The Venezuelan opposition is a political umbrella term given to those who oppose Chavismo under its leaders, Hugo Chávez and Nicolás Maduro. Venezuelan government repression of the opposition grew more severe over time, with that initially occurring under Chávez drifting towards authoritarianism during the presidency of Maduro following the 2014 Venezuelan protests of the La Salida movement and the crisis in Venezuela.
History
Chávez presidency
1999 Constituent Assembly election
Opposition parties in the 1999 elections for the constituent assembly participated in a divided approach instead of unifying under a single group.[3] After creating the 1999 Venezuela Constitution in about three months, with little influence from the opposition, the constituent assembly provided expanded powers to the presidency through the new charter, making groups opposed to the presidency more politically vulnerable.[3]
2002 coup attempt
Between 2001 and 2003, multiple chavistas started opposing Chávez as well.[4] Chávez faced his first critical conflict after attempting to restructure the state-run oil industry, PDVSA in November 2001.[5][6] On 11 April 2002, opposition protesters marched in Caracas, with numbers estimated to be up to one million people.[7][8] A confrontation between opposition marchers and Chávez supporters led to gunfire, which resulted to deaths on both sides. Chávez was forced to resign the presidency and was arrested.[9][10] Businessman Pedro Carmona subsequently declared himself president, with Carmona decreeing that the 1999 Venezuelan Constitution was invalid and dissolving the National Assembly and Supreme Court.[9] Protests forced Carmona to abandon the office and Chávez was reinstalled as president.[11]
General strike
From late 2002 into 2003, the opposition coalition Coordinadora Democrática (CD) organized a general strike against Chávez, demanding his dismissal.[4][6][12][13] The leaders of PDVSA thought that the Chávez government would fall if the general strike persisted.[6] As a result of the opposition strike, shortages of goods began, blackouts occurred and transportation was halted, though Chávez maintained the presidency.[6]
2004 recall attempt
After the general strike failed, the Coordinadora Democrática began negotiating more with the Chávez government and reached an agreement that a recall election would be held.[12][14] In August 2004, sixty percent of voters voted against recalling Chávez, while forty percent voted in favor, results that the CD rejected. The organization dissolved later that year.[14] Chávez used the peacetime to consolidate power and place more obstacles against the opposition.[15] A year later, the 2005 parliamentary election was boycotted by the opposition, losing all seats in the National Assembly.[5]
2006 presidential elections
Manuel Rosales, of the A New Era party, was chosen as a presidential against Chávez due to his opinion polling support. Rosales later lost the presidential elections.[16]
2007 protests and 2009 referendum
Chávez proceeded to shut down RCTV, propose the 2007 constitutional referendum to turn Venezuela into a socialist nation, and propose the 2009 constitutional referendum, which proposed indefinite re-election of the officeholders.[16][12] Protests against RCTV's shutdown and against referendum protests took place in 2007, and in 2008 the opposition created the Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD) coalition.[12] Opposition leaders said that the formation of MUD was in response to their perception of increased repression from the Chávez government.[16]
2012 and 2013 presidential elections
Henrique Capriles, founder of Justice First, was chosen as the opposition presidential candidate for the 2012 presidential election and begun appealing to disillusioned chavista voters.[17][18]
Maduro presidency
Following the death of Hugo Chávez, Capriles led a strong presidential campaign[18] and was narrowly defeated by Nicolás Maduro in the 2013 presidential election.[12] The opposition denounced irregularities during the process and demanded for a vote recount, request that was rejected by the National Electoral Council.[19] Maduro did not have the charisma of his predecessor and as a result, began to lose support among his base.[20]
La Salida protests
After continuous electoral losses, the opposition's consolidation broke when some groups took individualized actions.[16] In February 2014, amid an economic decline and concerns about insecurity, Popular Will founder Leopoldo López led the La Salida movement of the opposition in an effort to remove Maduro from office.[17][21][22] During the protests, the opposition adopted similar tactics used during the 2002 coup attempt and the general strike shortly after, while also adopting the guarimba strategy used in 2004 in order to oust Maduro.[23][24] After protests turned violent, on 18 February 2014 López turned himself in and was imprisoned.[25][26] Tensions among the opposition were exposed as a result of La Salida and it weakened the MUD.[16] From this point, the Maduro government grew more repressive towards the opposition.[16]
2015 legislative elections and National Assembly control
In the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election, the opposition consolidated its strategy and won a majority in the National Assembly of Venezuela.[18] The lame duck chavista National Assembly would pack the Supreme Tribunal of Justice prior to its departure.[27][28] In 2017, Maduro would bypass the opposition-led National Assembly by creating the 2017 Constituent National Assembly of Venezuela, leading to the 2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis since the constitutional body held more authority than the National Assembly.[20]
Presidential crisis
Popular Will politician Juan Guaidó was named president of the opposition-led National Assembly in December 2018 and began to form a transitional government[29][30] after the opposition refused to recognize the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election, which was described by the opposition and its supporters as fraudulent. In 2019, the Venezuelan presidential crisis began when Guaidó declared himself president of Venezuela on 23 January 2019 with the assistance of the United States after he and his mentor Leopoldo López proposed the plan to American government.[31] The United States government, European allies and Latin American supporters of the opposition quickly recognized Guiadó as president of Venezuela.[31] The United States would institute sanctions on Venezuela in an attempt at regime change,[32][33][34] with Guaidó supporting the sanctions and demanding the European Union to place its own sanctions against the Maduro government.[35] Guaidó was seen in photographs with right-wing Colombian paramilitaries which raised concerns about his links to the groups, though the opposition has denied relations with guerillas.[36]
On 30 April 2019, Guaidó attempted to overthrow Maduro with a group of military defectors in an event variably described between a coup attempt[37] and an attempted uprising.[38] The unrest allowed Guaidó's mentor, Leopoldo López, to escape from house arrest.[39] Guaidó was only supported by a few dozen National Guardsmen and the attempted ousting of Maduro failed.[40]
A year later in May 2020, a group of Venezuelan military defectors led by former United States Army Special Forces soldier Jordan Goudreau again tried to forcibly overthrow Maduro. The plot and its participants were intercepted by the Maduro government prior to its full implementation, with two boats of dissident fighters being captured by Venezuelan authorities.[41] Six of the opposition fighters were killed during their attempted landing.[42] Following the event, a signed contract between representatives of the Guaidó government and the operation's organizer Silvercorp USA was unveiled[43] and support for Guaidó dropped.[44]
In December 2022, three of the four main opposition political parties (Justice First, Democratic Action and A New Era) backed and approved a reform to dissolve the interim government and create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets, as deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the next Venezuelan presidential election scheduled for 2024,[45][46] stating that the interim government had failed to achieve the goals it had set.[47]
2024 presidential election
In the 2023 Unitary Platform presidential primaries, the Venezuelan opposition selected María Corina Machado as their candidate for the 2024 presidential elections.[48] Described as a radical and a right-wing politician,[49][50][51] she is a supporter of capitalism and believes that "being rich is good"; she criticized Hugo Chávez, saying that "Chávez was the president of the poor, yes, very poor that he loved them, because there is no more effective way to control a society than to subject it to dependency. Dying with outstretched hand."[52] She was disqualified from holding office in Venezuela in June 2023, in relation to what the Venezuelan government said was her support of Guaidó and sanctions on Venezuela.[53][54][55][neutrality is disputed]
Function
Coordination
The temporary coalition of Coordinadora Democrática (CD) lacked cohesion and was dominated by business and media groups, resulting with divided decision making.[16] With the formation of the Democratic Unity Roundtable (MUD), the opposition coalition created a set of rules regarding decisions, including decisions being made by a majority of 3/5ths of members or 70% of the popular vote during election processes, the process to determine a joint candidate either through majority or a primary election and a unified policy framework.[16] Such coordination resulted with a more unified long-term strategy as opposed to short-term individualized interests.[16]
Strategies
Actions between the opposition and the Bolivarian government resulted with increased political polarization in Venezuela;[dubious – discuss] the opposition would at times participate in undemocratic efforts to overthrow the government while the government would respond to these actions by justifying their own consolidation of power.[dubious – discuss][unbalanced opinion?][15] According to Corrales and Penfold, different groups of the opposition utilized three strategies; electoral participation, electoral abstention and a combative approach.[56] Corrales and Penfold explained that the opposition would react to actions taken by the government by first protesting, then attempting to overthrow the government, and later by becoming more electorally involved.[15] Jiménez states that the opposition would take reactionary actions, including coup attempts and general strikes, when opponents were not consolidated in a joint cause.[16] Since the foundation of MUD, the opposition adopted the strategy of contesting every election.[16]
Article 227
External videos | |
---|---|
¿Dónde nació Nicolás Maduro? [Where was Nicolás Maduro born?] Diario Las Américas TV |
Following the opposition's loss in the 2013 presidential elections, some opposition groups alleged that Maduro was born in Colombia, saying that this would disqualify him from holding the presidential office in Venezuela.[57][58] By 2014, official declarations by the Venezuelan government officials shared four different birthplaces of Maduro.[59] Opposition followers argued that Maduro cited Article 227 of the Venezuelan constitution, which states that "To be chosen as president of the Republic it is required to be Venezuelan by birth, not having another nationality."[60] The Associated Press described the tactic as an attempt to "push the embattled socialist leader from office at any cost"[58] while CNN said the opposition "has found no evidence to back their claims ... they stubbornly refuse to back down".[57] The strategy was compared to the birther conspiracy,[disputed – discuss] a fringe theory that targeted Barack Obama in a similar way.[57][58][61][unbalanced opinion?] A document obtained by a Panamanian politician and promoted by some members of the opposition was declared as falsified by Colombia.[61] The pro-government Supreme Tribunal of Justice ruled in October 2016 that Maduro was born in Venezuela[62][63] The ruling did not reproduce Maduro's birth certificate but it quoted the Colombian Vice minister of foreign affairs, Patti Londoño Jaramillo, who stated that "no related information was found, nor civil registry of birth, nor citizenship card that allows to infer that president Nicolás Maduro Moros is a Colombian national".[64] In January 2018, the opposition-appointed Supreme Tribunal of Justice of Venezuela in exile decreed the 2013 presidential elections null after reportedly obtaining evidence that Nicolás Maduro was ineligible to be elected and to hold the office of the presidency, citing that he was born in Colombia.[65]
Guaidó strategy
Guaidó personally laid down three objectives: "Cessation of usurpation, transitional government, and free elections".[66][67][68][69][70] Establishing a government in Venezuela required three crucial elements: "the people, the international community, and the armed forces."[71]
Demographics
Members of the opposition, Dominguez says, mainly comprises members of the old aristocracy, business groups and university students.[5] Opposition groups typically support right-wing politics[dubious – discuss][72][needs update][73][74][75][76][77][78][needs update][79][needs update][80][81][excessive citations] and opposition parties often ignored their ideological backgrounds in order to form a united opposition.[16] According to Gott, Maher and MacLeod, members of the Venezuelan opposition are primarily middle and upper class individuals who were white.[23][6][82][83] MacLeod notes that Hugo Chávez was the first non-white president of Venezuela in recent history and that since his election, Venezuela experienced class and racial conflict.[23] Gott would elaborate on race, saying that racism in Venezuela primarily used by white opposition supporters would be used against Chávez and his supporters.[6] Lupien writes that the opposition was shown as being "light-skinned" and "decent" while chavistas were called "thick-lipped" and "monkeys."[84] Further protests against Nicolás Maduro mainly comprised middle class and wealthy students who demonstrated in affluent communities.[85][86] As conditions worsened during the crisis in Venezuela, some lower class citizens began to oppose the Maduro government.[87]
Opposition parties and organizations
Leadership
Leadership of the Venezuelan opposition was an important aspect of the movement since their parties did not focus on policy and instead on the personality of who led.[18] Until the Venezuelan presidential crisis beginning in 2019, the Venezuelan opposition was primarily led by wealthy professionals who were prominent prior to the government of Hugo Chávez.[88] In 2002, Pedro Carmona and Carlos Ortega briefly provided leadership for the opposition. Henrique Capriles, a moderate opposition politician, served as its leader briefly during his candidacies in the 2012 and 2013 presidential elections. Following the opposition winning the majority in the 2015 Venezuelan parliamentary election, the National Assembly of Venezuela assumed leadership of the opposition. Juan Guaidó was the leader of the opposition during the presidential crisis, though he lost support as the opposition failed to achieve its objectives under his mandate.[89] Into the 2024 presidential elections, María Corina Machado was chosen as leader of the opposition.[48]
Media
Prior to the rise of Chávez, private Venezuelan media relied on government approval to grant licenses for their existence, with media heads and government officials establishing close relationships.[23] As a result of this relationship, the private media maintained support for the elite that were opposed to Chávez.[23] After Chávez maintained election victories that were validated by international observation, opposition media attempted to describe their efforts as actions to defend democracy from a populist leader supported by irrational supporters.[84] The Venezuelan opposition is supported by private media in the country according to Dominguez and MacLeod; the former says that outlets portray the opposition as seeking liberty while depicting the Bolivarian government as authoritarian[5] while the latter says that international media formed close relationships with Venezuela's elite and projected the opposition as "civil" while painting Chávez supporters as "thugs."[6]
During the 2002 coup attempt, private media groups, including Globovisión, supported the opposition's actions.[84][90] The media described Chávez supporters as "lowlifes", "satanic" and "Taliban."[84] Media mogul Gustavo Cisneros and owner of Venevisión was a prominent opposition media leader during the Chávez presidency until a meeting between him and Chávez was mediated by former president Jimmy Carter.[91]
Various media outlets have been described as supporting the opposition, including Efecto Cocuyo,[92][93][94][disputed – discuss] El Nacional,[93][95][96][disputed – discuss] El Pitazo,[92][97][disputed – discuss] La Patilla,[98] Runrunes[93][99][100][101][102][disputed – discuss] and Tal Cual.[103][104][105][disputed – discuss]
Between 1998 and 2014, independent television channels decreased from 88% to 46%.[106] Human Rights Watch has said that Chávez and Maduro both increased censorship in Venezuela in an effort to silence critics.[107][108]
Parties
Democratic Unity Roundtable
Party name | Acronym | Leader | Main ideology | International Associations | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Justice First
Primero Justicia |
PJ | Henrique Capriles Radonski | Humanism | None | |
A New Era
Un Nuevo Tiempo |
UNT | Manuel Rosales | Social democracy | Socialist International | |
Popular Will
Voluntad Popular |
VP | Leopoldo López | Progressivism
Social democracy |
Socialist International | |
Radical Cause
La Causa Radical |
LCR | Andrés Velásquez | Laboriousm | None | |
Progressive Movement of Venezuela
Movimiento Progresista de Venezuela |
MPV | Simón Calzadilla | Progressivism | None | |
Project Venezuela
Proyecto Venezuela |
PRVZL | Henrique Salas Feo | Liberal conservatism | IDU, UPLA | |
Clear Accounts
Cuentas Claras |
CC | Vicencio Scarano | Progressivism | None | |
Progressive Advance
Avanzada Progresista |
AP | Henri Falcón | Democratic socialism[citation needed] | None | |
Fearless People's Alliance
Alianza Bravo Pueblo |
ABP | Antonio Ledezma | Social democracy | None | |
Emergent People
Gente Emergente |
GE | Julio César Reyes | Social democracy | None | |
National Convergence
Convergencia Nacional |
CN | Juan José Caldera | Christian democracy | ODCA (observer) | |
Movement for a Responsible, Sustainable and Entrepreneurial Venezuela
Movimiento por una Venezuela Responsable, Sostenible y Emprendedora |
MOVERSE | Alexis Romero | Green politics | None | |
Ecological Movement of Venezuela
Movimiento Ecológico de Venezuela |
MOVEV | Manuel Díaz | Green politics | Global Greens |
Student groups
Symbols
When the Chávez government introduced the 2006 flag of Venezuela, the opposition refused to recognize the new symbol, saying that they would continue using the 1954 flag, also known as the seven-star flag.[2][109] The eight-star design altered Venezuela's 200-year-old flag to feature a left-facing horse rather than right, and to add a star to represent the disputed Guayana territory.[109] The old flag has been used as a sign of opposition and has been used as a dividing symbol by the government and opposition, with some in the opposition viewing the eight-star flag as a representation of oppression.[2][failed verification][page needed][110] Miss Universe 2009 winner Stefanía Fernández used the seven-star flag during while walking down the runway at the Miss Universe 2010 competition.[failed verification][page needed][110] Venezuelan opposition protesters and some individuals belonging to the Venezuelan diaspora continue to use the seven-star flag.[2]
Some radical protesters following the opposition's La Salida movement began to use the Flag of the Second Republic of Venezuela–citing Simón Bolívar's Decree of War to the Death–as the protests grew more confrontational and some demonstrators rejected peace with the government.[2]
International support
The United States has provided funding for opposition groups.[5][85] Prior to the 2002 coup, the National Endowment for Democracy funded the opposition's Confederación de Trabajadores de Venezuela and the Venezuelan Federation of Chambers of Commerce, two groups that participated in the attempted overthrow of Chávez.[5] During the 2002 to 2003 general strikes, United States Agency for International Development (USAID) funded Coordinadora Democrática.[5] According to The Guardian, in the decade preceding 2014, there was "extensive US government funding of Venezuelan opposition groups."[85] Student movements belonging to the opposition were also provided funds by the USAID.[86]
See also
- Interventions of political parties in Venezuela
- Belarusian opposition
- Chinese democracy movement
- Hong Kong democracy movement
- Kazakh opposition
- Russian opposition
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g Dominguez, Francisco (2011). "Chapter 7 - Venezuela's opposition: desperately seeking to overthrow Chávez". Right-Wing Politics in the New Latin America: Reaction and Revolt. Zed Books. ISBN 9781848138148.
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- ^ a b c Corrales, Javier; Penfold, Michael (2011). Dragon in the tropics: Hugo Chávez and the political economy of revolution in Venezuela. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0815704973.
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- ^ a b "Venezuela: Tipping Point". Crisis Group Latin America Briefing (30). International Crisis Group: 10. 21 May 2014.
López joined forces with Caracas metropolitan mayor Antonio Ledezma of the Courageous People Alliance (ABP) and independent congresswoman María Corina Machado in early 2014 in 'La Salida' to demand a change of government. This move was frowned on by the moderates in the MUD. Capriles, whose ability to appeal to disaffected chavistas had helped broaden the opposition's voter base, saw his leadership challenged by a faction whose message seemed intended to polarise, not unite, the electorate.
- ^ a b c d Neumann, William (2022). Things are never so bad that they can't get worse: inside the collapse of Venezuela. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. pp. 204–205. ISBN 9781250266163.
- ^ Scharfenberg, Ewald (2013-04-28). "Venezuela rechaza el recuento de votos que exige la oposición". El País (in Spanish). ISSN 1134-6582. Retrieved 2023-11-23.
- ^ a b Trejos, Amanda (23 August 2017). "Why is Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro so controversial?". USA Today. Retrieved 16 November 2023.
- ^ "Detailed findings of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela" (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. 15 September 2020. p. 14.
In January 2014, in a context of economic decline, inflation and widespread insecurity in the country, a group of opposition leaders initiated a campaign to remove President Nicolás Maduro from office. The effort was referred to as "The Exit" ("La Salida").
- ^ Bellaviti, Sean (May 2021). "La Hora de la Salsa : Nicolás Maduro and the Political Dimensions of Salsa in Venezuela". Journal of Latin American Studies. 53 (2): 373–396. doi:10.1017/S0022216X21000237.
Dubbed 'La Salida' (The Exit) by members of the opposition who called for Maduro's ousting
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- ^ Tinker Salas, Miguel (2014-03-04). "What is Happening in Venezuela?". Center for Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
- ^ "Venezuela protest death toll rises to 13". Al Jazeera. 24 February 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
a nationwide effort called 'la Salida' or 'the Exit,' aimed at ending Maduro's rule.
- ^ Kobelinsky, Fernanda (18 February 2017). "La historia detrás de la detención de Leopoldo López: sus horas previas, por qué se entregó y la sorprendente oferta de Maduro". Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-11-03.
- ^ Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (30 March 2017). "Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "Venezuela's Lame-Duck Congress Names New Supreme Court Justices". Bloomberg. 23 December 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2017.
- ^ "Asamblea Nacional arranca proceso para Ley de Transicion". Archived from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2019.
- ^ Smith, Scott (10 January 2019). "Isolation greets Maduro's new term as Venezuela's president". AP News. Archived from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2019.
- ^ a b Neumann, William (2022). Things are never so bad that they can't get worse: inside the collapse of Venezuela. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. pp. 211–217. ISBN 9781250266163.
- ^ Cohen, David S.; Weinberg, Zoe A. Y. (29 April 2019). "Sanctions Can't Spark Regime Change". Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
In the last several decades, financial and economic sanctions have become a key tool of U.S. foreign policy. The Trump administration has made particularly heavy use of this tool, especially in its efforts to induce regime change in Venezuela and Iran.
- ^ Galbraith, Jean (July 2019). "United States Recognizes the Opposition Government in Venezuela and Imposes Sanctions as Tensions Escalate". American Journal of International Law. 113 (3): 601, 608. doi:10.1017/ajil.2019.41.
In a campaign designed to oust Maduro from power, the United States has encouraged foreign governments and intergovernmental organizations to recognize Guaidó and has imposed a series of targeted economic sanctions to weaken Maduro's regime. ... the Trump administration has consistently exempted humanitarian assistance and insisted that the sanctions 'do not target the innocent people of Venezuela. Despite this assertion, Venezuela's economic situation has worsened severely under the prolonged sanctions, and the humanitarian crisis remains devastating.
- ^ Ahumada Beltrán, Consuelo (September 2021). "La paz de Colombia en un incierto entorno internacional". Controversia (217): 66–68. doi:10.54118/controver.vi217.1236.
- ^ Neumann, William (2022). Things are never so bad that they can't get worse: inside the collapse of Venezuela. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. pp. 224–227. ISBN 9781250266163.
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- ^ • "Venezuela Crisis: Guaidó Calls for Uprising as Clashes Erupt". The New York Times. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
Venezuelan military personnel who had participated in the coup attempt had since sought asylum in the Brazilian Embassy in Caracas
- Fox, Michael (2 May 2019). "Once Again, Mainstream Media Get It Wrong on Venezuela". The Nation. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
Foreign outlets, dutifully supporting Trump administration calls for regime change, reported that a widespread uprising was underway, even though Juan Guaidó's coup attempt had little support.
- Riley-Smith, Ben; Herbert, Samantha (1 May 2019). "Maduro vows retaliation for coup attempt as he denies attempts to flee to Cuba". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
- "Here's what Barr left out in his summary of Mueller's findings". NBC News. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
If it walks like a coup and quacks like a coup, then it sure looks a coup – backed by the Trump administration. ... Juan Guaido, flanked by his political mentor Leopoldo Lopez and a handful of soldiers who had broken ranks, issued a message to Venezuela and the world: The time to topple Nicolas Maduro's authoritarian regime was right now
- "Maduro rallies troops against 'traitors' – DW – 05/02/2019". Deutsche Welle. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro sought to rally the military on Thursday in the wake of an unsuccessful coup against him.
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{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "May Day street clashes in Paris fuelled by widening anti-Macron coalition". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
Defiant Maduro claims victory over Guaido coup attempt
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- ^ Martínez, Deisy (2022-12-30). "AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino" [2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government]. Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-12-31.
- ^ "Mayoría de la AN-2015 ratifica disolución del Gobierno interino". Tal Cual (in Spanish). 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino.
- ^ a b Garcia Cano, Regina (26 October 2023). "María Corina Machado is winner of Venezuela opposition primary that the government has denounced". Associated Press. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
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Machado's discourse has no religious bias, it does not foster prejudice nor does it stigmatize minorities or raise conservative arguments in the social field – even if some of her followers do.
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So far, Venezuela's birther movement also has found no evidence to back their claims, much like their American counterparts. But, in another similarity, they stubbornly refuse to back down.
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A birther debate is heating up in Venezuela as President Nicolas Maduro's opponents seek to push the embattled socialist leader from office at any cost. Like the birther controversy surrounding Barack Obama in the U.S., the lack of any evidence hasn't stopped his opponents from speculating.
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the right-wing opposition
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the right-wing opposition in countries such as ... Venezuela
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Right-wing opposition continues to fight against liberalizing changes and cling to their traditional beliefs, while Chavez, the National Assembly, and their supporters struggle
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Santiago Abascal's partners on the right-wing axis, from the Venezuelan opposition to former leaders in Peru
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Led by Leopoldo López, a hardline opposition politician who played a significant role in the protests surrounding the 2002 coup, the protests drew on a large contingent of students from predominantly middle-class and wealthy backgrounds. Using La Salida ("The Exit") as their motto, the protestors called for a national uprising against the government and railed against everything from corruption and insecurity to inflation and food shortages. ... Each side accused the other of inciting the violence, with the opposition pointing to the alleged involvement of pro-government armed groups in some killings, and Maduro highlighting the well-documented links between Venezuela's right-wing student movement and organizations funded by the US government, such as USAID
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El Nacional, Efecto Cocuyo y Runrunes (que siguen una línea de oposición al Gobierno) (El Nacional, Efecto Cocuyo and Runrunes (which follow a line of opposition to the Government))
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le portail d'information pro-opposition Efecto Cocuyo
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With a daily drip-drip of rumors and details about Chavez's condition, the openly pro-opposition Bocaranda has garnered more than 670,000 followers
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Nelson Bocaranda, an opposition supporter who in his column "Runrunes" publishes information about Chávez's state of health, said that members of the military leadership are preparing a self-coup if the president does not renew in office.
- ^ "BBCM Latin America Watchlist for 19 January". BBC Monitoring. London. 19 January 2022.
Venezuelan opposition-leaning news website Runrunes
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