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[[File:vergiasun.svg|thumb|Modern rendering of the Vergina Sun design]] |
[[File:vergiasun.svg|thumb|Modern rendering of the Vergina Sun design]] |
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The '''Vergina Sun''' (also known as the '''Star of Vergina''', '''Macedonian star''', or '''Argead Star''') is a [[Solar symbol#Rayed depictions|rayed solar symbol]] appearing in [[ancient Greek art]] from the sixth to second centuries BC. It came to prominence following archaeological excavations in and around the small town of [[Vergina]], in [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia, Greece]], during the late 1970s. There it was depicted on a golden [[Larnax (Archaeology)|larnax]] found in a fourth century BC royal tomb belonging either to King [[Philip II of Macedon]] or [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip III]], father and half-brother of [[Alexander the Great]]—respectively. |
The '''Vergina Sun''' (also known as the '''Star of Vergina''', '''Macedonian star''', or '''Argead Star''') is a [[Solar symbol#Rayed depictions|rayed solar symbol]] appearing in [[ancient Greek art]] from the sixth to second centuries BC. It came to prominence following archaeological excavations in and around the small town of [[Vergina]], in [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia, Greece]], during the late 1970s. There it was depicted on a golden [[Larnax (Archaeology)|larnax]] found in a fourth century BC royal tomb belonging either to King [[Philip II of Macedon]] or [[Philip III of Macedon|Philip III]], father and half-brother of [[Alexander the Great]]—respectively. |
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Since the discoveries at Vergina, the design has become a politically charged symbol associated with the [[Macedonia (region)|greater region of Macedonia]]. It has been a point of conflict between [[Greece]], [[Cyprus]], and the [[Republic of Macedonia]]. The Republic of Macedonia used it on its national flag from 1991 to 1995, when it agreed to change its flag following Greek protestation. Greece regards it as an official national symbol and has asserted an exclusive right to its official use. |
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==Overview== |
==Overview== |
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===Nationalism=== |
===Nationalism=== |
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[[File:Flag of Greek Macedonia.svg|thumb|The Vergina Sun, designated as an official national symbol by the [[Hellenic Parliament]] since February 1993, appears on the unofficial [[Flag of Greek Macedonia]].]] |
[[File:Flag of Greek Macedonia.svg|thumb|The Vergina Sun, designated as an official national symbol by the [[Hellenic Parliament]] since February 1993, appears on the unofficial [[Flag of Greek Macedonia]].]] |
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[[File:Flag of the Republic of Macedonia 1992-1995.svg|thumb|The [[flag of the Republic of Macedonia]] between 1992 and 1995.]] |
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Following the discovery of the larnax, the Vergina Sun was widely adopted by [[Macedonians (Greek)|Greek Macedonians]] as a symbol of supposed continuity between [[Ancient Macedonians|ancient Macedonian]] culture and modern [[Greek Macedonia]]. The Vergina Sun on a blue background became commonly used as an official emblem of the three peripheries, the prefectures and the municipalities of the region of [[Greek Macedonia|Macedonia]]. |
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The symbol was also adopted later by the [[Macedonians (ethnic group)|Slav Macedonians]], who claimed the same symbolic value from it. When Yugoslavia broke up in 1991-1992, the newly formed [[Republic of Macedonia]] designated the Vergina Sun as its national symbol and displayed it on its new flag. |
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⚫ | The symbol was introduced in Greece as a regional symbol and popular imagery from the mid-1980s and, after 1991, increasingly so in many new contexts in Greece. It was depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the Greek 100 [[Greek drachma|drachmas]] coin of 1990-2001,<ref>[http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en Bank of Greece]. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: [http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/Banknotes/coin_selection.asp?Value=100 100 drachmas]. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.</ref><ref>Gounaris, Basil C. (2003): "The Politics of Currency: Stamps, Coins, Banknotes, and the Circulation of Modern Greek Tradition", in ''The Usable Past. Greek Metahistories'', Keith S. Brown and Yannis Hamilakis (eds.), Lexington Books, p. 77. ISBN 0-7391-0384-9</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:100_drachma-coins-front.jpg |title=File:100 drachma-coins-front.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date=2007-01-14 |accessdate=2009-03-22}}</ref> and appeared on the arm patches of police in [[Athens]]. The Thessaloniki based [[TV Macedonia|''Makedonia'']] television station used it to replace the letter [[omicron]] in its logo and the Bank of Macedonia-Thrace adopted it as its symbol, as did some Greek military units.<ref>Borza, Eugene N. "Macedonia Redux", in ''The Eye Expanded: life and the arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity'', ed. Frances B Tichener & Richard F. Moorton, p. 260. University of California Press, 1999. See also: [http://www.army.gr/n/g/archive/signs/html/1h_stratia.html Greek military: 1st STRATIA] and [http://www.army.gr/n/g/archive/signs/html/34_mk_ta3.html -34 Μ/Κ ΤAX.]</ref> In February 1993 the Greek parliament passed a bill designating the Vergina Sun as an official Greek national symbol.<ref name="Danforth 166"/> In July 1995, Greece lodged a claim for trademark protection of the Vergina Sun as an official state emblem under Article 6ter of the ''[[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property]]''<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/trtdocs_wo020.html#P155_22332 Article 6ter], ''[[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property]]''.</ref> with the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO).<ref name=WIPO>[http://www.b-info.com/places/Macedonia/republic/news/95-07/jul31.mak "Greece petitions for int'l rights to Vergina Star"] |
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===Controversy=== |
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The decision in North Macedonia caused controversy both within the republic and outside it in its relations with Greece. The republic's large [[Albanian people|Albanian]] minority complained that it was an ethnic symbol of the ethnic Macedonian majority and was not suitable for a multi-ethnic state.<ref name="Danforth 166">Danforth, L. M. ''The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World'', p. 166</ref> Greek opposition was even more vehement. The Greek government and many Greek people, especially Greek Macedonians, saw it as the misappropriation of a Hellenic symbol and a direct claim on the legacy of Philip II.<ref>The dispute was exacerbated by clauses in the Republic of Macedonia's constitution that Greeks saw as a territorial claim on the Greek [[Macedonia (region)|region of Macedonia]]</ref> A Greek Foreign Ministry spokesman said in January 1995 that "the symbol is Greek and has been stolen." Nationalists on both sides subsequently associated the symbol with the (much later) [[Star of Bethlehem]] and have argued that their respective communities have used the symbol for sacred purposes before the Vergina discovery.<ref name="Danforth 166"/> The Greek position on the symbol has been supported by some abroad, such as the former United States Secretary of State, [[Henry Kissinger]], who reportedly told a questioner: |
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{{cquote|I believe that Greece is right to object and I agree with Athens. The reason is that I know history, which is not the case with most of the others, including most of the Government and Administration in Washington. The strength of the Greek case is that of the history which I must say that Athens has not used so far with success.<ref>[http://www.hri.org/Martis/contents/doc2.html "Henry Kissinger: An Analysis of the Global Geopolitical Environment"], [http://www.hri.org/Martis/ Nikolaos Martis: MACEDONIA], 1995, Accessed 12 May 2007</ref>}} |
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Speaking on the [[BBC World Service]]'s ''[[The World Today (BBC World Service)|The World Today]]'' programme, archaeologist Bajana Mojsov from the Republic of Macedonia said that "the symbolic weight attached to the Vergina Star was archaeologically absurd - but politically inevitable," arguing: |
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{{cquote|The star of Vergina applies to the 3rd century BC northern [[Greece]] - a very different situation, not related to the 21st century AD. I think it's modern politics, and we're witnessing the use of an archaeological symbol for history that it's really not related to.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3372117.stm |title=When archaeology gets bent |work=[[BBC World Service]] |date=2004, |accessdate=2006-10-12}}</ref>}} |
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At the same time, Demetrius Floudas, Senior Associate at [[Hughes Hall, Cambridge]], and one of the leading analysts of the Macedonia naming dispute, claimed that: |
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{{cquote|what prompted the adoption of the Vergina Star was a desire from Skopje's part to advance maximalist objectives in order to barter with them for other concessions at the negotiating table when the time comes.<ref>Floudas, Demetrius Andreas; {{cite news |publisher= 24 (1996) Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 285|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3719/is_199601/ai_n8752910 | title= "A Name for a Conflict or a Conflict for a Name? An Analysis of Greece's Dispute with FYROM", |accessdate=2007-01-24 | year=1996}}</ref>}} |
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Although the authorities in Skopje denied any ulterior motives, the flag became a major issue in the wider political dispute between the two countries of the early 1990s (see [[Foreign relations of the Republic of Macedonia#Greece|Foreign relations of the Republic of Macedonia]]). Greek objections led to the flag being banned from use in a variety of places, including the [[United Nations]], the [[Olympic Games]] and offices of the Republic of Macedonia in the [[United States]] and [[Australia]].<ref name="Danforth 166"/> |
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⚫ | The symbol was introduced in Greece as a regional symbol and popular imagery from the mid-1980s and, after 1991, increasingly so in many new contexts in Greece. It was depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|obverse]] of the Greek 100 [[Greek drachma|drachmas]] coin of 1990-2001,<ref>[http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en Bank of Greece]. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: [http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/Banknotes/coin_selection.asp?Value=100 100 drachmas]. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.</ref><ref>Gounaris, Basil C. (2003): "The Politics of Currency: Stamps, Coins, Banknotes, and the Circulation of Modern Greek Tradition", in ''The Usable Past. Greek Metahistories'', Keith S. Brown and Yannis Hamilakis (eds.), Lexington Books, p. 77. ISBN 0-7391-0384-9</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:100_drachma-coins-front.jpg |title=File:100 drachma-coins-front.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date=2007-01-14 |accessdate=2009-03-22}}</ref> and appeared on the arm patches of police in [[Athens]]. The Thessaloniki based [[TV Macedonia|''Makedonia'']] television station used it to replace the letter [[omicron]] in its logo and the Bank of Macedonia-Thrace adopted it as its symbol, as did some Greek military units.<ref>Borza, Eugene N. "Macedonia Redux", in ''The Eye Expanded: life and the arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity'', ed. Frances B Tichener & Richard F. Moorton, p. 260. University of California Press, 1999. See also: [http://www.army.gr/n/g/archive/signs/html/1h_stratia.html Greek military: 1st STRATIA] and [http://www.army.gr/n/g/archive/signs/html/34_mk_ta3.html -34 Μ/Κ ΤAX.]</ref> In February 1993 the Greek parliament passed a bill designating the Vergina Sun as an official Greek national symbol.<ref name="Danforth 166"/> In July 1995, Greece lodged a claim for trademark protection of the Vergina Sun as an official state emblem under Article 6ter of the ''[[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property]]''<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/paris/trtdocs_wo020.html#P155_22332 Article 6ter], ''[[Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property]]''.</ref> with the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO).<ref name=WIPO>[http://www.b-info.com/places/Macedonia/republic/news/95-07/jul31.mak "Greece petitions for int'l rights to Vergina Star"] |
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==Modern usage== |
==Modern usage== |
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[[File:KozaniFlag.jpg|thumb|left|Vergina Sun flag at the [[Kozani Prefecture]], along with the [[European flag]] and the [[flag of Greece]].]] |
[[File:KozaniFlag.jpg|thumb|left|Vergina Sun flag at the [[Kozani Prefecture]], along with the [[European flag]] and the [[flag of Greece]].]] |
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[[File:Macflags-trajkovskihall.png|thumb|Vergina Sun flag and new flag of the Republic of Macedonia in front of the [[Boris Trajkovski Sports Arena]] in [[Skopje]]]] |
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The Vergina Sun on a blue background is commonly used as an official emblem of the three peripheries, the prefectures, and the municipalities of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia, Greece]]. The symbol is placed on the bottom left corner of the Greek driving license,<ref>[http://www.yme.gr/index.php?getwhat=1&oid=531&id=&tid=531 Greek Ministry of Infrastructure]</ref> and on Greek [[passport]]s, it forms the [[watermark]] image across pages 22 and 23, symbolising Greece's [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonian]] legacy. It is the emblem of the Greek [[First Army (Greece)|First Army]]<ref>[http://www.army.gr/default.php?pname=EMBLHMA_1%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%91_PERIGRAFH&la=1 First Army emblem], Hellenic Army General Staff</ref> and the 34th Mechanized Infantry Brigade.<ref>[http://www.army.gr/default.php?pname=PERIGRAFH_EMBLIMATOS_34MKTAX&la=1 34th Mechanized Infantry Brigade emblem], Hellenic Army General Staff</ref> It is also used by organisations of the [[Greek Macedonian diaspora]], such as the Pan-Macedonian Association,<ref>[http://www.macedonia.com/english/ Pan-Macedonian Association website]</ref> as well as by numerous commercial enterprises and in [[Macedonians (Greeks)#Contemporary Macedonians|Greek Macedonian demonstrations]]. |
The Vergina Sun on a blue background is commonly used as an official emblem of the three peripheries, the prefectures, and the municipalities of [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonia, Greece]]. The symbol is placed on the bottom left corner of the Greek driving license,<ref>[http://www.yme.gr/index.php?getwhat=1&oid=531&id=&tid=531 Greek Ministry of Infrastructure]</ref> and on Greek [[passport]]s, it forms the [[watermark]] image across pages 22 and 23, symbolising Greece's [[Macedonia (Greece)|Macedonian]] legacy. It is the emblem of the Greek [[First Army (Greece)|First Army]]<ref>[http://www.army.gr/default.php?pname=EMBLHMA_1%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%91_PERIGRAFH&la=1 First Army emblem], Hellenic Army General Staff</ref> and the 34th Mechanized Infantry Brigade.<ref>[http://www.army.gr/default.php?pname=PERIGRAFH_EMBLIMATOS_34MKTAX&la=1 34th Mechanized Infantry Brigade emblem], Hellenic Army General Staff</ref> It is also used by organisations of the [[Greek Macedonian diaspora]], such as the Pan-Macedonian Association,<ref>[http://www.macedonia.com/english/ Pan-Macedonian Association website]</ref> as well as by numerous commercial enterprises and in [[Macedonians (Greeks)#Contemporary Macedonians|Greek Macedonian demonstrations]]. |
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Despite the change of the national flag and the WIPO registration of the symbol,<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/cgi-6te/guest/ifetch5?ENG+SIXTER+15-00+41359813-KEY+256+0+612+F-ENG+3+5+1+25+SEP-0/HITNUM,B+CC%2fGR+ WIPO Protection of State Emblems (Article 6ter) database]</ref> some |
Despite the change of the national flag and the WIPO registration of the symbol,<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/cgi-6te/guest/ifetch5?ENG+SIXTER+15-00+41359813-KEY+256+0+612+F-ENG+3+5+1+25+SEP-0/HITNUM,B+CC%2fGR+ WIPO Protection of State Emblems (Article 6ter) database]</ref> some citizens of the Former Yugoslav Republic continue to use the Vergina Sun as an unofficial symbol. |
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Foundation for Human Rights”.</ref><ref name="greekhelsinki.gr">''Finally, Albania recognizes a Greek and a Macedonian minority'' - [http://www.greekhelsinki.gr/bhr/english/organizations/ghm/ghm_14_05_01.doc Partly or Fully Unrecognized National Minorities: Statement to the UN Working Group on Minorities, 7th session, Geneva, 14-18 May 2001], Greek [[Helsinki Committee]]</ref> The symbol is also used by other ethnic Macedonian minority groups in neighbouring countries and by diaspora organisations.<ref>e.g. [http://www.unitedmacedonians.org/ United Macedonians Organization website]</ref> The [[Aromanians]] in the Republic of Macedonia use an eight-pointed Vergina sun as their symbol.<ref>Cowan, Jane K. ''Macedonia: The Politics of Identity and Difference'', p. 124. Pluto Press, 2000</ref> In Canada a Macedonian advocacy group called United Macedonians Organization uses a stylized version of the sun as part of its logo and makes extensive use of the red vergina sun flag.<ref>[http://www.unitedmacedonians.org/ United Macedonians Organization website]</ref> |
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==Gallery== |
==Gallery== |
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<gallery> |
<gallery> |
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[[Category:Symbols]] |
[[Category:Symbols]] |
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[[Category:National symbols of Greece]] |
[[Category:National symbols of Greece]] |
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[[Category:National symbols of the Republic of Macedonia]] |
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[[Category:Flag controversies]] |
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{{Link GA|es}} |
{{Link GA|es}} |
Revision as of 14:44, 21 December 2013
The Vergina Sun (also known as the Star of Vergina, Macedonian star, or Argead Star) is a rayed solar symbol appearing in ancient Greek art from the sixth to second centuries BC. It came to prominence following archaeological excavations in and around the small town of Vergina, in Macedonia, Greece, during the late 1970s. There it was depicted on a golden larnax found in a fourth century BC royal tomb belonging either to King Philip II of Macedon or Philip III, father and half-brother of Alexander the Great—respectively.
Overview
The Vergina Sun appears in art variously with sixteen, twelve, or eight triangular rays. Its significance is unclear. When archaeologist Manolis Andronikos found the symbol on the coffin (larnax) believed to belong to Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, he repeatedly referred to the embossed symbol the "emblem of the Macedonian dynasty", but many other archaeologists disagree. Opinions are split over whether it was used as a royal symbol by Philip's Argead dynasty, a religious symbol representing the Twelve Olympian gods, or simply a decorative design.
Eugene Borza points out that it was widely used in ancient Macedonian art.[1][2] John Paul Adams cites its long-established use as a decorative element in ancient Greek art and concludes that it cannot definitively be said that it was either a "royal" or "national" symbol of the Macedonian kingdom.[3]
Sixteen and eight-pointed suns often appear in Macedonian and Hellenistic coins and shields of that period.[4] However, the symbol is attested in Greek art long before that period. Depictions of hoplites bear identical sixteen-pointed and similar eight-pointed symbols on their armours and shields as early as the 6th century BC,[5][6][7][8][9][10] as well as coin designs from island and mainland Greece bearing eight or sixteen-pointed sun symbols (Corfu, 5th century BC).[11] Locris, 4th century BC[12][13]
History
Before the late 1970s, what is now known as the Vergina Sun had been regarded as a simple ornament. However, from 1977–1978, archaeologist Manolis Andronikos lead excavations of burial mounds at the small Central Macedonian town of Vergina. There, by the perimeter large mound the Great Tumulus, he unearthed three tombs. The tombs were subsequently identified as royal burial sites for members of the late 4th century BC Argead dynasty, family of Alexander the Great.[14]
Of the three tombs, the first—Tomb I—suffered looting, leaving little more by the time of its discovery than then the well known wall painting depicting the Abduction of Persephone by Hades and the buried fragments of human remains. Tombs II and III, however, remained undisturbed, still containing many artefacts. Among them were two gold ash coffins (larnakes) in Tomb II and a silver funerary urn in Tomb III.[14]
The coffin of Tomb II's primary occupant, the Golden Larnax, featured the sixteen rayed the sun design and that of the occupant's wife, entombed in the antechamber, a twelve ray sun. Andronikos variously described the symbol as a "star", "starburst", and "sunburst".[15] He posited the tomb might belong to King Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great.
Following the discovery at the Great Tumulus, there was much debate over who had been buried there, especially in Tomb II. It dated to the later half of the 4th century BC, making its royal occupants contemporaneous with Alexander the Great. As Alexander himself had been buried in Egypt, the only remaining plausible Argead men and their wives likely to be buried in Tomb II were Philip II and his last wife Cleopatra Eurydice or Alexander's half-brother Philip III Arrhidaeus and Eurydice II.[14]
On 21 April 2000, the AAAS journal Science published "The Eye Injury of King Philip II and the Skeletal Evidence from the Royal Tomb II at Vergina", by Antonis Bartsiokas. In it, Bartsiokas cited osteological analyses to contradict the determination of Philip II as the tomb's occupant and made a case for Philip III.[16][17] However, a good deal of evidence still contradicts Bartsiokasl claims.[14]
During 1992–1993, the Great Tumulus was rebuilt.[14]
Nationalism
The symbol was introduced in Greece as a regional symbol and popular imagery from the mid-1980s and, after 1991, increasingly so in many new contexts in Greece. It was depicted on the obverse of the Greek 100 drachmas coin of 1990-2001,[18][19][20] and appeared on the arm patches of police in Athens. The Thessaloniki based Makedonia television station used it to replace the letter omicron in its logo and the Bank of Macedonia-Thrace adopted it as its symbol, as did some Greek military units.[21] In February 1993 the Greek parliament passed a bill designating the Vergina Sun as an official Greek national symbol.[22] In July 1995, Greece lodged a claim for trademark protection of the Vergina Sun as an official state emblem under Article 6ter of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property[23] with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).Cite error: A <ref>
tag is missing the closing </ref>
(see the help page). and on Greek passports, it forms the watermark image across pages 22 and 23, symbolising Greece's Macedonian legacy. It is the emblem of the Greek First Army[24] and the 34th Mechanized Infantry Brigade.[25] It is also used by organisations of the Greek Macedonian diaspora, such as the Pan-Macedonian Association,[26] as well as by numerous commercial enterprises and in Greek Macedonian demonstrations.
Despite the change of the national flag and the WIPO registration of the symbol,[27] some citizens of the Former Yugoslav Republic continue to use the Vergina Sun as an unofficial symbol.
Gallery
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"The stele of Aristion". Funerary stele of an Athenian hoplite (Aristion) having a sixteen-pointed Vergina sun symbol on his right shoulder, ca. 520 BC. Relief at the National Archaeological Museum, Athens.
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A drawing of the "stele of Aristion", from the collections of Harvard University, 1894.
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Modern reconstruction of the original polychrome of the "stele of Aristion". On a loan by the Glyptothek in Munich for the Bunte Götter exhibition. Istanbul Archaeological Museum.
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A Vergina sun on Athena's shield. Pithos with the Judgment of Paris, from Athens.
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Ancient Greek coin of Pyrrhus of Epirus, Kingdom of Epirus (inscription in Greek: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΠΥΡΡΟΥ). An eight-pointed sun symbol before Athena's face.
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Ancient Greek coin from Campania, Italy. A Vergina sun symbol is depicted above the bull.
See also
References
Footnotes
- ^ W. Lindsay Adams and Eugene N. Borza, eds. Philip II, Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Heritage, p. 82. University Press of America, 1982
- ^ Macedonian miniature shield
- ^ Adams, J.P. The Larnakes from Tomb II at Vergina. Archaeological News. 12:1-7
- ^ Νικόλαος Μάρτης (January 10, 1999). "Γιατί ο τάφος της Βεργίνας ανήκει στον βασιλέα της Μακεδονίας Φίλιππο Β'" (in Greek). Το ΒΗΜΑ.
- ^ Greek Shield Patterns: ca. 590 BC - 540 BC
- ^ Greek Shield Patterns: ca. 540 BC - 500 BC
- ^ Greek Shield Patterns: ca. 475 BC - 430 BC
- ^ Greek Shield Patterns: ca. 430 BC- 400 BC
- ^ Greek Shield Patterns: ca. 400 BC - 350 BC
- ^ Greek Shield Patterns: post 350 BC
- ^ "Perseus:image:1990.26.0214". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ "Perseus:image:1989.00.0174". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ "Perseus:image:1990.26.0218". Perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ a b c d e Musgrave et al. 2010, 1. Introduction.
- ^ Danforth, L. M. The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, p. 163. Princeton University Press, 1997
- ^ Not Philip II of Macedon
- ^ Musgrave et al. 2010, Abstract.
- ^ Bank of Greece. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: 100 drachmas. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.
- ^ Gounaris, Basil C. (2003): "The Politics of Currency: Stamps, Coins, Banknotes, and the Circulation of Modern Greek Tradition", in The Usable Past. Greek Metahistories, Keith S. Brown and Yannis Hamilakis (eds.), Lexington Books, p. 77. ISBN 0-7391-0384-9
- ^ "File:100 drachma-coins-front.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia". En.wikipedia.org. 2007-01-14. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
- ^ Borza, Eugene N. "Macedonia Redux", in The Eye Expanded: life and the arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity, ed. Frances B Tichener & Richard F. Moorton, p. 260. University of California Press, 1999. See also: Greek military: 1st STRATIA and -34 Μ/Κ ΤAX.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Danforth 166
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Article 6ter, Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
- ^ First Army emblem, Hellenic Army General Staff
- ^ 34th Mechanized Infantry Brigade emblem, Hellenic Army General Staff
- ^ Pan-Macedonian Association website
- ^ WIPO Protection of State Emblems (Article 6ter) database
Bibliography
- Musgrave, Jonathan; Prag, A. J. N. W.; Neave, Richard; Fox, Robin Lane; White, Hugh (2010). "The Occupants of Tomb II at Vergina. Why Arrhidaios and Eurydice must be excluded". International Journal of Medical Sciences. 7 (6). Ivyspring International Publisher: s1–s15. doi:10.7150/ijms.7.s1. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
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- Philip II, Alexander the Great and the Macedonian Heritage, ed. W. Lindsay Adams and Eugene N. Borza. University Press of America, 1982. ISBN 0-8191-2448-6
- The Larnakes from Tomb II at Vergina. Archaeological News. John Paul Adams
- In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon, Eugene N. Borza. Princeton University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-691-05549-1
- "Macedonia Redux", Eugene N. Borza, in The Eye Expanded: life and the arts in Greco-Roman Antiquity, ed. Frances B Tichener & Richard F. Moorton. University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 0-520-21029-8
- Macedonia: The Politics of Identity and Difference, Jane K. Cowan. Pluto Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7453-1589-5
- The Macedonian Conflict: Ethnic Nationalism in a Transnational World, Loring M. Danforth. Princeton University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-691-04357-4
- Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation, McFarland & Company, 1997. ISBN 0-7864-0228-8
- Schell, Dorothea (1997). "Der Stern von Vergina als nationales Symbol in Griechenland". In R. W. Brednich and H. Schmitt, Münster; et al. (eds.). Symbole: Zur Bedeutung der Zeichen in der Kultur. pp. 298–307, p. 301. ISBN 978-3-89325-550-4.
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External links
- Image of gold box with Vergina Sun in Thessaloniki Museum
- Flags of Greek Macedonia - Flags of the World
- Macedonia National Flag 1992-1995 - Flags of the World