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronavirus and SARS-Like Coronavirus of Bat Origin|journal=Journal of Virology|language=en|volume=82|issue=4|pages=1899–1907|doi=10.1128/JVI.01085-07|issn=0022-538X|pmid=18077725|pmc=2258702}}</ref> An additional paper from WIV scientists and [[Peter Daszak]] in 2016 detailed "the construction of WIV1 (a bat virus) mutants."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Zeng|first1=Lei-Ping|last2=Gao|first2=Yu-Tao|last3=Ge|first3=Xing-Yi|last4=Zhang|first4=Qian|last5=Peng|first5=Cheng|last6=Yang|first6=Xing-Lou|last7=Tan|first7=Bing|last8=Chen|first8=Jing|last9=Chmura|first9=Aleksei A.|last10=Daszak|first10=Peter|last11=Shi|first11=Zheng-Li|date=2016-07-15|title=Bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Like Coronavirus WIV1 Encodes an Extra Accessory Protein, ORFX, Involved in Modulation of the Host Immune Response|journal=Journal of Virology|language=en|volume=90|issue=14|pages=6573–6582|doi=10.1128/JVI.03079-15|issn=0022-538X|pmid=27170748|pmc=4936131}}</ref> According to a co-author of ''Proximal origins,'' [[Edward C. Holmes]], the closest known virus was RaTG13 (96.2% identical) which was held at WIV.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weinland|first=Don|last2=Manson|first2=Katrina|date=2020-05-05|title=How a Wuhan lab became embroiled in a global coronavirus blame game {{!}} Free to read|url=https://www.ft.com/content/255a3524-0459-4724-a92a-58268ab627e2|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.ft.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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Lipkin maintained that the types of changes observed in SARS-CoV-2 that differentiate it from RaTG13 "would not have occurred... unless it was being passed somehow either in animals or in people" and that "if it had been modified in the Wuhan Institute of Virology, they would have used a different sequence for that purpose because this was not obvious." Lipkin lamented that “rumors have their own life - there doesn’t seem to be any good way to choke them."<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TWiV Special: Conversation with a COVID-19 patient, Ian Lipkin {{!}} This Week in Virology, timestamp 27:00|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-special-lipkin/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-06-04|website=|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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=== Reaction === |
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Lipkin’s paper was widely cited by media outlets as evidence debunking growing "conspiracy theories" that the virus may have accidentally escaped from an Wuhan lab.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Spinney|first=Laura|date=2020-03-28|title=Is factory farming to blame for coronavirus?|language=en-GB|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/28/is-factory-farming-to-blame-for-coronavirus|access-date=2020-06-04|issn=0029-7712}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mannix|first=Liam|date=2020-04-24|title=Scientists dispel theory COVID-19 escaped from lab|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/scientists-dispel-theory-covid-19-escaped-from-lab-20200424-p54mun.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-26|title=No, the coronavirus wasn't made in a lab. A genetic analysis shows it's from nature|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/coronavirus-covid-19-not-human-made-lab-genetic-analysis-nature|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Science News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rumor Buster: Is COVID-19 a laboratory construct? - Xinhua {{!}} English.news.cn|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/20/c_138899100.htm|access-date=2020-09-11|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref> In China, the tabloid CCP controlled ''[[Global Times]]'' said, "US scientists, such as the world's leading "virus hunter" W. Ian Lipkin, have been sticking to the facts and insisting on scientific integrity when it comes to research and cooperation with China."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scientific spirit needed amid major crisis - Global Times|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1187180.shtml|access-date=2020-06-04|website=www.globaltimes.cn}}</ref> The China Daily praised Lipkin as an "intellectual giant" who had "shared profound insights and lessons".<ref>{{Cite web|last=董志成|title=Three themes to meditate on during the pause of pandemic - Chinadaily.com.cn|url=https://epaper.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202005/07/WS5eb36b94a3102640f4a62ff6.html|access-date=2020-06-04|website=epaper.chinadaily.com.cn}}</ref> A spokesperson for the Chinese Consulate General in Sydney referenced ''Proximal Origins'' and WHO experts'','' saying "the novel coronavirus originated through natural processes and was not manipulated or produced in a laboratory." It noted: "The scientific community has ...reported that the virus is possibly related to bats and pangolins."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spokesperson of the Chinese Consulate General in Sydney Responding to a Question about the so-called "Wuhan Lab--Coronavirus Leak Theory"|url=http://sydney.chineseconsulate.org/eng/gdxw/t1774499.htm|access-date=2020-06-11|website=sydney.chineseconsulate.org}}</ref> |
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Other international experts also agreed with Lipkin's analysis. Maureen Miller, an epidemiologist who had cooperated with WIV researchers, said the idea the virus may have escaped from a lab was an “absolute conspiracy theory”,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-01|title=Where did Covid-19 come from? What we know about its origins|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/01/could-covid-19-be-manmade-what-we-know-about-origins-trump-chinese-lab-coronavirus|access-date=2020-06-06|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> while disease ecologist [[Peter Daszak]], who had also collaborated with WIV, branded any accidental escape scenario as "pure baloney".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spokesperson of the Chinese Consulate General in Sydney Responding to a Question about the so-called "Wuhan Lab--Coronavirus Leak Theory"|url=http://sydney.chineseconsulate.org/eng/gdxw/t1774499.htm|access-date=2020-06-06|website=sydney.chineseconsulate.org}}</ref> WHO emergencies chief [[Michael J. Ryan (doctor)|Michael J. Ryan]] said WHO had "listened again and again to numerous scientists" and "(w)e are assured that this virus is natural in origin."<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO says virus 'natural in origin'|url=https://medicalxpress.com/news/2020-05-virus-natural.html|access-date=2020-06-06|website=medicalxpress.com|language=en}}</ref> Researchers from Duke University, which operates a joint research institute with [[Wuhan University]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview {{!}} Duke Kunshan University|url=https://dukekunshan.edu.cn/en/whu-duke-research-institute|access-date=2020-06-12|website=dukekunshan.edu.cn|language=en}}</ref> also agreed with the Proximal Origins' pangolin premise, stating that "SARS-CoV-2 appears to be a hybrid between bat and pangolin viruses."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evolution of pandemic coronavirus outlines path from animals to humans: The virus's ability to change makes it likely that new human coronaviruses will arise|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/05/200529161221.htm|access-date=2020-06-06|website=ScienceDaily|language=en}}</ref> |
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In addition, a petition, with links to ''Proximal Origins'' was circulated through the scientific community. It stated: “The rapid, open, and transparent sharing of data (by China) on this outbreak is now being threatened by rumours and misinformation around its origins. We stand together to strongly condemn conspiracy theories suggesting that COVID-19 does not have a natural origin. We support the call from the Director-General of WHO to promote scientific evidence and unity over misinformation and conjecture.”<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Calisher|first1=Charles|last2=Carroll|first2=Dennis|last3=Colwell|first3=Rita|last4=Corley|first4=Ronald B.|last5=Daszak|first5=Peter|last6=Drosten|first6=Christian|last7=Enjuanes|first7=Luis|last8=Farrar|first8=Jeremy|last9=Field|first9=Hume|last10=Golding|first10=Josie|last11=Gorbalenya|first11=Alexander|date=2020-03-07|title=Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30418-9/abstract|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=395|issue=10226|pages=e42–e43|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30418-9|issn=0140-6736|pmid=32087122|pmc=7159294}}</ref> |
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There was some dissent, however. Professor Richard Ebright of Rutgers University’s Waksman Institute of Microbiology, said the paper provided "no basis to rule out a lab accident" and was itself just conjecture. Ebright pointed out that bat viruses collected by WIV researchers were also studied at the less secure Wuhan Center for Disease Control, a BSL-2 facility, "which provides only minimal protections against infection of lab workers". He cautioned that “Virus collection, culture, isolation, or animal infection at BSL-2 with a virus having the transmission characteristics of the outbreak virus, would pose substantial risk of infection of a lab worker, and from the lab worker, the public.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-30|title=Experts know the new coronavirus is not a bioweapon. They disagree on whether it could have leaked from a research lab|url=https://thebulletin.org/2020/03/experts-know-the-new-coronavirus-is-not-a-bioweapon-they-disagree-on-whether-it-could-have-leaked-from-a-research-lab/|access-date=2020-06-04|website=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en-US}}</ref> |
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In August 2020, a collective of scientists writing on the ResearchGate platform questioned the conclusions of Proximal Origins, saying "Although based on phylogenetic analysis SARS-CoV-2 seems to be related to BatCoVs RaTG13 or RmYN02 ...(t)he host tropism pattern has major discrepancies compared to other CoVs, raising questions concerning the proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unique features concerning the proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2 {{!}} Request PDF|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343777493_Unique_features_concerning_the_proximal_origin_of_SARS-CoV-2|access-date=2020-09-11|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> |
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Gain-of-function (GoF) experiments aim to increase the virulence and/or transmissibility of pathogens, in order to better understand them and inform public health preparedness efforts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Selgelid|first=Michael J.|date=2016|title=Gain-of-Function Research: Ethical Analysis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4996883/|journal=Science and Engineering Ethics|volume=22|issue=4|pages=923–964|doi=10.1007/s11948-016-9810-1|issn=1353-3452|pmc=4996883|pmid=27502512}}</ref> This includes targeted genetic modification (to create hybrid viruses), the serial passaging of a virus through a host animal (to generate adaptive mutations), and targeted mutagenesis (to introduce mutations).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Gryphon Report, Final Draft, Analysis of Gain-of-Function Research, Dec, 2015, p43-45|url=https://osp.od.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Risk%20and%20Benefit%20Analysis%20of%20Gain%20of%20Function%20Research%20-%20Draft%20Final%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Lipkin is a listed “supporter” of GoF advocate group, ''Scientists for Science'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scientists for Science|url=http://www.scientistsforscience.org/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.scientistsforscience.org}}</ref> which was co-founded by Columbia colleague Vincent Racaniello.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jul 30|first=Robert Roos {{!}} News Editor {{!}} CIDRAP News {{!}}|last2=2014|title=Scientists voice support for research on dangerous pathogens|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/07/scientists-voice-support-research-dangerous-pathogens|access-date=2020-06-10|website=CIDRAP|language=en}}</ref> The [[US National Institutes of Health]] placed a moratorium on GoF research in October 2014, and lifted the moratorium in December 2017, after the implementation of stricter controls.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-08837-7 |title=US government lifts ban on risky pathogen research |first=Sara |last=Reardon |date=19 December 2017 |accessdate=2 July 2020 |publisher=Nature}}</ref><ref name="Burki 148–149">{{Cite journal|last=Burki|first=Talha|date=2018-02-01|title=Ban on gain-of-function studies ends|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30006-9/abstract|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|language=English|volume=18|issue=2|pages=148–149|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30006-9|issn=1473-3099|pmid=29412966|pmc=7128689}}</ref> |
Gain-of-function (GoF) experiments aim to increase the virulence and/or transmissibility of pathogens, in order to better understand them and inform public health preparedness efforts.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Selgelid|first=Michael J.|date=2016|title=Gain-of-Function Research: Ethical Analysis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4996883/|journal=Science and Engineering Ethics|volume=22|issue=4|pages=923–964|doi=10.1007/s11948-016-9810-1|issn=1353-3452|pmc=4996883|pmid=27502512}}</ref> This includes targeted genetic modification (to create hybrid viruses), the serial passaging of a virus through a host animal (to generate adaptive mutations), and targeted mutagenesis (to introduce mutations).<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Gryphon Report, Final Draft, Analysis of Gain-of-Function Research, Dec, 2015, p43-45|url=https://osp.od.nih.gov/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Risk%20and%20Benefit%20Analysis%20of%20Gain%20of%20Function%20Research%20-%20Draft%20Final%20Report.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref> Lipkin is a listed “supporter” of GoF advocate group, ''Scientists for Science'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scientists for Science|url=http://www.scientistsforscience.org/|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.scientistsforscience.org}}</ref> which was co-founded by Columbia colleague Vincent Racaniello.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jul 30|first=Robert Roos {{!}} News Editor {{!}} CIDRAP News {{!}}|last2=2014|title=Scientists voice support for research on dangerous pathogens|url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2014/07/scientists-voice-support-research-dangerous-pathogens|access-date=2020-06-10|website=CIDRAP|language=en}}</ref> The [[US National Institutes of Health]] placed a moratorium on GoF research in October 2014, and lifted the moratorium in December 2017, after the implementation of stricter controls.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-017-08837-7 |title=US government lifts ban on risky pathogen research |first=Sara |last=Reardon |date=19 December 2017 |accessdate=2 July 2020 |publisher=Nature}}</ref><ref name="Burki 148–149">{{Cite journal|last=Burki|first=Talha|date=2018-02-01|title=Ban on gain-of-function studies ends|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30006-9/abstract|journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases|language=English|volume=18|issue=2|pages=148–149|doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30006-9|issn=1473-3099|pmid=29412966|pmc=7128689}}</ref> |
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==== Lipkin's views ==== |
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Lipkin, while not endorsing every GoF experiment, has said that "[t]here clearly are going to be instances where gain-of-function research is necessary and appropriate." In the example of Ebola, which is incapable of airborne transfer, Lipkin believes that "researchers could make a case for the need to determine how the virus could evolve in nature by engineering a more dangerous version in the lab." Lipkin believes that there should be guidelines in place to govern GoF experiments.<ref>{{Cite web| last=Reardon |first=Sara |title=U.S. Suspends Risky Disease Research |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/u-s-suspends-risky-disease-research/ |date=23 October 2014 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Scientific American |language=en |
Lipkin, while not endorsing every GoF experiment, has said that "[t]here clearly are going to be instances where gain-of-function research is necessary and appropriate." In the example of Ebola, which is incapable of airborne transfer, Lipkin believes that "researchers could make a case for the need to determine how the virus could evolve in nature by engineering a more dangerous version in the lab." Lipkin believes that there should be guidelines in place to govern GoF experiments.<ref>{{Cite web| last=Reardon |first=Sara |title=U.S. Suspends Risky Disease Research |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/u-s-suspends-risky-disease-research/ |date=23 October 2014 |access-date=2020-06-10 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> |
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Regarding the security level of labs in which work on dangerous pathogens can be performed, Lipkin noted, "(w)ork is more expensive and less efficient when pursued at biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) than at BSL-3 or... BSL-3-Ag (agriculture).” Whereas BSL-4 requires facilities to be inspected daily, personnel to be monitored for symptoms of disease, and virus samples, equipment, and personnel to be logged in and out, Lipkin noted: "These measures are not required at BSL-3".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Ian Lipkin Addresses Concerns About H5N1 Research {{!}} Columbia Public Health|url=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/dr-ian-lipkin-addresses-concerns-about-h5n1-research|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}}</ref> He said BSL-3 labs (such as the ones at Columbia and [[Sun Yat-sen University]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sun Yat-sen University -- Zhongshan School of Medicine中山医学院|url=http://www.at0086.com/zhshu/college.aspx?c=161|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.at0086.com}}</ref> with which Lipkin and Columbia collaborate<ref>{{Cite web|title=China Honors Ian Lipkin {{!}} Columbia Public Health|url=https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/public-health-now/news/china-honors-ian-lipkin|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.publichealth.columbia.edu}}</ref>), should be allowed to conduct GoP work on globally active viruses in order to expedite research for a vaccine, though he added "there should be some sort of guidelines”.<ref name="Lipkin">{{Cite journal|last=Lipkin|first=W. Ian|date=2012-11-01|title=Biocontainment in Gain-of-Function Infectious Disease Research|url=https://mbio.asm.org/content/3/5/e00290-12|journal=mBio|language=en|volume=3|issue=5|doi=10.1128/mBio.00290-12|issn=2150-7511|pmid=23047747|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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To illustrate his stance, Lipkin referenced ''Contagion,'' where the maverick scientist (played by Elliot Gould), conflicts with health authorities, a story which was “loosely based on my experiences during the West Nile Virus outbreak in 1999.” In the movie, the researcher is told to “cook his samples” and that all research is to be moved to the BSL-4 lab due to security concerns, but he “ultimately find(s) a way to grow the virus and make a vaccine” and save the world. In real life, Lipkin recounted: “Although our team identified the causative agent (WNV), political wrangling delayed permitting and shipment of the virus to our laboratory. To expedite diagnostics and drug development, I decided to recover the virus by transfecting genomic viral RNA.”<ref name="Lipkin"/> Unlike the movie, no effective vaccine for humans was found for West Nile Virus,<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Nile virus|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/west-nile-virus|access-date=2020-06-10|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> or SARS or any coronaviruses, as a result of GoF research.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-22|title=Why we might not get a coronavirus vaccine|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/may/22/why-we-might-not-get-a-coronavirus-vaccine|access-date=2020-06-10|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> |
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==== Criticism of GoF ==== |
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Ian Mackay (University of Queensland, Australia), said: “One cannot legislate for every accident or human error; all manner of things can go wrong, and if an outbreak spreads to the community the consequences could be horrendous.”<ref name="Burki 148–149"/> Marc Lipsitch (Harvard University, MA, USA) argued that GoF research is dangerous and unnecessary, saying that deliberate mutations of viruses have not produced novel insights.“There is nothing for the purposes of surveillance that we did not already know. Enhancing potential pandemic pathogens in this manner is simply not worth the risk.”<ref name="Burki 148–149"/> According to a Lancet article, the moratorium on GoP was prompted by a slew of accidents in the US at BSL facilities in 2014: "The news that dozens of workers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) might have been exposed to anthrax, that vials of smallpox virus had been left lying around in an NIH storeroom, and that the CDC had unwittingly sent out samples of ordinary influenza virus contaminated with [[Influenza A virus subtype H5N1|H5N1]], shook faith in the country's biosafety procedures."<ref name="Burki 148–149"/> |
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Funding for GoP research in the US resumed in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-12-18|title=NIH Lifts Funding Pause on Gain-of-Function Research|url=https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/statements/nih-lifts-funding-pause-gain-function-research|access-date=2020-06-11|website=National Institutes of Health (NIH)|language=EN}}</ref> |
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==Selected awards and honors== |
==Selected awards and honors== |
Revision as of 10:06, 11 September 2020
W. Ian Lipkin | |
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![]() W. Ian Lipkin | |
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Education | University of Chicago Laboratory School |
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Website | www.mailman.columbia.edu |
W. Ian Lipkin (born November 18, 1952) is the John Snow Professor of Epidemiology at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University and a professor of Neurology and Pathology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University. Lipkin is also director of the Center for Infection and Immunity, an academic laboratory for microbe hunting in acute and chronic diseases.
Education
Lipkin was born in Chicago, Illinois, where he attended the University of Chicago Laboratory School and was president of the student board in 1969. He relocated to New York and earned his BA from Sarah Lawrence College in 1974. At Sarah Lawrence, he "felt that if I went straight into cultural anthropology after college I’d be a parasite. I’d go someplace, take information about myths and ritual, and have nothing to offer. So I decided to become a medical anthropologist and try to bring back traditional medicines. Suddenly I found myself in medical school."[1] Returning to his hometown Chicago, Lipkin earned his MD from Rush Medical College, in 1978. He then became a clinical clerk at the UCL Institute of Neurology in Queen Square, London, on a fellowship, and an intern in Medicine at University of Pittsburgh (1978–1979). He completed a residency in Medicine at University of Washington (1979–1981), and completed a residency in Neurology at University of California, San Francisco (1981–1984). He conducted postdoctoral research in microbiology and neuroscience at The Scripps Research Institute, from 1984 to 1990, under the mentorship of Michael Oldstone and Floyd Bloom. In his six years at Scripps, Lipkin became a senior research associate upon completing his postdoctoral work, and was president of the Scripps' Society of Fellows in 1987.
Career
Lipkin has earned the reputation of a "master virus hunter" for to his speed and innovative methods of identifying new viruses, and has been lauded by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director Dr. Anthony S. Fauci. As director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at the Mailman School of Public Health; Lipkin, from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, has led CII researchers collaborating with researchers at Sun Yat-sen University in China. Dr. Lipkin had also advised the Chinese government and the World Health Organization (WHO) during the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.[2][3] Dr. Lipkin described his own infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, beginning mid-March 2020, which resulted in a case of COVID-19 and necessitated his recovering from the illness at home, on the podcast This Week in Virology.[4]
Lipkin was the Louise Turner Arnold Chair in the Neurosciences[5] at the University of California, Irvine from 1990-2001 and was recruited shortly thereafter by Columbia University. He began his current tenure at Columbia as the founding director of the Jerome L. and Dawn Greene Infectious Disease Laboratory from 2002–2007, which transitioned to the John Snow Professorship he holds at present.
A physician-scientist, Lipkin is internationally recognized for his work with West Nile virus and SARS, as well as advancing pathogen discovery techniques by developing a staged strategy using techniques pioneered in his lab. These molecular biological methods, including MassTag-PCR, the GreeneChip diagnostic, and High Throughput Sequencing, are a major step towards identifying and studying new viral pathogens that emerge locally throughout the globe. A major node in a global network of investigators working to address the challenges of pathogen surveillance and discovery, Dr. Lipkin has trained over 30 internationally based scientists in these state-of-the art diagnostic techniques.
Lipkin is the director for the Center for Research in Diagnostics and Discovery (CRDD), under the NIH Centers of Excellence for Translational Research program.[6] The CRDD brings together leading investigators in microbial and human genetics, engineering, microbial ecology and public health to develop insights into mechanisms of disease and methods for detecting infectious agents, characterizing microflora and identifying biomarkers that can be used to guide clinical management. Lipkin was previously the Director of the Northeast Biodefense Center,[7] the Regional Center of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases which comprised 28 private and public academic and public health institutions in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. Within this consortium, his research focused on pathogen discovery, using unexplained hemorrhagic fever, febrile illness, encephalitis, and meningoencephalitis as targets. He is the Principal Investigator of the Autism Birth Cohort, a unique international program that investigates the epidemiology and basis of neurodevelopmental disorders through analyses of a prospective birth cohort of 100,000 children and their parents. The ABC is examining gene-environment-timing interactions, biomarkers and the trajectory of normal development and disease. Lipkin also directs the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Diagnostics in Zoonotic and Emerging Infectious Diseases, the only academic center, and one of two in the US (the other is CDC), that participates in outbreak investigation for the WHO.
Lipkin was co-chair of CDC Steering Committee of the National Biosurveillance Advisory Subcommittee (NBAS).[8] The NBAS was established in response to Homeland Security Presidential Directive 21 (HSPD-21),[9] "Public Health and Medical Preparedness."
He is Honorary Director of the Beijing Infectious Disease Center, Chair of the Scientific Advisory Board of the Institut Pasteur de Shanghai and serves on boards of the Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for Emerging Infectious Disease, the Guangzhou Institute for Biomedicine and Health, the EcoHealth Alliance,[10] Tetragenetics, and 454 Life Sciences Corporation.
Lipkin served as a science consultant for the film Contagion.[11] The film has been praised for its scientific accuracy.
Early career
While not quite a medical anthropologist, Lipkin specializes in infectious diseases and their neurological impact. His first professional publication came in 1979 during the time of his fellowship in London as a letter to the Editor at the Archives of Internal Medicine (now JAMA Internal Medicine), where he poses a potential correlation between eosinopenia and bacteremia in diagnostic evaluations for a bacteremic patient.[12] While at UCL, he worked with John Newsom-Davis, who was utilizing plasmapheresis to better understand myasthenia gravis, a neuromuscular disease.[13]
In 1981, Lipkin began his neurology residency and worked in a local San Francisco clinic, which was about the time AIDS began to affect the local city population. Because of the social view of homosexual people at the time, very few clinicians would see patients with these symptoms. He "was watching many patients fall ill with AIDS. It took years for scientists to discover the virus responsible for the disease... 'I saw all of this, and I said, 'We have to find new and better ways to do this.'"[14] It was during this epidemic that Lipkin took the approach of looking for a virus’ genes instead of looking for antibodies in infected people as a way to speed up the diagnosis process. By the mid-1980s, Lipkin had published two papers specifically about AIDS research[15][16] and transitioned into utilizing a more pathological approach to virus identification. He identified AIDS-associated immunological abnormalities and inflammatory neuropathy, which he showed could be treated with plasmapheresis and demonstrated early life exposure to viral infections affects neurotransmitter function.
In 1989, Lipkin was the first to identify a microbe using purely molecular tools.[17][18] During his time as Chair at UC Irvine, Lipkin published several papers throughout the decade dissecting and interpreting bornavirus.[19] Once it was apparent the viral infections could selectively alter behavior and steady state brain levels of neurotransmitter mRNAs, the next step was to look for infectious agents which could be used as probes to map anatomic and functional domains in the central nervous system (CNS).[20]
By the mid-1990s, it was asserted that "Borna disease is a neurotropic negative-strand RNA virus that infects a wide range of vertebrate hosts," causing "an immune-mediated syndrome resulting in disturbances in movement and behavior."[21] This led to several groups across the globe working to determine if there was a link between Borna disease virus (BDV) or a related agent and human neuropsychiatric disease.[22] The group was formally called Microbiology and Immunology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders (MIND) and the multicenter, multi-national group focused on using standardized methods for clinical diagnosis and blinded laboratory assessment of BDV infection.[23] After nearly two decades of inquiry, the first blinded case-controlled study of the link between BDV and psychiatric illness[24] was completed by the researchers at Columbia University's Center for Infection and Immunity in a joint effort that concluded there is no association between the two. Lipkin noted that "it was concern over the potential role of BDV in mental illness and the inability to identify it using classical techniques that led us to develop molecular methods for pathogen discovery. Ultimately these new techniques enabled us to refute a role for BDV in human disease. But the fact remains that we gained strategies for the discovery of hundreds of other pathogens that have important implications for medicine, agriculture, and environmental health."[25]
West Nile Virus
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/West_Nile_Virus_Image.jpg/220px-West_Nile_Virus_Image.jpg)
In 1999, West Nile virus was reported in two patients in Flushing Hospital Medical Center in Queens, New York. Lipkin led the team identifying West Nile virus in brain tissue of encephalitis victims in New York State[14] It was determined potential routes for the spread of West Nile virus throughout New York (and the Eastern United States) originated from predominantly mosquitoes, but also possible from infected birds or human beings. There is a high likelihood the two international airports nearby the initial reported cases were also the initial points of entry into the United States.[26] During the five years after the first reported case, Lipkin worked on a study with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Wadsworth Center at the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) to determine how a vaccine could be developed. While they had some success with the immunization of mice with prME-LPs,[27] as of 2018, there is still no human vaccine for WNV.[28]
SARS-CoV
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Coronaviruses_004_lores.jpg/220px-Coronaviruses_004_lores.jpg)
Chinese scientists first discovered the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus in February 2003, but due to initial misinterpretation of the data, the information of the correct agent associated with SARS was suppressed and the outbreak investigation had a delayed start. Advanced hospital facilities were at the greatest risk as they were most susceptible to virus transmission, so it was the "classical gumshoe epidemiology" of "contact tracing and isolation" that brought swift action against the epidemic.[29] Lipkin was requested to assist with the investigation by Chen Zhou, vice president of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Xu Guanhua, minister of the Ministry of Science and Technology in China to "assess the state of the epidemic, identify the gaps in science, and develop a strategy for containing the virus and reducing morbidity and mortality."[30] This brought the development of Real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology, which essentially allowed for the detection of infection at earlier time points as the process, in this instance, targets the N gene sequence and amplify the analysis in a closed system. This markedly reduces the risk of contamination during processing.[31] Test kits were developed with this PCR-based assay analysis[32] and 10,000 were hand-delivered to Beijing during the height of the outbreak by Lipkin, whereupon he trained local clinical microbiologists on the proper usage. He became ill upon his return to the U.S. and was quarantined.[33]
Lipkin was asked to join the Defense Science Board Task Force on SARS Quarantine Guidance during the height of the SARS outbreak between 2003–04, to advise the U.S. Department of Defense on steps to domestically manage the epidemic. As part of the EcoHealth Alliance, Lipkin's center worked in conjunction with an NIH/NIAID grant[34] assessing bats as the reservoir for the SARS virus. 47 publications resulted from this grant, which also included assessment on Nipah, Hendra, Ebola, and Marburg viruses. This proved to be significant research on the overall study of viral reservoirs as it was determined that bats carry coronaviruses and either directly infect humans with an exchange of bodily fluid (such as a bite) or indirectly by infecting an intermediate host, such as swine.[35] Lipkin addressed a health forum in Guangzhou in January 2004 where China Daily reported him as saying: "SARS virus is probably rooted and spread by rats."[36]
In January 2020, the Chinese government awarded a medal to Lipkin, its highest honor, for his work during the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.[3]
MERS-CoV
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) was first reported in Saudi Arabia during June 2012 when a local man was initially diagnosed with acute pneumonia and later died of kidney failure. The early reports of the disease were similar to SARS as the symptoms are similar, but it was quickly determined these cases were caused by a new strain called MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Given Lipkin's expertise with the SARS outbreak in China nearly ten years prior, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health granted Lipkin and his lab local access to animal samples related to the initial reported cases.[37] With the rare opportunity, Lipkin's team created a mobile lab able to fit in six pieces of personal luggage and was transported from New York to Saudi Arabia via commercial flight to complete the analysis of samples.[38]
It seemed unlikely that bats were directly infecting humans, as the direct physical interaction between the two is limited at best.[37] A study was completed in more local proximity, examining the diverse bat populations in southeastern Mexico and determining how diverse the viruses they carry could be.[39] However, it became apparent that dromedary camels were the intermediary in the transmission between bats and humans, since camel milk and meat are dietary staples in the Saudi Arabian region.[40] The instances of human-to-human transmission appeared to be isolated to case-patients and anyone in close direct contact with them, as opposed to a broad open-air transmission.[41] By 2017, it was determined that bats are most likely the evolutionary original source for MERS-CoV along with several other coronaviruses, though not all of those types of zoonotic viruses are direct threats to humans like MERS-CoV[42] and "[c]ollectively, these examples demonstrate that the MERS-related coronaviruses are high associated with bats and are geographically widespread."[43]
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)
Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a chronic condition characterized by extreme fatigue after exertion that is not relieved by rest and includes other symptoms, such as muscle and joint pain and cognitive dysfunction. In September 2017, the NIH awarded a $9.6 million grant to Columbia University for the "CfS for ME/CFS" intended for the pursuit of basic research and the development of tools to help both physicians and patients effectively monitor the course of the illness.[44] This collaboration effort led by Lipkin includes other institutions, such as the Bateman Horne Center (Lucinda Bateman), Harvard University (Anthony L. Komaroff), Stanford University (Kegan Moneghetti), Sierra Internal Medicine (Daniel Peterson), University of California, Davis (Oliver Fiehn), and Albert Einstein College of Medicine (John Greally), along with private clinicians in New York City.[45]
The team of researchers and clinicians initially collaborated to de-link xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) to ME/CFS after the NIH requested research into the conflicting reports between XMRV and ME/CFS. The group "consolidated its vision with support from the Hutchins Family Foundation Chronic Fatigue Initiative (CFI) and a crowd-funding organization, The Microbe Discovery Project, to explore the role of infection and immunity in disease and identify biomarkers for diagnosis through functional genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic discovery."[46] The project will collect a large clinical database and sample repository representing oral, fecal, and blood samples from well-characterized ME/CFS subjects and frequency-matched controls collected nationwide over a period of several years. Additionally, researchers are working with ME/CFS community and advocacy groups as the project progresses.[47]
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM)
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a serious condition of the spinal cord with symptoms including rapid onset of arm or leg weakness, decreased reflexes, difficulty moving the eyes, speaking, or swallowing may also occur. Occasionally numbness or pain may be present and complications can include trouble breathing. In August 2019, Lipkin and Dr. Nischay Mishra published a collaborative study with the CDC in analyzing serological data for serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of AFM patients.[48] The Lipkin team utilized high-density peptide arrays (also known as Serochips) to identify antibodies to EV-D68 in those samples. The technology was featured on the Dr. Oz Show in mid-September, illustrating how the enterovirus affects the CSF and the actual Serochip used to do the analysis.[49][50] In October, the University of California, San Francisco published a separate collaborative study with the CDC that confirmed the presence of antibodies to enterovirus in AFM patient CSF samples using phage display (VirScan).[51] "It's always good to see reproducibility. It gives more confidence in the findings for sure," commented Lipkin in an October 2019 CNN article. "This gives us more support of what we found."[52][53][54]
SARS-CoV-2
On January 29, 2020, Lipkin flew into Guangzhou China to “see for myself what the issues were” regarding the spread of SARS-nCoV-2.[55] Due to Lipkin’s long standing relationship with Chinese government officials and scientists[56] he said: “I would get more accurate information than the agencies (NIH and CDC) had about the number of cases, and what was known and not known, and who was doing what.”[57] In Guangzhou he met with Chinese pulmonologist Zhong Nanshan, who updated him on the progress of the epidemic.[58] Lipkin then traveled to Beijing, where he met with Foreign Minister for Health Chen Zhu ( 陈竺), the Minister of Science and Technology, and the Premier, Li Keqiang,[59] who, according to the The China Straits Times, presented Lipkin with an award for his services to the PRC.[60] At these meetings Lipkin gained an understanding of the seriousness of the virus, whilst also providing input on measures to contain it.[61] In an interview with NPR, Lipkin said: “I work very closely with the people who are running these isolation areas within China. This is very, very difficult. It's stressful. I also don't like the idea of screening people with CT scans because there's a lot of radiation, which is potentially problematic as well.”[62] According to Columbia's website, Lipkin was an architect of China's bio-security system, who "helped develop the institutional infrastructure to ensure China would have the resources to detect and more rapidly respond to emerging infectious threats.”[56] Lipkin also claimed to be involved in formulating Australia's response to the virus.[63]
Media circuit upon return to US
Lipkin returned to the US around Feb 4, whereupon "I started going onto the news media and sharing as much as I could.” [64] As an expert in virology who had recently been to China, his opinion was highly valued. He noted: “You can push with CNN and NBC - but that’s not really where you need to push - you need to go onto Oz and talk to people who reach the entire country.” [65] To this end, he said, "I never turn down Fox - it’s an opportunity to preach in the wilderness."[66]
On the day of his return from China, the Columbia University website quoted Lipkin as saying: "So far, there is no evidence that the Wuhan virus will spread to the same extent as SARS."[67] Though he cautioned that this was not the time to be complacent.
Making an appearance on the Doctor Oz show on March 12 before a studio audience, Lipkin, to allay people's concerns about the need for masks, said: "One of the things I try to emphasize whenever I talk about this virus is … we will almost certainly have additional fatalities ... but it is not as dangerous as some people may suggest - so if for example we look at this like seasonal flu - it’s gonna be much less than say 1% of people - that’s not to say that we won’t lose lives and it’s not important."[68]
Chinese government transparency
With regard to China’s handling of the crisis, Lipkin said in an interview with TWIV: "They were transparent in sharing that this was a serious threat globally."[69] Lipkin added, "There’s going to be some stuff that’s going to come out that’s going to show more insight into the origins of the outbreak. Some people are going to say this is evidence that they (Chinese Communist Party officials) withheld information - I’m gonna push back and say 'No, that’s not the case.'[70] During his visit to China in late January, 2020, Lipkin offered his services to President Xi Jin-ping, "who I found very impressive."[71]
Chinese media reported that Lipkin "lauded China's transparent and professional approach". His visit was promoted by the tabloid Global Times as evidence that China was willing to cooperate with foreign scientists,[72] despite accusations by Wuhan doctors and Professor Xu Zhangrun (許章潤) of a cover up.[73][74] Following his return from China, Lipkin was interviewed by two “members of U.S. intelligence.”[75]
Lipkin infected with SARS-CoV-2
Starting around March 13–14, Lipkin said he had "a mild upper respiratory tract infection for about a week".[76] On Mar 20, his symptoms worsened, specifically, "a very painful headache that literally woke me from sleep... I had it for two, three days thereafter and some night sweats. That’s when ...I went in and had myself tested by one of our (Columbia) faculty members."[55]
This time-frame indicates that Lipkin was potentially contagious around the time of his media appearances in a high community-contact environment. Lipkin noted from his investigative tour of China: "Anybody who has any sort of suspicious respiratory tract infection, they’re gonna be all over it with diagnostic tests ... and the ability to isolate and contain - which we don’t do."[77] Instead, Lipkin continued travelling across New York conducting interviews to spread his messaging. On March 18 he made his last pre-quarantined appearance on Dr. Oz, where he warned: "(This virus) will percolate below the surface - then suddenly it hits a community or an individual who’s very susceptible - and then it takes off like wildfire."[78]
Later whilst recovering, he remarked: "The irony is I went to China and everybody wears masks ... no problems. I come back ... I come out of confinement - I’m doing media - I’m travelling around the city - most of the time I’m very cautious - but when you start doing media it's very difficult ... there’s a lot of community contact."[79]
Treatment
Initially, Lipkin was "very eager"[80] to try plasma therapy. "My close friend, the Foreign Minister of Health of China ... Chen Zhu, was going to send me (his own) plasma ...so i could get infused."[81] Plasma therapy involves transfusing the liquid portion of the blood from a recovered patient into an infected one.[82] But finally, "I was unable to get anybody to agree to allow me to be infused with this unknown plasma from China."[80]
The "Columbia IV people" also counseled Lipkin against it, saying, "we’ll just do the hydroxychloroquine".[83] A few days later Lipkin began to rally and "hiked about a mile and a half". However coming back home on a slight uphill gradient, Lipkin experienced "shortness of breath".[84] It's unclear if this excursion was on Lipkin's property or outside his quarantine zone.
As to whether hydroxychloroquine had aided his recovery, Lipkin said he had "no idea", but reported "800 mg certainly makes you feel light-headed."[85]
Advice on face masks
In response to a question about masks on the Dr. Oz show, Lipkin said: "Well...ah..the...the really ...ah … the messaging that you're getting from WHO, CDC, and others suggests that... masks are not useful."[86] As Director of the Northeast Biodefense Center and the WHO Collaborating Center, Lipkin headed a key WHO advisory body.[87] Lipkin added that masks should be left for healthcare professionals and "emphasized" that the virus was less dangerous than the flu.[88] He was not wearing a mask or practicing social distancing whilst on the show. At the time, Lipkin was aware of what he calls a “compelling” 2003 WHO study “that showed that face masks... had a dramatic impact on community transmission”.[89] Lipkin said “I thought a long time about trying to publish this (but) I didn’t proceed - so that’s something that unfortunately is going to go in the memoirs rather than the written record.”[90]
Lipkin also related a conversation with a colleague in early-mid Feb 2020 who was conducting modelling that showed a spike in infections was likely to hit New York. “One of these people doing the modelling said ‘But you know, all we need to do is put people into facemasks and everybody can go back to work tomorrow.' I said ‘Absolutely not! That’s crazy!' First of all most people don’t know how to use facemasks... and secondly - uhm - we don’t really have any data to support that.”[91] However, there was ample data that showed masks do provide cheap, effective protection against the virus,[92][93][94][95][96][97][98] including a hospital-based study during the 2003 SARS outbreak which found, "Wearing a mask can give a person dealing with SARS patients up to 13 times more protection compared with not wearing one."[92] Furthermore, George Gao, director-general of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, who Lipkin met with on his China trip and described as a “trusted”,[99] friend, contradicted Lipkin’s advice. In an interview with Science, Gao said not advising the public to wear masks in the U.S at the beginning of the outbreak was a “big mistake”.[100]
As an alternative to masks, Lipkin promoted a video he’d provided advice for,[101] involving the lead actors from Contagion, which urged people to “shelter in place”, "wash your hands", and “listen to the experts”.[102]
Proximal Origins paper
On March 17, 2020, a paper Lipkin co-authored, titled The proximal origins of SARS-CoV-2, was published in Nature Medicine.[103] The premise of the paper was that SARS-CoV-2 arose through a process of natural evolution and therefore had not leaked from a laboratory. It was widely cited by media outlets throughout the world.[104][105][106][107][108][109][110]
Wet market/pangolin theory
The paper proposed that horseshoe bats, possibly from Yunan, infected Malayan pangolin, which were smuggled into Guangdong, then transported to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, where they were slaughtered for sale. Before their death, the bat virus is theorized to have mutated in the pangolin until it became infectious to humans. Countering the notion that the virus may have leaked from a research facility, the authors write: "...pangolins...provide a much stronger and more parsimonious explanation" of how the virus originated through natural selection.[111]
This Wuhan wet market narrative, concurred with the initial explanation of Chinese authorities,[112][113] although a paper published on Jan 26 by Chinese researchers reported that 13 of the first 41 cases had no epidemiological link with the market, including the first known case.[114]
Regarding the mutations in pangolin, the Proximal Origin authors remarked: "For a precursor virus to acquire both the polybasic cleavage site and mutations in the spike protein suitable for binding to human ACE2, an animal host would probably have to have a high population density (to allow natural selection to proceed efficiently)."[115] (authors' brackets) Although Wikipedia describes pangolin as "solitary animals, meeting only to mate", Proximal Origins inferred that the 'high-population density' threshold may have been met during transportation or at the market. A Nature article noted, "pangolins were not listed on an inventory of items sold at the market", but didn't dismiss the idea that they may have been sold there illegally.[116] As of September 2020, no evidence had emerged that pangolin were sold at the market.
On May 26, Chinese media reported that Gao Fu (George F. Gao), director of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, had announced that, "no viruses were detected in the animal samples" collected from the Wuhan market in early January.[117] Lipkin referred to Gao Fu as a "close friend" who he consulted with on his investigative trip to China from Jan 29-Feb 4.
Natural origins
The Proximal Origins paper stated: "Our analyses clearly show that SARS-CoV-2 is not a laboratory construct or a purposefully manipulated virus" and presents "strong evidence" that SARS-nCoV-2 was the result of natural selection.[103] In an interview with India Today, Lipkin re-emphasized this point: "There is no evidence whatsoever that there was an effort to create anything of this sort. There is no evidence that there are animals in which it was passaged to create this problem."[118]
However, a 2008 paper published in Journal of Virology, titled Difference in Receptor Usage between SARS and SARS-Like Coronavirus of Bat Origin, did detail a purposeful manipulation of a bat virus (SL-CoV S). A 'gain-of-function' experiment was performed to make the virus more infectious to humans. They wrote: "A series of S chimeras was constructed by inserting different sequences of the SARS-CoV S into the SL-CoV S backbone." In terms of Ace2-binding, or enhancing the ability of the virus to infect human cells, the experiment was successful: "ACE2-binding activity of SL-CoVs was easily acquired by the replacement of a relatively small sequence segment of the S protein from the SARS-CoV S sequence." The paper concluded: "It remains to be seen whether a recombinant SL-CoV containing a CS protein (e.g., CS14-608) will be capable of infecting experimental animals and causing disease."[119] An additional paper from WIV scientists and Peter Daszak in 2016 detailed "the construction of WIV1 (a bat virus) mutants."[120] According to a co-author of Proximal origins, Edward C. Holmes, the closest known virus was RaTG13 (96.2% identical) which was held at WIV.[121]
Lipkin maintained that the types of changes observed in SARS-CoV-2 that differentiate it from RaTG13 "would not have occurred... unless it was being passed somehow either in animals or in people" and that "if it had been modified in the Wuhan Institute of Virology, they would have used a different sequence for that purpose because this was not obvious." Lipkin lamented that “rumors have their own life - there doesn’t seem to be any good way to choke them."[122]
Reaction
Lipkin’s paper was widely cited by media outlets as evidence debunking growing "conspiracy theories" that the virus may have accidentally escaped from an Wuhan lab.[123][124][125][126] In China, the tabloid CCP controlled Global Times said, "US scientists, such as the world's leading "virus hunter" W. Ian Lipkin, have been sticking to the facts and insisting on scientific integrity when it comes to research and cooperation with China."[127] The China Daily praised Lipkin as an "intellectual giant" who had "shared profound insights and lessons".[128] A spokesperson for the Chinese Consulate General in Sydney referenced Proximal Origins and WHO experts, saying "the novel coronavirus originated through natural processes and was not manipulated or produced in a laboratory." It noted: "The scientific community has ...reported that the virus is possibly related to bats and pangolins."[129]
Other international experts also agreed with Lipkin's analysis. Maureen Miller, an epidemiologist who had cooperated with WIV researchers, said the idea the virus may have escaped from a lab was an “absolute conspiracy theory”,[130] while disease ecologist Peter Daszak, who had also collaborated with WIV, branded any accidental escape scenario as "pure baloney".[131] WHO emergencies chief Michael J. Ryan said WHO had "listened again and again to numerous scientists" and "(w)e are assured that this virus is natural in origin."[132] Researchers from Duke University, which operates a joint research institute with Wuhan University,[133] also agreed with the Proximal Origins' pangolin premise, stating that "SARS-CoV-2 appears to be a hybrid between bat and pangolin viruses."[134]
In addition, a petition, with links to Proximal Origins was circulated through the scientific community. It stated: “The rapid, open, and transparent sharing of data (by China) on this outbreak is now being threatened by rumours and misinformation around its origins. We stand together to strongly condemn conspiracy theories suggesting that COVID-19 does not have a natural origin. We support the call from the Director-General of WHO to promote scientific evidence and unity over misinformation and conjecture.”[135]
There was some dissent, however. Professor Richard Ebright of Rutgers University’s Waksman Institute of Microbiology, said the paper provided "no basis to rule out a lab accident" and was itself just conjecture. Ebright pointed out that bat viruses collected by WIV researchers were also studied at the less secure Wuhan Center for Disease Control, a BSL-2 facility, "which provides only minimal protections against infection of lab workers". He cautioned that “Virus collection, culture, isolation, or animal infection at BSL-2 with a virus having the transmission characteristics of the outbreak virus, would pose substantial risk of infection of a lab worker, and from the lab worker, the public.”[136]
In August 2020, a collective of scientists writing on the ResearchGate platform questioned the conclusions of Proximal Origins, saying "Although based on phylogenetic analysis SARS-CoV-2 seems to be related to BatCoVs RaTG13 or RmYN02 ...(t)he host tropism pattern has major discrepancies compared to other CoVs, raising questions concerning the proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. "[137]
Gain-of-function research
Gain-of-function (GoF) experiments aim to increase the virulence and/or transmissibility of pathogens, in order to better understand them and inform public health preparedness efforts.[138] This includes targeted genetic modification (to create hybrid viruses), the serial passaging of a virus through a host animal (to generate adaptive mutations), and targeted mutagenesis (to introduce mutations).[139] Lipkin is a listed “supporter” of GoF advocate group, Scientists for Science,[140] which was co-founded by Columbia colleague Vincent Racaniello.[141] The US National Institutes of Health placed a moratorium on GoF research in October 2014, and lifted the moratorium in December 2017, after the implementation of stricter controls.[142][143]
Lipkin's views
Lipkin, while not endorsing every GoF experiment, has said that "[t]here clearly are going to be instances where gain-of-function research is necessary and appropriate." In the example of Ebola, which is incapable of airborne transfer, Lipkin believes that "researchers could make a case for the need to determine how the virus could evolve in nature by engineering a more dangerous version in the lab." Lipkin believes that there should be guidelines in place to govern GoF experiments.[144]
Regarding the security level of labs in which work on dangerous pathogens can be performed, Lipkin noted, "(w)ork is more expensive and less efficient when pursued at biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) than at BSL-3 or... BSL-3-Ag (agriculture).” Whereas BSL-4 requires facilities to be inspected daily, personnel to be monitored for symptoms of disease, and virus samples, equipment, and personnel to be logged in and out, Lipkin noted: "These measures are not required at BSL-3".[145] He said BSL-3 labs (such as the ones at Columbia and Sun Yat-sen University,[146] with which Lipkin and Columbia collaborate[147]), should be allowed to conduct GoP work on globally active viruses in order to expedite research for a vaccine, though he added "there should be some sort of guidelines”.[148]
To illustrate his stance, Lipkin referenced Contagion, where the maverick scientist (played by Elliot Gould), conflicts with health authorities, a story which was “loosely based on my experiences during the West Nile Virus outbreak in 1999.” In the movie, the researcher is told to “cook his samples” and that all research is to be moved to the BSL-4 lab due to security concerns, but he “ultimately find(s) a way to grow the virus and make a vaccine” and save the world. In real life, Lipkin recounted: “Although our team identified the causative agent (WNV), political wrangling delayed permitting and shipment of the virus to our laboratory. To expedite diagnostics and drug development, I decided to recover the virus by transfecting genomic viral RNA.”[148] Unlike the movie, no effective vaccine for humans was found for West Nile Virus,[149] or SARS or any coronaviruses, as a result of GoF research.[150]
Criticism of GoF
Ian Mackay (University of Queensland, Australia), said: “One cannot legislate for every accident or human error; all manner of things can go wrong, and if an outbreak spreads to the community the consequences could be horrendous.”[143] Marc Lipsitch (Harvard University, MA, USA) argued that GoF research is dangerous and unnecessary, saying that deliberate mutations of viruses have not produced novel insights.“There is nothing for the purposes of surveillance that we did not already know. Enhancing potential pandemic pathogens in this manner is simply not worth the risk.”[143] According to a Lancet article, the moratorium on GoP was prompted by a slew of accidents in the US at BSL facilities in 2014: "The news that dozens of workers at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) might have been exposed to anthrax, that vials of smallpox virus had been left lying around in an NIH storeroom, and that the CDC had unwittingly sent out samples of ordinary influenza virus contaminated with H5N1, shook faith in the country's biosafety procedures."[143] Funding for GoP research in the US resumed in 2017.[151]
Selected awards and honors
Year(s) | Award/Honor | Institution/Organization |
---|---|---|
2020 | PRC 70th Anniversary Medal[152] | Chinese Central Government, Central Military Commission, and State Council |
2016 | China International Science and Technology Cooperation Award[153] | People's Republic of China |
2015 | Fellow[154] | Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) |
2010 | Member[155] | Association of American Physicians (AAP) |
2008 | John Snow Professor of Epidemiology[154] | Columbia University |
2006 | Fellow[155] | American Society for Microbiology (ASM) |
2004 | Fellow[155] | New York Academy of Sciences |
2003 | Special Advisor to the Ministry of Science and Technology[156] | People's Republic of China |
1986-87 | President, Society of Fellows[157] | Scripps Research Institute |
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has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Reardon, Sara (19 December 2017). "US government lifts ban on risky pathogen research". Nature. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
- ^ a b c d Burki, Talha (2018-02-01). "Ban on gain-of-function studies ends". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 18 (2): 148–149. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30006-9. ISSN 1473-3099. PMC 7128689. PMID 29412966.
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- ^ Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, China honors Lipkin, Jan 7, 2020
- ^ Columbia Mailman School of Public Health: Ian Lipkin receives top science honor in China, Jan 8, 2016
- ^ a b "W. Ian Lipkin Faculty Profile, Columbia University, MSPH".
- ^ a b c National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Affairs, Policy Global; Committee On Science, Technology; Management, Committee on Dual Use Research of Concern: Options for Future (2017-09-01). Dual Use Research of Concern in the Life Sciences: Current Issues and Controversies. p. 87. ISBN 9780309458917.
{{cite book}}
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has generic name (help) - ^ "mBio Professional Profile: Board of Editors, W. Ian Lipkin, MD".
- ^ "Science History Institute, Center for Oral History: W. Ian Lipkin, MD".