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[[Image:CandiesVendingMachine1952.jpg|thumb|right|A [[snack|snack food]] vending machine made in 1952]] |
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[[File:駄菓子屋さん (3430471083).jpg|thumb|[[Gashapon]] (capsule toy) vending machines]] |
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[[File:DEU Zeitungsautomaten Muenchen 3712 MSZ100320.jpg|thumb|[[Newspaper vending machine]]s in [[Munich]], Germany]] |
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A '''vending machine''' is a machine that sends items such as [[snacks]], [[beverage]]s, [[alcohol]], [[cigarettes]], or [[lottery ticket]]s to customers automatically, after the customer inserts money or a [[credit card]] into the machine. The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s and dispensed [[postcard]]s. |
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[[File:Pardubice, náměstí Republiky, parkovací automat (01).jpg|thumb|upright|An automobile parking [[ticket machine]] in the Czech Republic]] |
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A '''vending machine''' is an automated machine that provides items such as [[snacks]], [[beverage]]s, [[alcohol]], [[cigarettes]] and [[lottery ticket]]s to consumers after money or a [[credit card]] is inserted into the machine. The first modern vending machines were developed in England in the early 1880s that dispensed [[postcard]]s. Vending machines exist in many countries, and in more recent times, specialized vending machines that provide less common products compared to traditional vending machine items have been created and provided to consumers. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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[[File:Hero of Alexandria.png|thumb|left|[[Hero of Alexandria]], engineer from [[Ancient history|Antiquity]], who invented an early vending machine]] |
[[File:Hero of Alexandria.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Hero of Alexandria]], engineer from [[Ancient history|Antiquity]], who invented an early vending machine]] |
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The earliest known reference to a vending machine is in the work of [[Hero of Alexandria]], a first-century AD Greek engineer and mathematician. His machine accepted a coin and then dispensed [[holy water]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/old-world-high-tech-141284744/|title=Old World, High Tech" (World's First Vending Machine, scroll down to read|last=Jaffe|first=Eric|date=Dec 2006|website=Smithsonian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref> When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened a valve which let some water flow out. The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counterweight snapped the lever up and turned off the valve. |
The earliest known reference to a vending machine is in the work of [[Hero of Alexandria]], a first-century AD Greek engineer and mathematician. His machine accepted a coin and then dispensed [[holy water]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/old-world-high-tech-141284744/|title=Old World, High Tech" (World's First Vending Machine, scroll down to read|last=Jaffe|first=Eric|date=Dec 2006|website=Smithsonian.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=4 April 2017}}</ref> When the coin was deposited, it fell upon a pan attached to a lever. The lever opened a valve which let some water flow out. The pan continued to tilt with the weight of the coin until it fell off, at which point a counterweight snapped the lever up and turned off the valve. |
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===Modern vending machines=== |
===Modern vending machines=== |
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[[File:Automatic Stamp and Postcard Vending Machine.jpg|thumb|An automatic stamp and postcard vending machine, early 20th century, Japan<ref> |
[[File:Automatic Stamp and Postcard Vending Machine.jpg|thumb|An automatic stamp and postcard vending machine, early 20th century, Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teipark.jp/e_about.html|title=What's "Tei-Park"?|publisher=|accessdate=5 June 2017}}</ref>|220x220px]] |
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The first modern coin-operated vending machines were introduced in [[London]], [[England]] in the early 1880s, dispensing [[postcard]]s. The machine was invented by Percival Everitt in 1883 and soon became a widespread feature at railway stations and post offices, dispensing [[envelopes]], [[postcard]]s, and [[notepaper]]. The Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Company was founded in 1887 in England as the first company to deal primarily with the installation and maintenance of vending machines. |
The first modern coin-operated vending machines were introduced in [[London]], [[England]] in the early 1880s, dispensing [[postcard]]s. The machine was invented by Percival Everitt in 1883 and soon became a widespread feature at railway stations and post offices, dispensing [[envelopes]], [[postcard]]s, and [[notepaper]]. The Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Company was founded in 1887 in England as the first company to deal primarily with the installation and maintenance of vending machines. In 1893, [[Stollwerck]], a German chocolate manufacturer, was selling its chocolate in 15,000 vending machines. It set up separate companies in various territories to manufacture vending machines to sell not just chocolate, but cigarettes, matches, chewing gum and soap products.<ref>{{cite book|last=Chandler|first=Alfred|title=Scale and scope: the dynamics of industrial capitalism|year=2004|publisher=Belknap Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=978-0-674-78995-1|pages=398–402|edition=1. paperback ed., 7. print.}}</ref> |
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The first vending machine in the U.S. was built in 1888 by the [[Thomas Adams Gum Company]],<ref name="NAMA History">{{cite web|author1=National Automatic Merchandising Association|authorlink1=National Automatic Merchandising Association|title=History of Vending and Coffee Services|url=https://namanow.org/vending/history-of-vending-and-coffee-service|accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref> selling gum on New York City train platforms. The idea of adding games to these machines as a further incentive to buy came in 1897 when the Pulver Manufacturing Company added small figures, which would move around whenever somebody bought some gum from their machines. This idea spawned a whole new type of mechanical device known as the "trade stimulators". |
The first vending machine in the U.S. was built in 1888 by the [[Thomas Adams Gum Company]],<ref name="NAMA History">{{cite web|author1=National Automatic Merchandising Association|authorlink1=National Automatic Merchandising Association|title=History of Vending and Coffee Services|url=https://namanow.org/vending/history-of-vending-and-coffee-service|accessdate=27 October 2016}}</ref> selling gum on New York City train platforms. The idea of adding games to these machines as a further incentive to buy came in 1897 when the Pulver Manufacturing Company added small figures, which would move around whenever somebody bought some gum from their machines. This idea spawned a whole new type of mechanical device known as the "trade stimulators". |
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==Mechanisms== |
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[[File:Vending machine movie hd.ogv|right|thumb|Filling and servicing]] |
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[[Image:WZ Zeitungsautomat.jpg|left|thumb|A [[newspaper vending machine]]]] |
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After paying, a product may become available by: |
After paying, a product may become available by: |
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* the machine releasing it, so that it falls in an open compartment at the bottom, or into a cup, either released first, or put in by the customer, or |
* the machine releasing it, so that it falls in an open compartment at the bottom, or into a cup, either released first, or put in by the customer, or |
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The main example of a vending machine giving access to all merchandise after paying for one item is a newspaper vending machine (also called vending box) found mainly in the U.S. and Canada. It contains a pile of identical newspapers. After a sale the door automatically returns to a locked position. A customer could open the box and take all of the newspapers or, for the benefit of other customers, leave all of the newspapers outside of the box, slowly return the door to an unlatched position, or block the door from fully closing, each of which are frequently discouraged, sometimes by a security [[clamp (tool)|clamp]]. The success of such machines is predicated on the assumption that the customer will be honest (hence the nickname "honor box"), and need only one copy. |
The main example of a vending machine giving access to all merchandise after paying for one item is a newspaper vending machine (also called vending box) found mainly in the U.S. and Canada. It contains a pile of identical newspapers. After a sale the door automatically returns to a locked position. A customer could open the box and take all of the newspapers or, for the benefit of other customers, leave all of the newspapers outside of the box, slowly return the door to an unlatched position, or block the door from fully closing, each of which are frequently discouraged, sometimes by a security [[clamp (tool)|clamp]]. The success of such machines is predicated on the assumption that the customer will be honest (hence the nickname "honor box"), and need only one copy. |
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<gallery class="center" caption="" widths="220px" heights="160px"> |
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==Bulk candy and gumball vending== |
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File:Mechanical vending machine.jpg|An entirely mechanical [[coin operated]] vending machine at a hotel |
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[[File:Vendstar3000.JPG|right|thumb|A bulk candy machine]] |
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File:SCTD TIM ticket machine.jpg|A [[ticket machine]] that operates by turning a [[Crank (mechanism)|crank]] |
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{{Main article|Bulk vending|Gumball machine}} |
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Image:Bahnautomat.jpg|Pushbutton and [[touch screen]] [[ticket machine]]s in Germany |
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File:Vending machine movie hd.ogv|right|thumb|Filling and servicing a vending machine |
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</gallery> |
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==Common vending machines== |
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The profit margins in the [[bulk candy]] business can be quite high – [[Chewing gum|gumball]]s, for instance, can be purchased in bulk for 2 cents a piece and sold for 25 cents in the US. Gumballs and candy have a relatively long shelf life, enabling vending machine operators to manage many machines without too much time or cost involved. In addition, the machines are typically inexpensive compared to soft drink or snack machines, which often require power and sometimes refrigeration to work. Many operators donate a percentage of the profits to charity so that locations will allow them to place the machines for free. |
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===Change machine=== |
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A [[change machine]] is a vending machine that accepts large denominations of [[currency]] and returns an equal amount of currency in smaller bills or coins. Typically these machines are used to provide coins in exchange for paper currency, in which case they are also often known as bill changers. |
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===Cigarette vending=== |
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Bulk vending may be a more practical choice than soft drink/snack vending for an individual who also works a full-time job, since the restaurants, retail stores, and other locations suitable for bulk vending may be more likely to be open during the evening and on weekends than venues such as offices that host soft drink and snack machines. |
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{{seealso|Cigarette machine}} |
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[[File:Korea tobacco vendor 02.JPG|thumb|A [[cigarette machine]] in South Korea]] |
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==Cigarette vending== |
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In the past, [[cigarette]]s were commonly sold in the United States through these machines, but this is increasingly rare due to concerns about underage buyers.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Sometimes a pass has to be inserted in the machine to prove one's age before a purchase can be made. In the United Kingdom, legislation banning them outright came into effect on 1 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cigarette vending machines banned in England|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15132529|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref> In Germany, Austria, Italy, [[Czech Republic]] and Japan, [[cigarette machine]]s are still common. |
In the past, [[cigarette]]s were commonly sold in the United States through these machines, but this is increasingly rare due to concerns about underage buyers.{{citation needed|date=May 2015}} Sometimes a pass has to be inserted in the machine to prove one's age before a purchase can be made. In the United Kingdom, legislation banning them outright came into effect on 1 October 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cigarette vending machines banned in England|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15132529|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=16 May 2014}}</ref> In Germany, Austria, Italy, [[Czech Republic]] and Japan, [[cigarette machine]]s are still common. |
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Since 2007, however, age verification has been mandatory in Germany and Italy - buyers must be 18 or over. The various machines installed in pubs and cafés, other publicly accessible buildings and on the street accept one or more of the following as proof of age: the buyer's identity card, bank debit card (smart card) or European Union driver's license. |
Since 2007, however, age verification has been mandatory in Germany and Italy - buyers must be 18 or over. The various machines installed in pubs and cafés, other publicly accessible buildings and on the street accept one or more of the following as proof of age: the buyer's identity card, bank debit card (smart card) or European Union driver's license. In Japan, age verification has been mandatory since 1 July 2008 via the [[Taspo]] card, issued only to persons aged 20 or over. The Taspo card uses RFID, stores monetary value, and is contactless. |
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===Birth control and condom vending machines=== |
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A birth control machine is a vending machine for the sale of [[birth control]], such as [[condom]]s or [[emergency contraception]]. Condom machines are often placed in public toilets, subway stations, airports or schools as a [[public health]] measure to promote [[safe sex]]. Many pharmacies also keep one outside, for after-hours access. Rare examples exist that dispense [[female condom]]s<ref name=fem>{{cite web|url=http://www.thebody.com/cdc/news_updates_archive/mar14_02/france_condoms.html|title = First Female Condom Machine Is Launched in France|accessdate=2007-03-25}}</ref> or the morning after pill.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Holcombe|first1=Madeline|title=A vending machine at the UC Davis campus dispenses Plan B pills|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/21/health/davis-plan-b-machine-trnd/index.html|accessdate=6 June 2017|publisher=CNN.com|date=21 April 2017}}</ref> |
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===Food and snack vending machines=== |
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[[File:HK Sunday night West Kln Promenade Food Vending Machine 小食 01.JPG|thumb|upright|A [[snack|snack food]] vending machine in [[Hong Kong]]]] |
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Various types of food and [[snack]] vending machines exist in the world. Food vending machines that provide shelf-stable foods such as chips, cookies, cakes and other such snacks are common. Some food vending machines are refrigerated, such as for chilled soft drinks, and some machines provide hot food. Some unique food vending machines exist that are specialized and less common, such as the [[French fry vending machine]] and hot pizza vending machines, such as [[Let's Pizza]]. |
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====Bulk candy and gumball vending==== |
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{{Main article|Bulk vending|Gumball machine}} |
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[[File:Vendstar3000.JPG|left|thumb|[[Bulk vending]]: a bulk candy machine]] |
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The profit margins in the bulk candy business can be quite high – [[Chewing gum|gumballs]], for instance, can be purchased in bulk for around 2 cents per piece and sold for 25 cents in [[gumball machine]]s in the U.S., and other countries. Gumballs and candy have a relatively long shelf life, enabling vending machine operators to manage many machines without too much time or cost involved. In addition, the machines are typically inexpensive compared to soft drink or snack machines, which often require power and sometimes refrigeration to work. Many operators donate a percentage of the profits to charity so that locations will allow them to place the machines for free. |
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[[Bulk vending]] may be a more practical choice than soft drink/snack vending for an individual who also works a full-time job, since the restaurants, retail stores, and other locations suitable for bulk vending may be more likely to be open during the evening and on weekends than venues such as offices that host soft drink and snack machines. |
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In Japan, age verification has been mandatory since 1 July 2008 via the [[Taspo]] card, issued only to persons aged 20 or over. The Taspo card uses RFID, stores monetary value, and is contactless. |
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{{-}} |
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==Full-line vending== |
====Full-line vending==== |
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[[Image:Vending machines at hospital.jpg|thumb|A [[Full-line vending|full line of vending machines]] in a hospital cafeteria, including machines for drinks, snacks, and microwaveable foods]] |
[[Image:Vending machines at hospital.jpg|thumb|A [[Full-line vending|full line of vending machines]] in a hospital cafeteria, including machines for drinks, snacks, and microwaveable foods]] |
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{{Main article|Full-line vending}} |
{{Main article|Full-line vending}} |
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A full-line vending company may set up several types of vending machines that sell a wide range of products. Products may include candy, cookies, chips, fresh fruit, milk, cold food, coffee and other hot drinks, bottles, cans of soda, and even frozen products like ice cream. These products can be sold from machines that include hot coffee, snack, cold food, 20-oz. bottle machines, and glass-front bottle machines.<ref name="Billboard p. 77">{{cite book | title=Billboard | publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cxgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT77 | language=de | access-date=June 6, 2017 | page=77}}</ref> In the United States, almost all machines accept bills with more and more machines accepting $5 bills. This is an advantage to the vendor because it virtually eliminates the need for a [[change machine|bill changer]]. Larger corporations with cafeterias will often request full line vending with food service. |
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===Newspaper vending machine=== |
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A full-line vending company may set up several types of vending machines that sell a wide range of products. Products may include candy, cookies, chips, fresh fruit, milk, cold food, coffee and other hot drinks, bottles, cans of soda, and even frozen products like ice cream. These products can be sold from machines that include coffee, snack, cold food, 20-oz. bottle machines, and glass-front bottle machines. In the United States, almost all machines accept bills with more and more machines accepting $5 bills. This is an advantage to the vendor because it virtually eliminates the need for a [[change machine|bill changer]]. Larger corporations with cafeterias will often request full line vending with food service. |
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A [[newspaper vending machine]] or newspaper rack is a vending machine designed to distribute newspapers.<ref>{{cite book | title=Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office | publisher=The Office | issue=v. 157 | year=1910 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QV6MZdRx3QcC&pg=PA453 | access-date=June 6, 2017 | page=453}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Billboard | publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=PEUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA104 | access-date=June 6, 2017 | page=104}}</ref> Newspaper vending machines are used worldwide, and they can be one of the main distribution methods for newspaper publishers. According to the [[News Media Alliance|Newspaper Association of America]], in recent times in the United States, circulation via newspaper vending machines has dropped significantly: in 1996, around 46% of single-sale newspapers were sold in newspaper boxes, and in 2014, only 20% of newspapers were sold in the boxes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2016/01/15/decline-newspaper-boxes-407158.html|title=As print journalism declines, fate of sidewalk newspaper boxes is unclear|first=Max Kutner On 12/20/15 at 10:32|last=AM|date=20 December 2015|website=Newsweek|accessdate=6 June 2017}}</ref> |
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===Photo booth=== |
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[[File:Photo Booth-1.jpg|thumb|A [[photo booth]] at a hotel]] |
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{{globalize|date=September 2009}} |
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A [[photo booth]] is a vending machine or modern [[kiosk]] that contains an automated, usually [[currency detector|coin-operated]], camera and film processor.<ref>{{cite book | last=Saunders | first=R.H. | title=American Faces: A Cultural History of Portraiture and Identity | publisher=University Press of New England | series=UPCC book collections on Project MUSE | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-61168-893-1 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RouhDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 | access-date=June 5, 2017 | page=48}}</ref><ref name="DPICT 2000">{{cite book | title=DPICT: The New Magazine of Camera Culture | publisher=CC Pub. Limited | issue=nos. 5-7 | year=2000 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RlVWAAAAMAAJ | access-date=June 5, 2017 | page=4}}</ref> Today, the vast majority of photo booths are digital.<ref name="DPICT 2000"/> Traditionally, photo booths contain a seat or bench designed to seat the one or two patrons being photographed. The seat is typically surrounded by a curtain of some sort to allow for some privacy and help avoid outside interference during the photo session. Once the payment is made, the photo booth will take a series of photographs and the customer is then provided with prints. Older photo booth vending machines used film and involved the process of developing the film using liquid chemicals. |
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[[Image:live bait vending machine Brighton Recreation Area.JPG|thumb|A live [[Bait machine|bait vending machine]]]] |
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[[File:2012-08 Fahrradschlauchautomat anagoria.JPG|thumb|Vending machine for bicycle tubes in Berlin, Germany]] |
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[[File:Kunstautomat.jpg|thumb|Vending machine for art]] |
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===Stamp vending machine=== |
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From the 1950s until the 1970s, vending machines were used at American airports to sell [[life insurance]] policies covering death, in the event that the buyer's flight crashed. However, this practice gradually disappeared due to the tendency of American courts to strictly construe such policies against their sellers, such as the Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York (which later became part of [[CNA Financial]]).<ref name="vend">[http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C2/58C2d862.htm Steven v. Fidelity & Casualty Co.] (1962) 58 C2d 862</ref> |
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{{seealso|Stamp vending machines in the United Kingdom}} |
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A stamp vending machine is a mechanical, electrical or electro-mechanical device which can be used to automatically vend [[postage stamp]]s to users in exchange for a pre-determined amount of money, normally in coin. |
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===Ticket machines=== |
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From 2000-2010, specialization of vending machines became more common. Vending extended increasingly into non-traditional areas like electronics, or even artwork<ref>{{cite web|title=Le collectif européen d'artistes mixed-médias UCD – Un certain détachement propose des multiples d'art au travers de distributeurs automatiques|url=http://www.uncertaindetachement.com/ucd/|publisher=UCD|accessdate=16 May 2014|language=French}}</ref> or short stories.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bock|first1=Pauline|title=How a City in France Got the World’s First Short-Story Vending Machines|url=http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/how-a-city-in-france-got-the-worlds-first-short-story-vending-machines?mbid=rss|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=January 2016}}</ref> Machines of this new category are generally called [[Automated Retail]] kiosks. The trend of specialization and proliferation of vending machines is perhaps most apparent in Japan where vending machines sell products from toilet paper to hot meals and pornography, and there is 1 vending machine per 23 people.<ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2010.html "Vending machines"]. [http://www.japan-guide.com Japan-guide.com]. Retrieved June 2011.</ref> |
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A [[ticket machine]] is a vending machine that produces [[Ticket (admission)|tickets]]. For instance, ticket machines dispense [[train ticket]]s at [[railway station]]s, [[Fare|transit tickets]] at [[metro station]]s and tram tickets at some [[tram stop]]s and in some trams.<ref name="Billboard p. 107">{{cite book | title=Billboard | publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc. | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8hkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT107 | language=de | access-date=June 6, 2017 | page=107}}</ref><ref name="Faulkner Finlay Detienne 2012 p. 293">{{cite book | last=Faulkner | first=X. | last2=Finlay | first2=J. | last3=Detienne | first3=F. | title=People and Computers XVI - Memorable Yet Invisible: Proceedings of HCI 2002 | publisher=Springer London | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-4471-0105-5 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0o3qBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA293 | access-date=June 6, 2017 | page=293}}</ref><ref name="Publishing 2013 p. 308">{{cite book | last=Publishing | first=DK | title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: Switzerland | publisher=DK Publishing | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-4654-1359-8 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aQ7yAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308 | access-date=June 6, 2017 | page=308}}</ref> The typical transaction consists of a user using the display interface to select the type and quantity of tickets and then choosing a payment method of either [[cash]], [[Credit card|credit]]/[[debit card]] or [[Smart card|smartcard]].<ref name="Publishing 2013 p. 308"/> The ticket or tickets are then printed and dispensed to the user.<ref name="Publishing 2013 p. 308"/> |
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===Gallery=== |
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<gallery mode=nolines class="center" caption="Common vending machines" widths="210px" heights="160px"> |
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File:Change Machine Glory Model in Japan.jpg|A [[change machine]] in Japan |
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File:Durex Condom vending machine in Narbonne.jpg|A [[condom]] vending machine in [[Narbonne]], France |
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File:Gumballs (49274679).jpg|[[Gumball machine]]s |
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Image:WZ Zeitungsautomat.jpg|A [[newspaper vending machine]] |
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File:Cabine automatique de photographie.JPG|A [[photo booth]] in [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada |
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File:Stamp vending machine (Poste Vaticane).jpg|The [[Postage stamp|stamp]] vending machine of the [[Holy See|Vatican]] Postal Service |
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File:WuKaiShaStation-TicketMachines.png|[[Ticket machine]]s in [[Wu Kai Sha Station]] of [[Hong Kong]]'s [[MTR]] |
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</gallery> |
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==Specialized vending machines== |
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From 2000-2010, the specialization of vending machines became more common. Vending extended increasingly into non-traditional areas like electronics, or even artwork<ref>{{cite web|title=Le collectif européen d'artistes mixed-médias UCD – Un certain détachement propose des multiples d'art au travers de distributeurs automatiques|url=http://www.uncertaindetachement.com/ucd/|publisher=UCD|accessdate=16 May 2014|language=French}}</ref> or short stories.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bock|first1=Pauline|title=How a City in France Got the World’s First Short-Story Vending Machines|url=http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/how-a-city-in-france-got-the-worlds-first-short-story-vending-machines?mbid=rss|accessdate=22 January 2016|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=January 2016}}</ref> Machines of this new category are generally called [[Automated retail]] kiosks. When using an automated retail machine, consumers select products, sometimes using a [[touchscreen]] interface, pay for purchases using a credit or debit card and then the product is dispensed, sometimes via an internal robotic arm in the machine.<ref name="Johnson 2005">{{cite web | last=Johnson | first=Bary Alyssa | title=Zoom Systems Offers iPod Vending Machines | website=PC Magazine | date=October 24, 2005 | url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1876717,00.asp | access-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref> The trend of specialization and proliferation of vending machines is perhaps most apparent in Japan where vending machines sell products from toilet paper to hot meals and pornography, and there is 1 vending machine per 23 people.<ref>[http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2010.html "Vending machines"]. [http://www.japan-guide.com Japan-guide.com]. Retrieved June 2011.</ref> |
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===Automobile vending machine=== |
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In November 2013 online auto retailer, [[Carvana]], opened the first car vending machine in the U.S. located in [[Atlanta]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Carvana opens used car vending machine in Atlanta|url=http://www.foxnews.com/auto/2013/12/02/carvana-opens-used-car-vending-machine-in-atlanta.html|publisher=FoxNews.com|accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref> In late 2016 a car vending machine, 15 stories high containing 60 cars, dispensing Ferrari's and Lamborghini's opened in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/05/16/news/sports-car-vending-machine-singapore/index.html |title=This 150-foot-tall 'vending machine' will serve you a Ferrari |publisher=CNN |date=16 May 2017}}</ref> |
In November 2013 online auto retailer, [[Carvana]], opened the first car vending machine in the U.S. located in [[Atlanta]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Carvana opens used car vending machine in Atlanta|url=http://www.foxnews.com/auto/2013/12/02/carvana-opens-used-car-vending-machine-in-atlanta.html|publisher=FoxNews.com|accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref> In late 2016 a car vending machine, 15 stories high containing 60 cars, dispensing Ferrari's and Lamborghini's opened in Singapore.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/05/16/news/sports-car-vending-machine-singapore/index.html |title=This 150-foot-tall 'vending machine' will serve you a Ferrari |publisher=CNN |date=16 May 2017}}</ref> |
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===Bait vending machine=== |
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==In schools== |
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[[File:live bait vending machine Brighton Recreation Area.JPG|thumb|upright|A live [[Bait machine|bait vending machine]]]] |
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{{see also|Obesity in the United States}} |
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A [[bait machine]] is a vending machine that dispenses live [[fishing bait]], such as worms and crickets, for fishing.<ref name="Houston Chronicle 2017">{{cite web | title=Fishing bait vending machine in Texas is among most convenient things found at San Leon gas station | website=Houston Chronicle | date=May 31, 2017 | url=http://www.chron.com/news/strange-weird/article/Fishing-bait-vending-machine-in-Texas-11186381.php | access-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref><ref name="DeANGELIS 2015">{{cite web | last=DeAgelis | first=Martin | title=Odd hours, bait vending machines: How to please striper anglers | website=Press of Atlantic City | date=November 9, 2015 | url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/business/odd-hours-bait-vending-machines-how-to-please-striper-anglers/article_93fcd77c-859a-11e5-b35f-0f722a41ab84.html | access-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref> |
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{{globalize|section|date=May 2015}} |
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In the United States, under pressure from parents and anti-obesity advocates, many school districts moved to ban [[soft drink]]s, junk foods, and candy from vending machines and cafeterias.<ref>{{cite web|title = Soda Ban Means Change at Schools|url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/03/AR2006050302399_pf.html|first1 = Mary|last1 = Otto|first2 = Lori|last2 = Aratani|work = The Washington Post|date = 4 May 2006|accessdate = 8 March 2008}}</ref> State legislators in California, for example, passed laws banning the sale of machine-dispensed snacks and drinks in elementary schools in 2003, despite objections by the California-Nevada Soft Drink Association. The state followed more recently with legislation to prohibit their soda sales in high schools starting 1 July 2009, with the shortfall in school revenue to be compensated by an increase in funding for school lunch programs.<ref>{{cite web|title = State high school soda ban expected on books by 2009|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/22/SODA.TMP|first = Stacy|last = Finz|date = 22 May 2006|accessdate = 8 March 2008|work = San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> A similar law passed by the [[Connecticut General Assembly]] in June 2005 was vetoed by [[Governor of Connecticut|governor]] [[Jodi Rell]], who stated the legislation "undermines the control and responsibility of parents with school-aged children."<ref>{{citation|title = Rell Vetoes Junk-Food Limit in Connecticut's Public Schools|first = Alison Leigh|last = Cowan|date = 15 June 2005|accessdate = 30 November 2009|work = The New York Times|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/15/nyregion/15junk.html}}</ref> |
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===Book vending machine=== |
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In schools, healthier vending options have gained popularity in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-57491896-10391704/school-vending-machine-laws-would-help-kids-lose-weight-study-shows/|title=School vending machine laws would help kids lose weight, study shows|date=13 August 2012|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grbj.com/articles/75826-healthier-snacks-from-smarter-machines|title=Healthier snacks from smarter machines|last=Daly|first=Pete|date=29 December 2012|work=Grand Rapids Business Journal|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref> Such "healthy vending machines" are marketed as allowing students to perform better in addition to better health. |
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Book vending machines dispense books, which may be full-sized.<ref name="Segrave 2002 p. 262">{{cite book | last=Segrave | first=K. | title=Vending Machines: An American Social History | publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers | year=2002 | isbn=978-0-7864-8159-0 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=iCSqgzfy38QC&pg=PA262 | access-date=June 6, 2017 | page=262}}</ref><ref name="Office 1938">{{cite book | last=Office | first=Canada. Patent | title=The Canadian Patent Office Record and Register of Copyrights and Trade Marks | publisher=Patent Office | issue=v. 66, nos. 5-8 | year=1938 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8QqY_B9uu9IC | access-date=June 6, 2017|page=2025}}</ref> Some libraries use book vending machines.<ref name="Nicholson 2017 p. 120">{{cite book | last=Nicholson | first=K. | title=Innovation in Public Libraries: Learning from International Library Practice | publisher=Elsevier Science | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-08-101296-3 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AvElDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120 | access-date=June 6, 2017 | pages=120–121}}</ref> [[GoLibrary]] is a book lending vending machine used by libraries in Sweden and the U.S. state of California.<ref>[http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2008/02/public-services/in-california-a-new-atm-for-books-debuts/ In California, a New ATM for Books Debuts]. Lynn Blumenstein. ''Library Journal''. 26-02-2008. Retrieved 07-05-2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6674915.html The California State Library GoLibrary Project uses automated materials vending to aid underserved populations in new ways]. Susan Kantor-Horning. ''Library Journal''. 15-08-2009. Retrieved 07-05-2011.</ref> |
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===French fry vending machine=== |
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There has been debate over schools providing [[condom]]s for student use, possibly through a vending machine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-08-06/schools-urged-to-install-free-condom-machines/934724|title=Schools urged to install free condom machines|last=Simmons|first=Amy|date=6 August 2010|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref> In late 2012, 22 public high schools in [[Philadelphia]] installed vending machines providing free [[condom]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2253114/Philadelphia-installs-condom-dispensers-22-public-schools-battle-epidemic-sexually-transmitted-diseases.html|title=Philadelphia installs condom dispensers in 22 public schools to battle 'epidemic' of sexually transmitted diseases |last=Peterson|first=Hayley|date=25 December 2012|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref> |
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A [[French fry vending machine]] is a vending machine that dispenses hot French fries,<ref name="Cushing 2013"/><ref name="Fuhrmeister 2015"/><ref name="Taylor 2015"/> also known as chips. The first known french fry vending machine was developed circa 1982 by the defunct Precision Fry Foods Pty Ltd. in Australia.<ref name="Rural 2015"/> A few companies have developed and manufactured French fry vending machines and prototypes. Furthermore, a prototype machine was also developed at Wageningen University in the Netherlands.<ref name="Cushing 2013"/><ref name="Fuhrmeister 2015"/> |
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===Pizza vending machine=== |
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[[Image:Snack machine 3538.JPG|thumb|left|A typical American snack vending machine]] |
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[[File:Hot pizza vending machine.jpg|thumb|upright|A vending machine in [[Carpi, Emilia-Romagna|Carpi]], Italy that dispenses hot [[pizza]]]] |
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[[Let's Pizza]] is the name of a vending machine that makes fresh [[pizza]] from scratch.<ref name="Harris 2014">{{cite web | last=Harris | first=Jenn | title=This pizza vending machine bakes fresh, not frozen pies, in less than 3 minutes | website=latimes.com | date=April 4, 2014 | url=http://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-dd-lets-pizza-vending-machine-bakes-fresh-not-frozen-pizza-3-minutes-20140404-story.html | access-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref> It was developed in 2009 by Italian company Sitos srl.<ref name="Harris 2014"/><ref name="Tagliabue 2009">{{cite web | last=Tagliabue | first=John | title=In Italy, a Vending Machine Even Makes the Pizza | website=The New York Times | date=March 14, 2009 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/14/business/worldbusiness/14vend.html | access-date=June 6, 2017}}</ref> The machine combines water, flour, tomato sauce, and fresh ingredients to make a pizza in approximately three minutes.<ref name="Harris 2014"/> It includes windows so customers can watch the pizza as it is made.<ref>{{cite news |title=The one and only pizza-making vending machine |url=http://www.thegate.ca/blog/020363/the-one-and-only-pizza-making-vending-machine/ |work=[[TheGATE.ca]] |first=W. Andrew |last=Powell |accessdate=5 March 2014}}</ref> The pizza is cooked in an [[infrared]] oven. The device was invented by Claudio Torghele, an entrepreneur in [[Rovereto]], [[Italy]].<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Tagliabue |coauthors= |title=In Italy, a Vending Machine Even Makes the Pizza |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/14/business/worldbusiness/14vend.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |publisher= |date=2009-03-13 |accessdate=2011-07-11 }}</ref> The vending machine began in Italy and is now spreading into the United Kingdom and becoming popular there.<ref name=Home>{{cite web|title=Home|url=http://www.letspizza.co.uk/home.html|publisher=Let's Pizza|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref> |
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===Life insurance=== |
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[[File:Stamp vending machine (Poste Vaticane).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Postage stamp|stamp]] vending machine of the [[Holy See|Vatican]] Postal Service]] |
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{{seealso|Travel insurance}} |
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From the 1950s until the 1970s, vending machines were used at American airports to sell [[life insurance]] policies covering death, in the event that the buyer's flight crashed.<ref name="ABA Journal p. 472">{{cite book | title=ABA Journal | publisher=American Bar Association | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Okt_JPJ6bYgC&pg=PA472 | access-date=June 6, 2017 | page=472}}</ref> However, this practice gradually disappeared due to the tendency of American courts to strictly construe such policies against their sellers, such as the Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York (which later became part of [[CNA Financial]]).<ref name="vend">[http://online.ceb.com/calcases/C2/58C2d862.htm Steven v. Fidelity & Casualty Co.] (1962) 58 C2d 862</ref> |
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===Marijuana vending machine=== |
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==Coin fraud== |
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A [[marijuana vending machine]] is a vending machine for selling or dispensing [[cannabis]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Seattle gets a marijuana vending machine | website=USA TODAY | date=February 4, 2015 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/02/04/seattle-pot-vending-machine/22817375/ | access-date=June 5, 2017}}</ref> As of the 2010s, they are in use in the United States<ref>{{cite web | title=Seattle gets a marijuana vending machine | website=USA Today | date=February 4, 2015 | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2015/02/04/seattle-pot-vending-machine/22817375/ | access-date=June 5, 2017}}</ref> and Canada.<ref>{{cite web | last=McElroy | first=Justin | title=Vancouver dispensary, home to Canada’s first marijuana vending machine, vows to stay open | website=Global News | date=April 27, 2016 | url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2666093/vancouver-dispensary-home-to-canadas-first-marijuana-vending-machine-vows-to-stay-open/ | access-date=June 5, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Marijuana easily 'dispensed' in Vancouver, fifth estate finds | website=CBC News | date=February 2, 2015 | url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/medical-marijuana-easily-dispensed-in-vancouver-1.2938574 | access-date=June 5, 2017}}</ref> |
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{{expand section|date=September 2016}} |
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The 2 euro coin is similar in size to the 10 [[baht]] coin (worth only €0.25).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchamsterdam.nl/2375-amsterdam-flooded-with-thai-currency|title=City flooded with virtually worthless Thai currency - DutchAmsterdam.com|date=25 August 2012|publisher=}}</ref> Some vending machines used to accept this coin as 2 euro. They have since been upgraded and will not accept it anymore. |
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===Mold-A-Rama=== |
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[[Image:Bahnautomat.jpg|thumb|left|Pushbutton and [[touch screen]] [[ticket machine]]s in Germany]] |
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The [[Mold-A-Rama]] is a brand name for a type of vending machine that makes [[blow molding|blow-molded]] plastic [[figurine]]s. Mold-A-Rama machines debuted in late 1962 <ref>{{cite news |first=Martin |last=Rossman |title=Machine Molds Items While Customer Waits |work=Los Angeles Times |date=October 29, 1962 |page=B8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Keilson Puts in Molding Units |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA53 |work=Billboard |date=May 4, 1963 |page=53 }}</ref> and grew in prominence at the [[1964 New York World's Fair]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Mold-Rama Draws 'Em |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OSAEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA43 |work=Billboard |date=December 12, 1964 |page=43 }}</ref> The machines can still be found operating in dozens of museums and zoos.<ref>{{cite news |first=Eric |last=Benderoff |title=Old Technology Proves a Modern-Day Classic |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-09-04/business/0609040017_1_mold-field-museum-rama |work=Chicago Tribune |date=September 4, 2006 |accessdate=August 20, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johnson |first=Steve |date=August 17, 2016 |title=Smelly, Plastic and Nostalgic, Mold-A-Rama Celebrates 50th Birthday at Brookfield Zoo |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/ct-mold-a-rama-50th-birthday-20160817-story.html |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |access-date=August 18, 2016}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Redbox Kiosk.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Redbox]] DVD vending machine]] |
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[[File:Stamp vending machines in the London Heathrow Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Postage stamp|Stamp]] vending machine in the [[London Heathrow Airport]]]] |
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[[File:Vendtxt Vending.jpg|thumb|right|Selling mobile technology]] |
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<gallery mode=nolines class="center" caption="Specialized vending machines" widths="180" heights="200px"> |
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==Individual countries== |
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File:Kunstautomat.jpg|A vending machine for art |
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File:2012-08 Fahrradschlauchautomat anagoria.JPG|A vending machine for [[Bicycle tire|bicycle tire tubes]] in Berlin, Germany |
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File:French fry vending machine.jpg|A [[French fry vending machine]] in Valenciennes, France |
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File:Libraryagogo.jpeg|A [[GoLibrary|Library-a-Go-Go]] vending machine |
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File:Mold-A-Rama-01.jpg|A [[Mold-A-Rama]] machine at the Pacific Science Center in Seattle, Washington |
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</gallery> |
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== |
==In schools== |
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{{globalize|section|date=May 2015}} |
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It is estimated that there are about 100 thousand vending machines in Brazil, selling many different products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,investimento-em-maquina-automatica-exige-cautela-imp-,1065880|title=Investimento em máquina automática exige cautela - Economia - Estadão|publisher=}}</ref> |
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===United States=== |
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{{see also|Obesity in the United States}} |
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[[Image:Snack machine 3538.JPG|thumb|A typical American snack vending machine]] |
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In the United States, under pressure from parents and anti-obesity advocates, many school districts moved to ban [[soft drink]]s, junk foods and candy from vending machines and cafeterias.<ref>{{cite web|title = Soda Ban Means Change at Schools|url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/03/AR2006050302399_pf.html|first1 = Mary|last1 = Otto|first2 = Lori|last2 = Aratani|work = The Washington Post|date = 4 May 2006|accessdate = 8 March 2008}}</ref> State legislators in California, as a result, passed laws in 2003 banning the sale of machine-dispensed snacks and drinks in elementary schools, despite objections and lobbying by the California-Nevada Soft Drink Association. The state followed with legislation to prohibit soda sales in high schools starting 1 July 2009, with the shortfall in school revenue to be compensated by an increase in funding for school lunch programs.<ref>{{cite web|title = State high school soda ban expected on books by 2009|url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/05/22/SODA.TMP|first = Stacy|last = Finz|date = 22 May 2006|accessdate = 8 March 2008|work = San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref> A similar law passed by the [[Connecticut General Assembly]] in June 2005 was vetoed by [[Governor of Connecticut|governor]] [[Jodi Rell]], who stated the legislation "undermines the control and responsibility of parents with school-aged children."<ref>{{citation|title = Rell Vetoes Junk-Food Limit in Connecticut's Public Schools|first = Alison Leigh|last = Cowan|date = 15 June 2005|accessdate = 30 November 2009|work = The New York Times|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/15/nyregion/15junk.html}}</ref> |
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Food and beverage companies spend on average $150 million each year advertising in U.S. schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.cnbc.com/2014/02/26/the-loophole-in-new-school-junk-food-ad-bans.html|title = The loophole in new school junk food ad bans|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> Many of the drinks and foods are advertised and made available through vending machines. Even with regulations on what types of foods are allowed to be sold and marketed, the food and drink companies are still able to advertise their brand to students.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.nydailynews.com/news/politics/michelle-obama-announces-new-rules-advertising-junk-food-schools-article-1.1701140|title = Michelle Obama announces new rules for advertising junk food at schools|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> In schools, healthier vending options have gained popularity in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-504763_162-57491896-10391704/school-vending-machine-laws-would-help-kids-lose-weight-study-shows/|title=School vending machine laws would help kids lose weight, study shows|date=13 August 2012|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grbj.com/articles/75826-healthier-snacks-from-smarter-machines|title=Healthier snacks from smarter machines|last=Daly|first=Pete|date=29 December 2012|work=Grand Rapids Business Journal|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref> Such healthy vending machines are marketed as allowing students to perform better in addition to having better health. |
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===Europe=== |
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In Europe there are approximately 3.7 million vending machines, according to the latest [[European Vending Association]] market report. The majority of European vending machines are hot drinks machines, with the industry in Europe employing directly more than 85,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vending-europe.eu|title=WELCOME TO THE EUROPEAN VENDING ASSOCIATION|first=|last=www.artwhere.be|publisher=}}</ref> |
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There has been debate over schools providing [[condom]]s for student use, possibly through vending machines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-08-06/schools-urged-to-install-free-condom-machines/934724|title=Schools urged to install free condom machines|last=Simmons|first=Amy|date=6 August 2010|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref> In late 2012, 22 public high schools in [[Philadelphia]] installed vending machines providing free [[condom]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2253114/Philadelphia-installs-condom-dispensers-22-public-schools-battle-epidemic-sexually-transmitted-diseases.html|title=Philadelphia installs condom dispensers in 22 public schools to battle 'epidemic' of sexually transmitted diseases |last=Peterson|first=Hayley|date=25 December 2012|work=Daily Mail|accessdate=2 January 2013}}</ref> |
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===China=== |
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Vending machines are known as automatic selling machines ({{zh|自動售賣機}}) in Chinese. |
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==By country== |
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While not as common as Korea and Japan, vending machines can be seen in public spaces all over China, most of which accept both bills and coins. |
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===Brazil=== |
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It is estimated that there are about 100,000 vending machines in Brazil, selling many different products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,investimento-em-maquina-automatica-exige-cautela-imp-,1065880|title=Investimento em máquina automática exige cautela - Economia - Estadão|publisher=}}</ref> |
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===China=== |
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Due to the late popularization, quite a number of vending machines are equipped with [[electronic money]] payment like [[Alipay]] and [[WeChat#WeChat_Pay_payment_services|WeChat Pay]], which are both popular in mainland China. Some vending machines placed in public transportation systems, like [[Wuhan Metro]], can accept RFID transportation cash cards too. |
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Vending machines are known as automatic selling machines ({{zh|自動售賣機}}) in Chinese. While not as common as Korea and Japan, vending machines can be seen in public spaces all over China, most of which accept both bills and coins. Due to the late popularization, quite a number of vending machines are equipped with [[electronic money]] payment like [[Alipay]] and [[WeChat#WeChat Pay payment services|WeChat Pay]], which are both popular in mainland China. Some vending machines placed in public transportation systems, like [[Wuhan Metro]], can accept RFID transportation cash cards too. |
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====Haikou==== |
====Haikou==== |
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[[File:Orange juice vending machine - 01.jpg| |
[[File:Orange juice vending machine - 01.jpg|thumb|upright|A fresh-squeezed orange juice vending machine in [[Haikou]], Hainan, China. This machine promises to squeeze 5 oranges for 10 [[RMB]] (about $1.60 USD in 2015)]] |
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In [[Haikou]], the capital of Hainan Province, beverage machines are more common than any other. These machines sell bottled water and soft drinks. Some specialty machines also exist in malls, such as those selling full-size, glass bottles of white and red grape wines and others selling fresh-squeezed orange juice. |
In [[Haikou]], the capital of Hainan Province, beverage machines are more common than any other. These machines sell bottled water and soft drinks. Some specialty machines also exist in malls, such as those selling full-size, glass bottles of white and red grape wines and others selling fresh-squeezed orange juice. |
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====Hong Kong==== |
====Hong Kong==== |
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Due to high labour cost and limited space, vending machines are common in Hong Kong. Majorities of the vending machines are in the public, with some in the shopping centres and schools. |
Due to high labour cost and limited space, vending machines are common in Hong Kong. Majorities of the vending machines are in the public, with some in the shopping centres and schools. The vending machines in Hong Kong allow the customer to pay by cash, credit cards and [[Octopus cards]], a type of [[smart card]]. The majority of vending machines in Hong Kong are stocked with drinks or snacks. Some vending machines are also stocked with cases and accessories for mobile phones and cameras, umbrellas, cosmetics, and so forth. The Hong Kong Post also has vending machines for selling stamps. In recent times new luxury vending machines were installed by Signifi Solutions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.signifi.com|title=Spotshop-Automated retail-vending kiosk|publisher=}}</ref> in Macau at a casino called Galaxy. The machines are used to redeem points for items such as electronics and other high cost items. |
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===Europe=== |
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The majority of vending machines in Hong Kong are stocked with drinks or snacks. Some vending machines are also stocked with cases and accessories for mobile phones and cameras, umbrellas, cosmetics, and so forth. |
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In Europe there are approximately 3.7 million vending machines, according to the latest [[European Vending Association]] market report. The majority of European vending machines are hot drinks machines, with the industry in Europe employing directly more than 85,000 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vending-europe.eu|title=WELCOME TO THE EUROPEAN VENDING ASSOCIATION|first=|last=www.artwhere.be|publisher=}}</ref> |
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The Hong Kong Post also has vending machines for selling stamps. |
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====Coin fraud==== |
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The vending machines in Hong Kong allow the customer to pay by cash, credit cards and [[Octopus cards]], a type of [[smart card]]. |
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The 2 euro coin is similar in size to the 10 [[baht]] coin (worth only €0.25).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dutchamsterdam.nl/2375-amsterdam-flooded-with-thai-currency|title=City flooded with virtually worthless Thai currency - DutchAmsterdam.com|date=25 August 2012|publisher=}}</ref> Some vending machines used to accept this coin as 2 euro. The machines have since been upgraded and will not accept it anymore. |
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During the early circulation of the Irish [[One pound (Irish coin)|one pound]] coin, many payphones and vending machines that had been changed to accept the £1 coin also accepted the Irish [[Penny (Irish pre-decimal coin)|old penny]] coin that circulated until 1971, which was almost identical in dimensions to the one pound coin. As a result, vending machine operators lost money, and they incurred further costs to alter the machines so as not to accept the pennies. |
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In recent times new luxury vending machines were installed by Signifi Solutions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.signifi.com|title=Spotshop-Automated retail-vending kiosk|publisher=}}</ref> in Macau at a casino called Galaxy. The machines are used to redeem points for items such as electronics and other high cost items. |
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=== |
===Hungary=== |
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The first Hungarian PPE vending machines were created in 2007 by Vendinvest Magyarország Kft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vedoeszkozautomatak.hu/|title=Vendinvest Magyarország Kft. Költségcsökkentés gombnyomásra védőeszköz automatákkal|first=LIW Intermedia -|last=liw.hu|publisher=}}</ref> |
The first Hungarian PPE vending machines were created in 2007 by Vendinvest Magyarország Kft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vedoeszkozautomatak.hu/|title=Vendinvest Magyarország Kft. Költségcsökkentés gombnyomásra védőeszköz automatákkal|first=LIW Intermedia -|last=liw.hu|publisher=}}</ref> |
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===India=== |
===India=== |
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Vending machines are not very common in India and are usually found only in major cities or along some national highways. Seaga India, a 100% subsidiary of the Seaga Group of USA, is the pioneer for bringing the concept of vending machines to India. Seaga India's machines are being used by the Delhi Metro, the state government, IT parks, factories, BPO, etc...<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/condom-vending-machines-in-india/126005.shtml |title=Condom Vending Machines in India |publisher=Merinews.com |date=18 August 2007 |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-12/guwahati/28683443_1_condom-vending-machines-camps-truck-drivers |title=Condom vending machines on NH-37 - Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref> |
Vending machines are not very common in India and are usually found only in major cities or along some national highways. Seaga India, a 100% subsidiary of the Seaga Group of USA, is the pioneer for bringing the concept of vending machines to India. Seaga India's machines are being used by the Delhi Metro, the state government, IT parks, factories, BPO, etc...<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/condom-vending-machines-in-india/126005.shtml |title=Condom Vending Machines in India |publisher=Merinews.com |date=18 August 2007 |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-12/guwahati/28683443_1_condom-vending-machines-camps-truck-drivers |title=Condom vending machines on NH-37 - Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref> Vending machines are used to sell snacks, beverages, condoms, public transit tickets, jewellery, and change for currency notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/condom-vending-machines-to-suit-shy-customers/477508/0 |title=Condom vending machines to suit shy customers |work=The Indian Express |date=17 June 2009 |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/now-buy-gold-via-vending-machines/864709/ |title=Now, buy gold via vending machines |work=The Indian Express |date=24 October 2011 |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-14/india/32674114_1_cvms-coin-vending-machines-zonal-railways |title=Railways to install coin vending machines - Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=14 July 2012 |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref> |
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Vending machines are used to sell snacks, beverages, condoms, public transit tickets, jewellery, and change for currency notes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/condom-vending-machines-to-suit-shy-customers/477508/0 |title=Condom vending machines to suit shy customers |work=The Indian Express |date=17 June 2009 |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/now-buy-gold-via-vending-machines/864709/ |title=Now, buy gold via vending machines |work=The Indian Express |date=24 October 2011 |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-14/india/32674114_1_cvms-coin-vending-machines-zonal-railways |title=Railways to install coin vending machines - Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=14 July 2012 |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref> |
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Several reasons have been attributed to the lack of success of vending machines in India. The availability of cheap labour makes operating stores or kiosks economical; customers lack of technical knowledge and feel uneasy using vending machines; a lack of machines that accept a wide variety of payment methods; vandalism, rough use, and poor maintenance of the machines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2012/03/a-vend-in-the-road-an-insight-into-the-vending-machine-market-and-the-neo-indian-consumer/ |title=A Vend in the Road: An Insight into the Vending Machine Market and the Neo-Indian Consumer |publisher=Youthkiawaaz.com |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref> However, vending machines are relatively new in India and analysts believe that usage will rise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dare.co.in/opportunities/services/the-business-of-vending-machines.htm |title=The Business of Vending Machines | DARE - Because Entrepreneurs Do | |publisher=DARE |date=30 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423081049/http://dare.co.in/opportunities/services/the-business-of-vending-machines.htm|archivedate=23 April 2012|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> |
Several reasons have been attributed to the lack of success of vending machines in India. The availability of cheap labour makes operating stores or kiosks economical; customers lack of technical knowledge and feel uneasy using vending machines; a lack of machines that accept a wide variety of payment methods; vandalism, rough use, and poor maintenance of the machines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youthkiawaaz.com/2012/03/a-vend-in-the-road-an-insight-into-the-vending-machine-market-and-the-neo-indian-consumer/ |title=A Vend in the Road: An Insight into the Vending Machine Market and the Neo-Indian Consumer |publisher=Youthkiawaaz.com |accessdate=3 January 2013}}</ref> However, vending machines are relatively new in India and analysts believe that usage will rise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dare.co.in/opportunities/services/the-business-of-vending-machines.htm |title=The Business of Vending Machines | DARE - Because Entrepreneurs Do | |publisher=DARE |date=30 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423081049/http://dare.co.in/opportunities/services/the-business-of-vending-machines.htm|archivedate=23 April 2012|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> |
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===Japan=== |
===Japan=== |
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[[Image:TokyoCigaretteVendingMachine.jpg|thumb|Cigarette vending machines in Tokyo, with a woman promoting the products]] |
[[Image:TokyoCigaretteVendingMachine.jpg|thumb|Cigarette vending machines in [[Tokyo]], with a woman promoting the products]] |
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Japan has the highest number of vending machines per capita, with about one machine for every twenty-three people.<ref>According to the [http://www.jvma.or.jp/information/qa_01.html Japan Vending Machine Manufactures Association] website, there are 5,582,200 vending machines in Japan, or one machine for every 23 people.</ref> |
Japan has the highest number of vending machines per capita, with about one machine for every twenty-three people.<ref>According to the [http://www.jvma.or.jp/information/qa_01.html Japan Vending Machine Manufactures Association] website, there are 5,582,200 vending machines in Japan, or one machine for every 23 people.</ref> In Japan, vending machines are known as {{nihongo3|automatic vending machine|自動販売機|jidō-hanbaiki|}}, often abbreviated informally to {{nihongo|''jihanki''|自販機}}. Vending machines are also commonly used in casual restaurants to sell meal tickets, similar to [[automat]]s: a customer purchases a meal ticket from a vending machine, then presents the ticket to a server, who then prepares and serves the meal. These are referred to as 食券機 (''shokkenki,'' "food ticket machine"). |
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In Japan, vending machines are known as {{nihongo3|automatic vending machine|自動販売機|jidō-hanbaiki|}}, often abbreviated informally to {{nihongo|''jihanki''|自販機}}. Vending machines are also commonly used in casual restaurants to sell meal tickets, similar to [[automat]]s: a customer purchases a meal ticket from a vending machine, then presents the ticket to a server, who then prepares and serves the meal. These are referred to as 食券機 (''shokkenki,'' "food ticket machine"). |
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Many vending machines in Japan no longer accept the old style [[500 yen coin]]s which were minted between 1982 and 2000 due to counterfeiting issues; since the 500 yen coin had a similar weight and exactly the same diameter and metal alloy as the 500 [[South Korean won]] coin, which at the time was one-tenth of the value, counterfeiters would often use modified 500 won coins in vending machines to make a profit.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TmeTAAAAIAAJ Nikkei Business, vol. 1019-1021]. 日経マグロウヒル社. page 359.</ref> |
Many vending machines in Japan no longer accept the old style [[500 yen coin]]s which were minted between 1982 and 2000 due to counterfeiting issues; since the 500 yen coin had a similar weight and exactly the same diameter and metal alloy as the 500 [[South Korean won]] coin, which at the time was one-tenth of the value, counterfeiters would often use modified 500 won coins in vending machines to make a profit.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TmeTAAAAIAAJ Nikkei Business, vol. 1019-1021]. 日経マグロウヒル社. page 359.</ref> |
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===Netherlands=== |
===Netherlands=== |
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[[Image:Snackomatic.jpg|thumb|A Dutch "automatiek"]] |
[[Image:Snackomatic.jpg|thumb|upright|A Dutch "automatiek"]] |
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A common feature of snack bars in the [[Netherlands]] is known as the ''automatiek'' or more commonly the ''automaat'' and is similar to an [[automat]]. It consists of a wall lined with coin-operated machines. Each has a vertical row of little windows, with a (usually hot) snack behind each, e.g., a [[croquette]], a [[frikandel]] or a hamburger. Usually the automatiek is part of a larger establishment and will sell a broader range of food and drinks not suitable for vending machines at a counter. Behind the machine is the kitchen where the snacks are prepared, with the little windows being re-supplied from the back. |
A common feature of snack bars in the [[Netherlands]] is known as the ''automatiek'' or more commonly the ''automaat'' and is similar to an [[automat]]. It consists of a wall lined with coin-operated machines. Each has a vertical row of little windows, with a (usually hot) snack behind each, e.g., a [[croquette]], a [[frikandel]] or a hamburger. Usually the automatiek is part of a larger establishment and will sell a broader range of food and drinks not suitable for vending machines at a counter. Behind the machine is the kitchen where the snacks are prepared, with the little windows being re-supplied from the back. |
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Automatieks may provide chairs for customers, but it is also common to have seating only for customers buying food at the counter. Sometimes the vending machines are in an outside wall, and no shelter is provided. |
Automatieks may provide chairs for customers, but it is also common to have seating only for customers buying food at the counter. Sometimes the vending machines are in an outside wall, and no shelter is provided. These vending machines are often located at railway stations or in busy shopping streets. |
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These vending machines are often located at railway stations or in busy shopping streets. |
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===South Africa=== |
===South Africa=== |
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In 2012, South African beverage company [[BOS Ice Tea]] installed a [[Twitter]]-activated vending machine in [[Cape Town]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter-Activated Vending Machine Launched In South Africa|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2012/06/19/twitter-activated-vending-machine-launched-in-south-africa/|accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref> |
In 2012, South African beverage company [[BOS Ice Tea]] installed a [[Twitter]]-activated vending machine in [[Cape Town]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twitter-Activated Vending Machine Launched In South Africa|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2012/06/19/twitter-activated-vending-machine-launched-in-south-africa/|accessdate=19 July 2015}}</ref> In 2013, advertising agency, Joe Public launched a marketing campaign for coffee roaster [[Douwe Egberts]]. They installed a vending machine powered by [[facial recognition system|facial recognition]] software at the [[OR Tambo International Airport]]. The software helped dispense free cups of coffee to anyone who yawned nearby.<ref>{{cite web|title=COFFEE BRAND POURS YOU A FREE CUP WHEN YOU YAWN|url=https://www.artifact.co.za/weblog/coffee-brand-pours-you-a-free-cup-when-you-yawn/|website=Artifact|publisher=Artifact Advertising|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coffee Brand Pours You a Free Cup When You Yawn at Its Vending Machine|url=http://www.adweek.com/creativity/coffee-brand-pours-you-free-cup-when-you-yawn-its-vending-machine-151401/|website=ADWEEK|publisher=Adweek|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref> |
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===Russia (formerly Soviet Union)=== |
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In 2013, advertising agency, Joe Public launched a marketing campaign for coffee roaster [[Douwe Egberts]]. They installed a vending machine powered by [[facial recognition system|facial recognition]] software at the [[OR Tambo International Airport]]. The software helped dispense free cups of coffee to anyone who yawned nearby.<ref>{{cite web|title=COFFEE BRAND POURS YOU A FREE CUP WHEN YOU YAWN|url=https://www.artifact.co.za/weblog/coffee-brand-pours-you-a-free-cup-when-you-yawn/|website=Artifact|publisher=Artifact Advertising|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Coffee Brand Pours You a Free Cup When You Yawn at Its Vending Machine|url=http://www.adweek.com/creativity/coffee-brand-pours-you-free-cup-when-you-yawn-its-vending-machine-151401/|website=ADWEEK|publisher=Adweek|accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref> |
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In the [[Soviet Union]], vending machines became more common after [[Nikita Khruschev]] visited the USA. On his order, many types of vending machines were designed.<ref>Bingo, [http://infovend.ru/2012/02/torgovyie-avtomatyi-ussr/ Торговые автоматы СССР], infovend.ru, 2 February 2012 {{ru icon}}</ref> Soft drink machines were popular in all Soviet cities. They were designed to dispense into a glass and equipped with a washing device.<ref>[http://gazirovka.15kop.ru Автомат AT101-M], gazirovka.15kop.ru, 2010, retrieved 9 May 2014 {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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<gallery mode=nolines class="center" widths="215px" heights="170px"> |
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=== Russia (formerly Soviet Union) === |
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File:USSR covers vending machine.jpg|A Soviet-era stamped covers vending machine at the Postal Museum in [[Moscow]], Russia |
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File:Nizhny-Novgorod-Soda-Fountains-0535.jpg|Two rare Soviet-style [[soda fountain]] vending machine at [[Nizhny Novgorod]], Russia, August 2007 |
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In the USSR, vending machines became more common after [[Nikita Khruschev]] visited the USA. On his order, many types of vending machines were designed.<ref>Bingo, [http://infovend.ru/2012/02/torgovyie-avtomatyi-ussr/ Торговые автоматы СССР], infovend.ru, 2 February 2012 {{ru icon}}</ref> Soft drink machines were popular in all Soviet cities. They were designed to dispense into a glass and equipped with a washing device.<ref>[http://gazirovka.15kop.ru Автомат AT101-M], gazirovka.15kop.ru, 2010, retrieved 9 May 2014 {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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</gallery> |
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===United States=== |
===United States=== |
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The [[United States]] is home to the most vending machines in the world, with over 6.9 million present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/16-things-you-didnt-know-about-vending-machines-in-japan-and-around-the-world|title=16 Things You Didn't Know About Vending Machines|publisher=}}</ref> They generally sell drinks and snacks, although many, especially in grocery stores, provide [[DVD]] and [[Blu-Ray]] rentals through services like [[Redbox]]. |
The [[United States]] is home to the most vending machines in the world, with over 6.9 million present.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/16-things-you-didnt-know-about-vending-machines-in-japan-and-around-the-world|title=16 Things You Didn't Know About Vending Machines|publisher=}}</ref> They generally sell drinks and snacks, although many, especially in grocery stores, provide [[DVD]] and [[Blu-Ray]] rentals through services like [[Redbox]]. |
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{{Clear}} |
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==Gallery== |
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===<center>Various vending machines</center>=== |
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<gallery mode=nolines class="center" widths="210px" heights="160px"> |
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File:Vending machine, Max Sielaff, Berlin, late 1800s, wood and iron - Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum - DSC04825.JPG|A vending machine constructed from wood and iron, designed by Max Sielaff, [[Berlin]], Germany, late 1800s |
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File:Battery vending machine (522410429).jpg|A [[Battery (electricity)|battery]] vending machine |
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File:Book vending machine 2011.jpg|A [[book]] vending machine |
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File:Kuala-Lumpur Malaysia Worlds-largest-capsule-vending-machine-02.jpg|The world's largest capsule vending machine, in [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia |
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File:First aid med-o-mat 24h munich 2010 09 28.JPG|A vending machine with [[first aid]] supplies, pregnancy tests, drug tests, and other items, in Munich, Germany |
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File:Gold ATM (8715002970).jpg|An ATM machine that dispenses [[gold]] |
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File:GrablichterAutomatFriedhofEttal.jpg|A [[grave candle]] vending machine |
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File:Image-vending-1.jpg|A vending machine in a restroom with [[hygiene]] products, in [[Katowice]], Poland |
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File:Stamp vending machines in the London Heathrow Airport.jpg|A [[Postage stamp|stamp]] vending machine in [[London Heathrow Airport]] |
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File:Simcard Vending Machine.JPG|A [[sim card]] vending machine in London Heathrow Airport |
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File:Charlottenburg Stuttgarter Platz Fixpunkt.JPG|A [[syringe]] vending machine in [[Charlottenburg]], [[Berlin]], Germany |
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File:チリ紙 (21764754558).jpg|A [[toilet paper]] vending machine |
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File:Touchscreen Vending Machine for computer accessories.jpg|A [[touchscreen]] vending machine for computer accessories |
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File:UmbrellaVendingMachine.jpg|An [[umbrella]] vending machine |
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</gallery> |
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===<center>Various food vending machines</center>=== |
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<gallery mode=nolines class="center" widths="210px" heights="160px"> |
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File:Distributeur automatique de pain à Mittainville en 2013 2.jpg|A [[bread]] vending machine in [[Mittainville]], France |
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File:Wringley's chewing gum vending machine.JPG|A [[chewing gum]] vending machine |
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File:Coffee machine.jpg|A [[coffee]] vending machine in [[Yerevan]], Armenia |
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File:2014-03-26 Keksautomat in Berlin anagoria.JPG|A [[cookie]] vending machine in Berlin, Germany |
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File:Crepe vending machine in Kagoshima.jpg|A [[crêpe]] vending machine in [[Kagoshima]], Japan |
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File:CUP NOODLE (9170265177).jpg|A [[Cup Noodle]] vending machine at [[Meiji Jingu Stadium|Jingu Stadium]], [[Shinjuku]], [[Tokyo]], Japan |
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File:Fish food vending machine (5315470091).jpg|A [[Aquarium fish feed|fish food]] vending machine at a park |
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File:Automatic Super Delice of FamilyMart in Nakamozu Station.JPG|Food and beverage vending machines |
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File:Hamburgers vending machine.jpg|A [[hamburger]] vending machine in Japan |
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File:Glico ice cream vending machine.jpg|An [[ice cream]] vending machine |
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File:Meat vending machine in Ljubljana.jpg|A [[meat]] vending machine in [[Ljubljana]], Slovenia |
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File:Vendingmachine.JPG|A [[snack|snack food]] vending machine |
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File:Vending Machine Restaurant in Tokyo, Japan (14377933671).jpg|A [[ticket machine]] to pre-purchase restaurant meals, in Tokyo |
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File:Udon vending machine.JPG|An [[udon]] noodle vending machine |
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File:Popcorn Vending machine in Tokyo.jpg|A [[popcorn]] vending machine in Tokyo |
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File:Vegetable vending machine.JPG|Vegetable vending machines in [[Kyoto]], Japan |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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<!-- New links in alphabetical order please --> |
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{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
{{div col|colwidth=30em}} |
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* [[Automat]] – a fast food restaurant where simple foods and drink are served by vending machines |
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* [[Automat]] |
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* [[Arcade game]] |
* [[Arcade game]] |
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* [[Automated charging machine]] |
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* [[Automated retailing]] |
* [[Automated retailing]] |
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* [[Automated retail]] |
* [[Automated retail]] |
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* [[ |
* [[ChargeBox]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Eu'Vend]] – a vending industry trade show |
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* [[ |
* [[Fortune teller machine]] |
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* [[Freedom Toaster]] |
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* [[Gashapon]] |
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* [[Gold to Go]] |
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* [[Gumball machine]] |
* [[Gumball machine]] |
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* [[Interactive kiosk]] |
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* [[Jukebox]] |
* [[Jukebox]] |
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* [[Kiddie ride]] |
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* [[Love tester machine]] |
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* [[Parking meter]] |
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* [[Reverse vending machine]] |
* [[Reverse vending machine]] |
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* [[Self-service]] |
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* [[Slot machine]] |
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* [[Slug (coin)]] |
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* [[Stamp vending machines in the United Kingdom]] |
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* [[Strength tester machine]] |
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* [[Telephone booth]] |
* [[Telephone booth]] |
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* [[Tower viewer]] |
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* [[Retail#Types of retail outlets|Types of retail outlets]] |
* [[Retail#Types of retail outlets|Types of retail outlets]] |
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* [[Vend counter]] |
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* ''[[Vending Times]]'' – a trade magazine focusing on the U.S. vending industry |
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* [[Water cooler]] |
* [[Water cooler]] |
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{{div col end}} |
{{div col end}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|30em |
{{reflist|30em|refs= |
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<ref name="Cushing 2013">{{cite web |last=Cushing |first=Belle |title=This French Fry Vending Machine Is Poised for Global Domination |website=Grub Street |date=November 14, 2013 |url=http://www.grubstreet.com/2013/11/french-fry-vending-machine.html |accessdate=October 29, 2015}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Fuhrmeister 2015">{{cite web |last=Fuhrmeister |first=Chris |title=Finally, a Vending Machine That Dispenses Hot French Fries |website=Eater |date=September 3, 2015 |url=http://www.eater.com/2015/9/3/9258355/french-fry-vending-machine-netherlands |accessdate=October 29, 2015}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Taylor 2015">{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Kate |title=There's Now a Vending Machine That Dispenses Hot French Fries |magazine=[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]] |date=September 4, 2015 |url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/250319 |accessdate=October 29, 2015}}</ref> |
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<ref name="Rural 2015">{{cite news |last=Grindlay |first=Danielle |title=Hot chip vending machine invented in SA 32 years ago |website=[[ABC Rural]] |date=January 29, 2015 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-01-29/sach-hot-chip-vending-machines3f-they-were-so-30-years-ago.../6056300 |accessdate=October 29, 2015}}</ref> |
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}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |