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<!-- EDIT BELOW THIS LINE -->{{Redirect|List of Russian Inventions|the timeline of Russian Inventions |Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records}} |
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==Ancient inventions== |
==Ancient inventions== |
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''Inventions which originated on the territory of the [[Russian Plain]], Northern Russia, [[North Caucasus]] and [[Siberia]] from Mesolithic to the Bronze Age.'' |
<p>''Inventions which originated on the territory of the [[Russian Plain]], Northern Russia, [[North Caucasus]] and [[Siberia]] from Mesolithic to the Bronze Age. This section also includes earliest known instances of things that rarely survive archaeological record.''</p> |
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*[[Wheel]]<sup> (''middle of the 4th millennium BC'')</sup> |
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{{Expand section|date=October 2011}} |
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::The question of which culture originally invented the wheeled vehicle remains unresolved and under debate. Some archaeologists attribute it to the [[Maykop culture]] of North Caucasus.<ref>{{cite conference|last=Резепкин|first=Алексей|title=Проблема происхождения колёсного транспорта и его появления на Северном Кавказе|conference=4-ая Кубанская археологическая конференция|year=2005|booktitle=Тезисы и доклады}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*... |
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*[[Chariot]] <sup>(''approximately 2000 BC'')</sup> |
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*Oldest preserved: |
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::The earliest fully developed true chariots known are from the chariot burials of the Andronovo sites of the [[Sintashta-Petrovka]] culture in modern Russia and Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kuznetsov|first=Pavel|title=The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe|journal=Antiquity|year=2006|volume=80|issue=309|pages=638–645|url=http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/080/ant0800638.htm}}</ref> |
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:*[[Bridge|Wooden bridge]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Омельницкий|first=Пётр|title=Чудеса России: Мост возле Закубежья|publisher=ОАО "Известия", ГТК «Телеканал «Россия»|url=http://www.ruschudo.ru/miracles/1986/}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref group=N>It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier.</ref> |
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*[[Domestication of the horse]] <sup>(''around 4000-3500 BC'')</sup> |
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:*[[Sculpture|Wooden sculpture]] ([[Shigir Idol]]) <ref>{{cite newspaper|last=Понизовкин|first=Андрей|title=Куда шагал Шигирский идол?|newspaper=Наука Урала|volume=20|issue=848|year=2003|month=сентябрь|url=http://www.uran.ru/gazetanu/2003/09/nu20/wvmnu_p1_20_092003.htm|publisher=published at the [[Russian Academy of Sciences|Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences]] website}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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::It is generally thought that horses were domesticated in the steppes of present-day Ukraine around 4000-3500 BCE. |
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*[[Distaff]] <sup>(''beginning of the 2nd millennium BC'')</sup> |
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::Parts of a distaff and ceramics with linum textile prints have been discovered during an excavation of a settlement on Modlona riven in Vologda region.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Рогаш|first=А. Р.|title=Лён|year=1973|encyclopedia=Большая советская энциклопедия|edition=3|publisher=Советская энциклопедия|location=М.|url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00041/79500.htm}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Trousers]] <sup>(''Upper Paleolithic'')</sup> |
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::There is some evidence of trousers being worn in the Upper Paleolithic. An example are the figurines found at the Siberian sites of [[Mal'ta-Buret' culture|Mal'ta and Buret']].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Sarah|author-link=Sarah Milledge Nelson|title=Gender in archaeology: analyzing power and prestige|series=Gender and archaeology|volume=9|page=85|publisher=AltaMira Press|year=2004|isbn=9780759104969}}</ref> A discovery of human remains with fur-pants was made near [[Vladimir]], dating to around 20,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite book|last=Подольный|first=Роман|last2=Бромлей|first2=Юлиан|authorlink2=Yulian Bromley|title=Создано человечеством|pages=100–101|year=1984|publisher=Политиздат|location=М.}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Bridge|Wooden bridge]] <sup>(''middle of the 6th millenium BC'')</sup> |
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::The discovery was made near Zabolotskoye Lake in Sergiyevo-Posadsky district. It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier. The construction was created from birch logs with stone axes around 7500 years ago. The oldest presently-known wooden bridge was built around 6000 years ago in Switzerland.<ref>{{cite web|last=Омельницкий|first=Пётр|title=Чудеса России: Мост возле Закубежья|publisher=ОАО "Известия", ГТК «Телеканал «Россия»|url=http://www.ruschudo.ru/miracles/1986/}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Composite bow]] <sup>(''around 3rd–2nd millennium BC'')</sup> |
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::Composite bows may have been invented by the nomads of the Asiatic steppe, who may have based it on Northern Asian [[Laminated bow|laminated bows]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Ragnar|last=Insulander|title=The Two-Wood Bow|journal=Acta Borealia|year=2002|volume=19|issue=1–2002|pages=49–73|publisher=[[Routledge]]|url=http://www.freebirdarchery.com/images/twowoodbow.pdf|format=PDF|issn=1503111X}}</ref> There are arrowheads from the burials at [[Krivoye Lake]] (part of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture) about 2100–1700 BCE, but the bow that shot them has not survived. The final form of a composite bow known as the Scythian bow was developed by the [[Cimmerians]] of North Caucasus in the 9th century BC.<ref>{{cite web|last=Шахов|first=Олег|title=Скифский лук|work=Пехота|url=http://on-infantry.narod.ru/do-ne/scluk.htm|accessdate=25-Mar-2012}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Sculpture|Wooden sculpture]] <sup>(''middle of the 8th millennium BC'')</sup> |
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::The world's oldest-known wooden sculpture is the [[Shigir Idol]] made during the Mesolithic period. The idol was discovered in 1894 approximately 100 km from Yekaterinburg. The radiocarbon dating gives it an age of 9,500 years. The sculpture is displayed in the Historic Exhibition Museum in Yekaterinburg.<ref>{{cite newspaper|last=Понизовкин|first=Андрей|title=Куда шагал Шигирский идол?|newspaper=Наука Урала|issue=20-2003 [848]|year=2003|month=сентябрь|url=http://www3.uran.ru/gazetanu/2003/09/nu20/nu20.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=[[Russian Academy of Sciences|Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences]]}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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==Agriculture and biotechnology== |
==Agriculture and biotechnology== |
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{{external media|align=right|width=245px|image1=[http://www. |
{{external media|align=right|width=245px|image1=[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21229/figure/A1190/?report=objectonly Rabbage, the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding.]}}[[File:Blinov.jpg|thumb|right|236px|The draft of [[Fyodor Blinov|Fyodor Blinov's]] steam-powered continuous track vehicle.]][[File:Korg Electribe R mk2.jpg|thumb|right|236px|Drum machine.]] |
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*[[Sokha]] |
*[[Sokha]] |
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*[[Grow light]] (by [[Andrei Famintsyn]]) <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Шульгин|first=И. А.|title=Светокультура|year= |
*[[Grow light]] (by [[Andrei Famintsyn]]) <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Шульгин|first=И. А.|title=Светокультура|year=1976|encyclopedia=Большая советская энциклопедия|edition=3|publisher=Советская энциклопедия|location=М.|url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00069/30500.htm}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Сенченкова|first=Е. М.|title=Андрей Сергеевич Фаминцын (К 40-летию со дня смерти)|journal=Ботанический журнал |volume=45|issue=2|year=1960|issn=0006-8136}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Beehive frame]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Petro Prokopovych (1775–1850)|work=Beekeeping in Ukraine|url=http://beekeeping.com.ua/html_en/prokopovych_en.html|accessdate=21-May-2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Демиденко|first=Надія|title=Життєвий і творчий шлях П. І. Прокоповича (1775–1850) – патріарха вітчизняної бджільницької науки|journal=Історія науки і біографістика|year=2009|issue=2–2009|publisher=[[:uk:Національна академія аграрних наук України|National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine]]|url=http://www.nbuv.gov.ua/e-journals/inb/2009-2/09_demydenko.pdf|format=PDF}} {{uk icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Beehive frame]] |
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*[[Raphanobrassica]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Griffiths|first=Anthony|last2=Gelbart|first2=William|last3=Miller|first3=Jeffrey|last4=Lewontin|first4=Richard|authorlink4=Richard Lewontin|title=Modern Genetic Analysis|year=1999|publisher=[[W. H. Freeman and Company|W. H. Freeman]]|location=New York|chapter=Chapter 8. Chromosome Mutations|chapterurl=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21229/|isbn=0-7167-3118-5}}</ref> |
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*[[Raphanobrassica]] |
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*[[Winogradsky column]] |
*[[Winogradsky column]] |
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*[[Sunflower oil|Sunflower oil industry]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Кряженков|first=Анатолий|title=Сметливые на все руки|magazine= |
*[[Sunflower oil|Sunflower oil industry]] (by [[Daniil Bokarev]] ([[:ru:Бокарев, Даниил Семёнович|Russian wikipedia article]])) <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Кряженков|first=Анатолий|title=Сметливые на все руки|magazine=Подъём|issue=6-2003|year=2003|url=http://www.hrono.ru/text/podyem/hands.html}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Алексеевка|editor-last=Кондратьева|editor-first=И.|encyclopedia=Города России: энциклопедия|pages=17–18|year=1994|publisher=БРЭ|location=М.|url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/city_of_russia/26|isbn=5-85270-026-6}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Caterpillar tractor|Caterpillar farm tractor]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Деревянченко|first=Анатолий|last2=Чулков|first2=Алексей|title=Волжский самородок: Страницы жизни Ф. А. Блинова|series=Их имена в истории края|year=1990|publisher=Приволжское книжное издательство|location=Саратов}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Стародубцев|first=В. М.|last2=Шаповалов|first2=Ю. С|title=Первый Российский гусеничный трактор Ф. А. Блинова|publisher=[[Polytechnical Museum]]|url=http://rus.polymus.ru/?h=relics&rel_id=100&mid=&aid=81&aid_prev=81|accessdate=6-Apr-2012}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Caterpillar tractor|Caterpillar farm tractor]] |
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==Arts and music== |
==Arts and music== |
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*[[Zaum]] |
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*[[Montage (filmmaking)|Montage]] |
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*[[Montage (filmmaking)|Montage]] (by [[Lev Kuleshov]]) |
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*[[Theremin]] |
*[[Theremin]] |
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*[[Bone watch]] <ref name="WCB">{{cite magazine|last=Crom|first=Theodore|title=The Bronnikov Dynasty|magazine=Watch & Clock Bulletin|volume=43 |
*[[Bone watch]] <ref name="WCB">{{cite magazine|last=Crom|first=Theodore|title=The Bronnikov Dynasty|magazine=Watch & Clock Bulletin|volume=43|issue=335|month=December|year=2001|pages=746–754|publisher=[[National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors]]|url=http://www.nawcc.org/images/stories/2000/articles/2001/335/335_746.pdf|format=PDF|issn=15271609}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Watch built from Bone! Wood you believe?|work=Watchismo Times|year=2007|url=http://watchismo.blogspot.com/2007/03/watch-built-from-bone-wood-you-believe.html|accessdate=18-Sep-2011}}</ref> |
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*[[Birch bark art]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last= |
*[[Birch bark|Birch bark art]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Фёдорова|first=Наталья|title=Традиции народного искусства Ямало-Ненецкого автономного округа|magazine=Наше Наследие|issue=87|year=2008|url=http://www.nasledie-rus.ru/podshivka/8725.php}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]] |
*[[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]] |
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*[[Drum machine]] ([[Rhythmicon]]) |
*[[Drum machine]] ([[Rhythmicon]]) |
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*[[Wooden watch]] (by [[Semyon Bronnikov]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Фокина|first=Т. А|title=Часы вятских умельцев Бронниковых|publisher=[[Polytechnical Museum]]|url=http://rus.polymus.ru/index.php?h=relics&rel_id=135&mid=29&aid=&aid_prev=|accessdate=1-Nov-2011}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref name="WCB" /> |
*[[Wooden watch]] (by [[Semyon Bronnikov]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Фокина|first=Т. А|title=Часы вятских умельцев Бронниковых|publisher=[[Polytechnical Museum]]|url=http://rus.polymus.ru/index.php?h=relics&rel_id=135&mid=29&aid=&aid_prev=|accessdate=1-Nov-2011}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref name="WCB" /> |
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*[[Kuleshov Effect]] |
*[[Kuleshov Effect]] |
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*[[Musical carriage]] (by [[Yegor Kuznetsov]]) <ref>{{cite newspaper|last=Смирнов|first=Александр|title=Егор Григорьевич Кузнецов (Жепинский) ( |
*[[Musical carriage]] (by [[Yegor Kuznetsov]]) <ref>{{cite web|title=Кузнецов, Егор Григорьевич|year=2009|work=Большая биографическая энциклопедия|publisher=Академик|url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_biography/65460/|accessdate=4-Apr-2012}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite newspaper|last=Смирнов|first=Александр|title=Егор Григорьевич Кузнецов (Жепинский) (1725–1805 гг.)|newspaper=Тагильский рабочий|date=10 августа 1995|url=http://www.kareta.com.ru/history/karetnoedelo/2006/04/28/manufacturehistori_81.html}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Socialist realism]] |
*[[Socialist realism]] |
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*[[Abstract art|Pure abstract art]] |
*[[Abstract art|Pure abstract art]] (by [[Vasily Kandinsky]]) |
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*[[ANS synthesizer]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Kreichi|first=Stanislav|title=The ANS Synthesizer: Composing on a Photoelectronic Instrument|work=[[Theremin Center]]|date=10-Nov-1997|url=http://www.theremin.ru/archive/ans.htm|accessdate=13-Dec-2005}}</ref> |
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*[[ANS synthesizer]] |
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*[[Optophonic piano]] <ref>{{cite web|title=The Optophonic Piano (1916)|work=The Audio Playground Synthesizer Museum|url=http://www.keyboardmuseum.org/pre60/1900/optophonic.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20011127214248/http://www.keyboardmuseum.org/pre60/1900/optophonic.html|archivedate=27-Nov-2001|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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*[[Optophonic piano]] |
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*[[Welded sculpture]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Эрлихман|first=Вадим|title=Сварено с огоньком|magazine=Энергия промышленного роста|issue=1 |
*[[Welded sculpture]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Эрлихман|first=Вадим|title=Сварено с огоньком|magazine=Энергия промышленного роста|issue=1&2-2006 [3]|month=Январь-Февраль|year=2006|url=http://www.epr-magazine.ru/industrial_history/technologies/svarka/|accessdate=6-Apr-2010}} {{icon ru}}</ref> |
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*[[Puppet animation]] {{citation needed}} |
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*[[Stanislavsky's system]] |
*[[Stanislavsky's system]] |
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==Chemistry== |
==Chemistry== |
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*[[Pobedit]] <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Победит|year=1975|encyclopedia=Большая советская энциклопедия|edition=3|publisher=Советская энциклопедия|location=М.|url=http://encycl.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00060/22600.htm}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Васильев|first=Н. Н.|last2=Исаакян|first2=О. Н.|last3=Рогинский|first3=Н. О.|last4=Смолянский|first4=Я. Б.|last5=Сокович|first5=В. А.|last6=Хачатуров|first6=Т. С.|title=ПОБЕДИТ|encyclopedia=Технический железнодорожный словарь|year=1941|publisher=Трансжелдориздат|location=М.|url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/railway/1956/ПОБЕДИТ}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Pobedit]] |
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*[[Periodic table]] |
*[[Periodic table]] |
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*[[Chromatography]] |
*[[Chromatography]] |
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*[[Synthetic rubber]] (first commercially viable form of production ([[Polybutadiene]])) <ref>{{cite journal|last=Vernadsky|first=Georgy|authorlink=George Vernadsky|title=Rise of Science in Russia 1700-1917|journal=[[The Russian Review|Russian Review]]|year=1969|volume=28|issue=1|pages=37–52|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell|Blackwell Publishing]]|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0036-0341(196901)28%3A1%3C37%3AROSIR1%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X|issn=0036-0341}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Morton|first=Maurice|title=Rubber Technology|edition=3|page=236|year=1999|origyear=1987|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Kluwer Academic Publishers]]|location=Dordrecht|isbn=0-412-53950-0}}</ref> |
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*[[Synthetic rubber]] (first commercially viable form of production) |
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*[[Fire fighting foam]] |
*[[Fire fighting foam]] |
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*[[Detergent|Synthetic detergent]] (by [[Grigory Semyonovich Petrov|Grigory Petrov]]) <ref>{{cite web|title=ПЕТРОВ Григорий Семёнович|work=Виртуальный музей истории профсоюза работников нефтяной, газовой отраслей промышленности и строительства России|publisher=Нефтегазстройпрофсоюз России|url=http://museum-rogwu.ru/faces/detail.php?ID=142|accessdate=2-Apr-2012}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ружинский|first=С. Р.|last2=Портик|first2=А. А.|last3=Савиных|first3=А. В.|title=Всё о пенобетоне|page=88|edition=2|year=2006|publisher=Строй Бетон|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=W6FXLAtKZ28C&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88|isbn=5903197019}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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*[[Desalination|Nuclear desalination]] ([[BN-350 reactor]]) {{citation needed}} |
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*[[Desalination|Nuclear desalination]] ([[BN-350 reactor]]) |
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*[[Chemical structure|Theory of chemical structure]] |
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==Communications== |
==Communications== |
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{{external media|align=right|width=245px|image1=[http://www.izmerov.narod.ru/okno/photos/kupr1058.jpg Kupriyanovich's 1958 |
{{external media|align=right|width=245px|image1=[http://www.izmerov.narod.ru/okno/photos/kupr1058.jpg Kupriyanovich's 1958 mobile phone.] [http://www.izmerov.narod.ru/okno/index.html More info] (in Russian).}} |
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*[[Thing (listening device)|Thing]] (precursor to modern RFID technology) |
*[[Thing (listening device)|Thing]] (precursor to modern RFID technology) |
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*[[Interlaced video|Interlace]] |
*[[Interlaced video|Interlace]] |
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*[[Crystal radio#Crystodyne|Crystodine]] <ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Crystodyne Principle|magazine=[[Radio News]]|pages=294–295, 431|issue=September, 1924|publisher=[[Experimenter Publishing]]|url=http://earlyradiohistory.us/1924cry.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Morris|first=Peter|title=A History of the World Semiconductor Industry|series=History of Technology|year=1990|page=15|publisher=[[Institution of Electrical Engineers]]|location=London|isbn=0-86341-227-0}}</ref> |
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*[[Crystadine#Crystodyne|Crystodine]] {{citation needed}} |
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*[[Mobile phone|Pocket phone]] (by [[Leonid Kupriyanovich]]) |
*[[Mobile phone|Pocket phone]] (by [[Leonid Kupriyanovich]]) |
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*[[Radio receiver]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Vonderheid|first=Erica|date=6-May-2005|title=Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone|work=[[IEEE]]|url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/menuitem.130a3558587d56e8fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=institute_level1_article&TheCat=1008&article=tionline/legacy/inst2005/may05/5w.fhistory.xml&|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080116021704/http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/menuitem.130a3558587d56e8fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=institute_level1_article&TheCat=1008&article=tionline/legacy/inst2005/may05/5w.fhistory.xml&|archivedate=16-Jan-2008| |
*[[Radio receiver]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Vonderheid|first=Erica|date=6-May-2005|title=Early Radio Transmission Recognized as Milestone|work=[[IEEE]]|url=http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/menuitem.130a3558587d56e8fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=institute_level1_article&TheCat=1008&article=tionline/legacy/inst2005/may05/5w.fhistory.xml&|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080116021704/http://www.ieee.org/portal/site/tionline/menuitem.130a3558587d56e8fb2275875bac26c8/index.jsp?&pName=institute_level1_article&TheCat=1008&article=tionline/legacy/inst2005/may05/5w.fhistory.xml&|archivedate=16-Jan-2008|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |
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*[[CRT television]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Bellis|first=Mary|title=History of the Cathode Ray Tube|work=[[About.com|About.com. Inventors]]|publisher=[[The New York Times Company]]|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/cstartinventions/a/CathodeRayTube.htm|accessdate=4-Oct-2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Burns|first=R. W.|title=Television: An International History of the Formative Years|page=119|year=1998|publisher=[[Institution of Electrical Engineers]]|location=London|isbn=0-85296-914-7}}</ref> |
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*[[CRT television]] |
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*[[Optical telegraph]] |
*[[Optical telegraph]] <ref>{{cite book|title=Альманах "Великая Россия. Личности. Год 2003–й."|volume=2|publisher=АСМО-пресс|location=М.|year=2004|url=http://www.inventor.perm.ru/persons/inventor_kulibin.htm}} {{icon ru}}</ref><ref group=N>With searchlight as medium, by [[Ivan Kulibin]]. The invention allowed the use of [[semaphore]] at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations.</ref> |
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*[[Flip-flop (electronics)]] (by [[Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich|Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich]], independently from [[William Henry Eccles]] and [[F. W. Jordan|Frank Jordan]]) {{citation needed}} |
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*[[Mobile phone|Portable mobile phone]] (by [[Leonid Kupriyanovich]]) |
*[[Mobile phone|Portable mobile phone]] (by [[Leonid Kupriyanovich]]) |
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==Computing and information technology== |
==Computing and information technology== |
||
Line 58: | Line 71: | ||
*[[Acmeology]] ([[:ru:Акмеология|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
*[[Acmeology]] ([[:ru:Акмеология|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
||
*[[Russian abacus]] |
*[[Russian abacus]] |
||
*[[Personal computer]] ([[Mir (computer)|MIR]]) |
*[[Personal computer]] ([[Mir (computer)|MIR]]) |
||
*[[Flip-flop (electronics)]] (by [[Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bonch-Bruevich|Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich]], independently from [[William Eccles]] and [[F. W. Jordan|Frank Jordan]]) <ref>{{cite web|title=Страницы истории|work=Виртуальный музей информатики|publisher=[[Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics]]|url=http://schools.keldysh.ru/sch444/MUSEUM/1_17-20n.htm|accessdate=17-Jan-2010}} {{icon ru}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Unit record equipment]] (by [[Semen Korsakov|Semyon Korsakov]]) |
*[[Unit record equipment]] (by [[Semen Korsakov|Semyon Korsakov]]) |
||
*[[AVL tree|AVL tree datastructure]] |
*[[AVL tree|AVL tree datastructure]] |
||
Line 68: | Line 82: | ||
==Cuisine== |
==Cuisine== |
||
*''Soups'' |
*''Soups'' |
||
:[[Botvinya]] <sup> |
:[[Botvinya]] <sup>([[:ru:Ботвинья|Ботвинья]])</sup>{{·}}[[Kalya (soup)|Kalya]] <sup>([[:ru:Калья (блюдо)|Калья]])</sup>{{·}}[[Malosol]] <ref name="yamal">{{cite book|last=Дудников|first=Николай|last2=Самбуров|first2=Николай|title=Диалектика ямальского быта. Кухня на любой вкус|publisher=Русская коллекция|location=СПб.|year=2008|url=http://miniku.livejournal.com/41705.html|isbn=9785901440407}} {{ru icon}}</ref>{{·}}[[Okroshka]]{{·}}[[Rassolnik]]{{·}}[[Shchi]]{{·}}[[Solyanka]]{{·}}[[Tyurya]] <sup>([[:ru:Тюря|Тюря]])</sup>{{·}}[[Ukha]] |
||
*''Meat, fish, dairy products'' |
*''Meat, fish, dairy products'' |
||
:[[ |
:[[Balyk]]{{·}}[[Chopsy]] <ref name="yamal" />{{·}}[[Khinkal]] <sup>([[:ru:Хинкал|Хинкал]])</sup>{{·}}[[Litsuklibzhe]]{{·}}[[Porsa (dish)|Porsa]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Национальная кухня Югры|work=Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ|url=http://www.hantymansiiskao.ru/kitchen/|accessdate=25-Mar-2012}} {{ru icon}}</ref>{{·}}[[Shomokh]] <ref name="yamal" />{{·}}[[Smetana (dairy product)|Smetana]]{{·}}[[Stroganina]] <sup>([[:ru:Строганина|Строганина]])</sup>{{·}}[[Tyram]] <ref name="yamal" /> |
||
*''Pies, wraps, pancakes'' |
*''Pies, wraps, pancakes'' |
||
:[[Blini]]{{·}}[[Khingalsh]] |
:[[Blini]]{{·}}[[Khingalsh]]{{·}}[[Khychin]] <sup>([[:ru:Хычин|Хычин]])</sup>{{·}}[[Coulibiac|Kulebyaka]]{{·}}[[Öçpoçmaq|Ochpochmak]]{{·}}[[Peremech]] <sup>([[:ru:Перемяч|Перемяч]])</sup>{{·}}[[Pirog]]{{·}}[[Pirozhki]]{{·}}[[Qabartma]]{{·}}[[Qistibi]]{{·}}[[Syrniki]]{{·}}[[Vatrushka]] |
||
*''Drinks, alcoholic beverages'' |
*''Drinks, alcoholic beverages'' |
||
:[[Baked milk]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Mack|first=Glenn|last2=Surina|first2=Asele|title=Food Culture In Russia And Central Asia|series=Food culture around the world|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2005|page=22|isbn=0313327734}}</ref>{{·}}[[Kefir]]{{·}}[[Kissel]]{{·}}[[Kvas]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Балязин|first=Вольдемар|title=Восточные славяне и нашествие Батыя|series=Неофициальная история России|publisher=ОЛМА-пресс|location=М.|year=2006|page=21|isbn=9785373006712}} {{icon ru}}</ref><ref group=N>First mentioned in the [[Primary Chronicle]]. By the XVth century Russians already knew more than 500 variations of the recipe.</ref>{{·}}[[Mors (drink)|Mors]] <sup> |
:[[Baked milk]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Mack|first=Glenn|last2=Surina|first2=Asele|title=Food Culture In Russia And Central Asia|series=Food culture around the world|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2005|page=22|isbn=0313327734}}</ref>{{·}}[[Kefir]]{{·}}[[Kissel]]{{·}}[[Kvas]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Балязин|first=Вольдемар|title=Восточные славяне и нашествие Батыя|series=Неофициальная история России|publisher=ОЛМА-пресс|location=М.|year=2006|page=21|isbn=9785373006712}} {{icon ru}}</ref><ref group=N>First mentioned in the [[Primary Chronicle]]. By the XVth century Russians already knew more than 500 variations of the recipe.</ref>{{·}}[[Mors (drink)|Mors]] <sup>([[:ru:Морс|Морс]])</sup>{{·}}[[Medovukha]]{{·}}[[Russian vodka]]{{·}}[[Sbiten]] |
||
*''Snacks'' |
*''Snacks'' |
||
:[[Çäkçäk|Chakchak]]{{·}}[[Kozuli]] <sup> |
:[[Çäkçäk|Chakchak]]{{·}}[[Kozuli]] <sup>([[:ru:Козули|Козули]])</sup>{{·}}[[Tetyory]] <sup>([[:ru:Тетёры|Тетёры]])</sup>{{·}}[[Tula gingerbread]]{{·}}[[Urbech]] <sup>([[:ru:Урбеч|Урбеч]])</sup> |
||
*''Other'' |
*''Other'' |
||
:[[Borodinsky bread|Borodinsky]] (bread){{·}}[[ |
:[[Borodinsky bread|Borodinsky]] (bread){{·}}[[Khrenovina sauce|Khrenovina]] (sauce){{·}}[[Pelmeni]] (dumpling) <ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson|first=Josh|last2=Nesterov|first2=Andrei|title=Pelmeni. A Tasty History|work=Eurasian Cookbook|publisher=School of Russian and Asian Studies|date=10-Jan-2010|url=http://www.sras.org/pelmeni_history|accessdate=20-May-2010}}</ref>{{·}}[[Vareniki]] (dumpling) |
||
{{break}} |
|||
:''Russian wikipedia articles:''{{break}} |
|||
::<small>1</small> - [[:ru:Ботвинья|Ботвинья]] <small>2</small> - [[:ru:Калья (блюдо)|Калья]] <small>4</small> - [[:ru:Тюря|Тюря]] <small>7</small> - [[:ru:Хинкал|Хинкал]] <small>8</small> - [[:ru:Строганина|Строганина]] <small>10</small> - [[:ru:Хычин|Хычин]] <small>12</small> - [[:ru:Перемяч|Перемяч]] <small>14</small> - [[:ru:Морс|Морс]] <small>15</small> - [[:ru:Козули|Козули]] <small>16</small> - [[:ru:Тетёры|Тетёры]] <small>17</small> - [[:ru:Урбеч|Урбеч]] |
|||
==Culture-specific inventions== |
==Culture-specific inventions== |
||
===Art=== |
===Art=== |
||
Line 102: | Line 113: | ||
===Architecture=== |
===Architecture=== |
||
*[[Vysotka]] |
*[[Vysotka]] |
||
*[[Zvonnitsa]] |
*[[Zvonnitsa]] |
||
*[[Kokoshnik (architecture)|Kokoshnik]] |
*[[Kokoshnik (architecture)|Kokoshnik]] |
||
*[[Bochka roof]] |
*[[Bochka roof]] |
||
*[[Onion dome]] |
*[[Onion dome]] |
||
*Native styles: |
*Native styles: |
||
:*[[Neo-Russian style|Neo-Russian]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Слёзкин|first=А. В.|title=Церковь Покрова в Пархомовке и |
:*[[Neo-Russian style|Neo-Russian]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Слёзкин|first=А. В.|title=Церковь Покрова в Пархомовке и её влияние на храмостроение неорусского стиля|journal=Архитектурное наследство|publisher=[[Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences]]|volume=49|pages=274–290|year=2008|url=http://niitag.ru/info/doc/?142}} {{icon ru}}</ref> |
||
:*[[Constructivist architecture|Constructivism]] |
:*[[Constructivist architecture|Constructivism]] |
||
:*[[Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine]] (developed) |
:*[[Neo-Byzantine architecture in the Russian Empire|Neo-Byzantine]] (developed) |
||
Line 118: | Line 129: | ||
:*[[Postconstructivism]] |
:*[[Postconstructivism]] |
||
:*[[Architecture of Kievan Rus'|Early Russian architecture]] |
:*[[Architecture of Kievan Rus'|Early Russian architecture]] |
||
:*[[North Caucasus architecture]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Khan-Magomedov|first=Selim|title=Architecture of Dagestan|publisher=Lad'ya, Arkhitektura-S|volume= |
:*[[North Caucasus architecture]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Khan-Magomedov|first=Selim|title=Architecture of Dagestan|publisher=Lad'ya, Arkhitektura-S|volume=1–6|location=Moscow|isbn=5706801053}} {{icon ru}}</ref> |
||
:*[[Russian wooden architecture]] ([[:ru:Основные типы деревянных храмов|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
:*[[Russian wooden architecture]] ([[:ru:Основные типы деревянных храмов|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
||
*[[Dome#Russian domes|Multidomed church]] |
*[[Dome#Russian domes|Multidomed church]] |
||
*[[Tented roof|Tented roof masonry]] |
*[[Tented roof|Tented roof masonry]] |
||
===Music=== |
===Music=== |
||
*[[Gusli]] |
*[[Gusli]] |
||
*[[Bayan (accordion)|Bayan]] |
*[[Bayan (accordion)|Bayan]] |
||
*[[Gudok]] |
*[[Gudok]] |
||
*[[Domra]] |
|||
*[[Zhaleika]] |
*[[Zhaleika]] |
||
*[[Balalaika]] |
*[[Balalaika]] |
||
*[[Szopelka]] |
*[[Szopelka]] |
||
*[[Doshpuluur]] |
|||
*[[Treshchotka]] |
*[[Treshchotka]] |
||
*[[Pondar|Atukh-Pondur]] <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Левин|first=С. Я.|title=Атух-пондур|encyclopedia=Музыкальная энциклопедия|volume=1|year=1973|publisher=Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор|location=М.|isbn=5948651525|url=http://www.music-dic.ru/}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Russian guitar]] |
*[[Russian guitar]] |
||
*[[Pondar|Dechig-Pondur]] <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Вертков|first=К. А.|title=Дечк-пондур|encyclopedia=Музыкальная энциклопедия|volume=2|year=1974|publisher=Советская энциклопедия, Советский композитор|location=М.|isbn=5948651525|url=http://www.music-dic.ru/}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Vladimirsky rozhok]] |
*[[Vladimirsky rozhok]] |
||
===Clothing=== |
===Clothing=== |
||
Line 144: | Line 159: | ||
==Earth studies== |
==Earth studies== |
||
*[[Radiosonde]] (by [[Pavel Molchanov]], independently from [[Robert Bureau]]) |
*[[Radiosonde]] (by [[Pavel Molchanov]], independently from [[Robert Bureau]]) |
||
*[[Lightning detector]] |
*[[Lightning detector]] |
||
*[[Sounding weight probe]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ренкель|first=Алексей|title=Всё могут короли. Изобретатель Пётр Великий |magazine=Изобретатель и рационализатор |issue=9-2008 [705]|year=2008|month=сентябрь|url=http://i-r.ru/show_arhive.php?year=2008&month=9&id=1720}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Seismometer|Electric seismometer]] {{citation needed}} |
|||
*[[Sounding weight probe]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ренкель|first=Алексей|title=Всё могут короли. Изобретатель Пётр Великий |magazine=Изобретатель и рационализатор |volume=9|issue=705|year=2008|month=сентябрь|url=http://i-r.ru/show_arhive.php?year=2008&month=9&id=1720}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Manned drifting ice station]] |
*[[Manned drifting ice station]] |
||
==Energy== |
==Energy== |
||
*[[Kalina cycle]] (by [[Aleksandr Kalina]]) |
*[[Kalina cycle]] (by [[Aleksandr Kalina]]) {{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} |
||
*[[Photoelectric cell]] (first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect (by [[Aleksandr Stoletov]])) |
*[[Photoelectric cell]] (first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect (by [[Aleksandr Stoletov]])) |
||
*[[Coal cutter-loader]] |
*[[Coal cutter-loader]] ([[:ru:Комбайн очистной|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
||
*[[Boiler|Straight-flow boiler]] ([[Ramzin boiler]]) |
*[[Boiler|Straight-flow boiler]] ([[Ramzin boiler]]) |
||
*[[Mobile floating power station]] |
*[[Mobile floating power station]] (by [[Nikolai Kukhto]] ([[:ru:Кухто, Николай Кузьмич|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
||
*[[Hydrogen economy|Synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis]] (by [[Dmitry Lachinov]]) |
*[[Hydrogen economy|Synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis]] (by [[Dmitry Lachinov]]) |
||
===Oil and gas=== |
===Oil and gas=== |
||
*[[Gas lift]] (by [[Mikhail Tikhvinsky]], 1914) <ref>http://www.industring.ru/mountain/mountain3.html {{ru icon}}</ref> |
*[[Gas lift]] (by [[Mikhail Tikhvinsky]], 1914) <ref>http://www.industring.ru/mountain/mountain3.html {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
*[[Turbodrill]] (by [[Matvei Kapelyushnikov]], 1922) <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Matveichuk|first=Aleksandr|title=The Turbodrill of Engineer Kapelyushnikov|magazine=Oil of Russia|issue=1–2011|year=2011|publisher=[[Lukoil|LUKOIL-Inform]]|location=Moscow|url=http://www.oilru.com/or/46/979/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Прозоров|first=Ю. И|title=Турбобур М. А. Капелюшникова|publisher=[[Polytechnical Museum]]|url=http://rus.polymus.ru/?h=relics&rel_id=148&mid=29&aid=88&aid_prev=|accessdate=4-Apr-2012}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Turbodrill]] (by [[Matvei Kapelyushnikov]], 1922) {{citation needed}} |
|||
*[[Oil well|Modern oil well]] |
*[[Oil well|Modern oil well]] |
||
*[[Cracking (chemistry)#Thermal cracking|Thermal cracking]] |
*[[Cracking (chemistry)#Thermal cracking|Thermal cracking]] |
||
Line 163: | Line 177: | ||
*[[Oil depot|Cylindric oil depot]] |
*[[Oil depot|Cylindric oil depot]] |
||
===Nuclear energy=== |
===Nuclear energy=== |
||
<!--{{See also|Nuclear industry of Russia}}--> |
|||
*[[Nuclear power plant]] |
*[[Nuclear power plant]] |
||
*[[Fast-neutron reactor]] |
*[[Fast-neutron reactor]] |
||
*[[Lead-cooled fast reactor]] |
*[[Lead-cooled fast reactor]] |
||
*[[Pressurized water reactor]] <ref>{{cite web|title= |
*[[Pressurized water reactor]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Николай Антонович Доллежаль|work=Сайт НИКИЭТ имени Н. А. Доллежаля|publisher=[[:ru:НИКИЭТ имени Н. А. Доллежаля|N. A. Dollezhal Research and Development Institute of Power Engineering]]|url=http://www.nikiet.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133%3A2011-03-25-10-39-36&catid=2&Itemid=3|accessdate=11-May-2008}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
*[[Nuclear power station barge]] (mass-produced) |
*[[Nuclear power station barge]] (mass-produced) |
||
==Everyday life== |
==Everyday life== |
||
[[File:Photographie photodiode.jpg|thumb|Light-emitting diode.]] |
[[File:Photographie photodiode.jpg|thumb|Light-emitting diode.]] |
||
*[[Banya]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Aaland|first=Mikkel|title=The Russian Bania. History of the Great Russian Bath|work=Cyber-Bohemia|year=1998|url=http://cyberbohemia.com/Pages/russianbaniahistory.htm|accessdate= |
*[[Banya]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Aaland|first=Mikkel|title=The Russian Bania. History of the Great Russian Bath|work=Cyber-Bohemia|year=1998|url=http://cyberbohemia.com/Pages/russianbaniahistory.htm|accessdate=4-Apr-2008}}</ref> |
||
*[[Rushnik]] |
|||
*Heating: |
*Heating: |
||
:*[[Russian oven]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Школьник|first=А. Е.|title=Русская печь XX века|magazine=Наука и жизнь|issue=1–1988|year=1988|page=97|publisher=Правда|location=М.|url=http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/N/%27%27Nauka_i_jizn%27%27%27/_%27%27Nauka_i_jizn%27%27%27_1988_.html|issn=00281263}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
|||
:*[[Russian oven]] |
|||
:*[[Central heating|Water based central heating]] |
:*[[Central heating|Water based central heating]] |
||
*[[Old Permic script|Anbur script]] |
*[[Old Permic script|Anbur script]] |
||
*[[Burglar alarm]] |
|||
*[[AC transformer]] |
*[[AC transformer]] |
||
*[[Decimal currency]] |
*[[Decimal currency]] |
||
*[[Light-emitting diode]] |
*[[Light-emitting diode]] |
||
*[[Detergent|Synthetic detergent]] (by [[Grigory Semyonovich Petrov|Grigory Petrov]]) <ref>[http://www.ibeton.ru/a25.php Пенообразователи из нефтяных кислот] {{ru icon}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Electric street lights]] ([[Yablochkov candle]]) |
*[[Electric street lights]] ([[Yablochkov candle]]) |
||
*[[Printing press|Multicolored printing press]] ([[Orlov Stamp]]) |
*[[Printing press|Multicolored printing press]] ([[Orlov Stamp]]) |
||
===Housing and structural engineering=== |
===Housing and structural engineering=== |
||
*[[Izba]] |
*[[Izba]] |
||
Line 190: | Line 204: | ||
*[[Foamed concrete]] ([[:ru:Пенобетон|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
*[[Foamed concrete]] ([[:ru:Пенобетон|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
||
*[[Thin-shell structure]] |
*[[Thin-shell structure]] |
||
*[[Elevator#History|Screw drive elevator]] |
*[[Elevator#History|Screw drive elevator]] |
||
*[[Hyperboloid structure]] |
*[[Hyperboloid structure]] |
||
===Food preparation, kitchenware=== |
===Food preparation, kitchenware=== |
||
Line 196: | Line 210: | ||
*[[Glass-holder]] |
*[[Glass-holder]] |
||
*[[Samovar|Russian samovar]] |
*[[Samovar|Russian samovar]] |
||
*[[Powdered milk|Modern powdered milk]] |
*[[Powdered milk|Modern powdered milk]] |
||
==Mechanical engineering== |
==Mechanical engineering== |
||
[[File:Fieldwelding.jpg|thumb|Manual metal arc.]] |
[[File:Fieldwelding.jpg|thumb|Manual metal arc.]] |
||
Line 202: | Line 216: | ||
*Welding: |
*Welding: |
||
:*[[Arc welding]] |
:*[[Arc welding]] |
||
:*[[MMA welding]] |
:*[[MMA welding]] |
||
:*[[Carbon arc welding]] |
:*[[Carbon arc welding]] |
||
:*[[Underwater welding]] |
:*[[Underwater welding]] |
||
:*[[Automatic arc welding]] |
:*[[Arc welding|Automatic arc welding]] |
||
*[[Centrifugal fan]] |
*[[Centrifugal fan]] |
||
*[[Lathe (metal)#Compound rest|Mechanic slide rest]] |
*[[Lathe (metal)#Compound rest|Mechanic slide rest]] |
||
Line 216: | Line 230: | ||
*[[Head transplant]] (first head transplant with full cerebral function (by [[Vladimir Demikhov]])) |
*[[Head transplant]] (first head transplant with full cerebral function (by [[Vladimir Demikhov]])) |
||
*[[External fixation]] |
*[[External fixation]] |
||
*[[Plasmapheresis]] (by [[Vadim Yurevich]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Соколов|first=А. А|title=Русские пионеры терапевтического гемафереза и экстракорпоральной гемокоррекции|work=Российское общество гемафереза и очищения крови|publisher=[[:ru:Военно-медицинская академия им. С. М. Кирова| |
*[[Plasmapheresis]] (by [[Vadim Yurevich]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Соколов|first=А. А|title=Русские пионеры терапевтического гемафереза и экстракорпоральной гемокоррекции|work=Российское общество гемафереза и очищения крови|publisher=[[:ru:Военно-медицинская академия им. С. М. Кирова|S. M. Kirov Military Medical Academy]]|url=http://www.hemapheres.ru/index.files/Page2022.htm|accessdate=15-Sep-2011}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
*[[Coding (therapy)]] |
*[[Coding (therapy)]] |
||
*[[Oxygen cocktail]] |
*[[Oxygen cocktail]] |
||
Line 222: | Line 236: | ||
*[[Ilizarov apparatus]] |
*[[Ilizarov apparatus]] |
||
*[[MM-wave therapy]] |
*[[MM-wave therapy]] |
||
*[[Ultrasonic testing]] (by [[Sergei Yakovlevich Sokolov|Sergei Sokolov]] ([[:ru:Соколов, Сергей Яковлевич|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
*[[Ultrasonic testing]] (by [[Sergei Yakovlevich Sokolov|Sergei Sokolov]] ([[:ru:Соколов, Сергей Яковлевич (физик)|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
||
*[[Radial keratotomy]] |
*[[Radial keratotomy]] |
||
*[[Bekhterev's Mixture]] |
*[[Bekhterev's Mixture]] |
||
Line 235: | Line 249: | ||
*[[Bulat steel]] |
*[[Bulat steel]] |
||
*[[Aluminothermy]] |
*[[Aluminothermy]] |
||
*[[Weldable titanium alloys]] |
*[[Titanium alloy|Weldable titanium alloys]] (by [[Igor Gorynin]]) |
||
*[[Powder metallurgy|Modern powder metallurgy]] (by [[Pyotr Grigoryevich Sobolevsky|Pyotr Sobolevsky]] and [[Vasily Lyubarsky]]) <ref>{{cite journal|last=Ramakrishnan|first=P.|title=History of powder metallurgy|journal=Indian Journal of History Science |
*[[Powder metallurgy|Modern powder metallurgy]] (by [[Pyotr Grigoryevich Sobolevsky|Pyotr Sobolevsky]] and [[Vasily Lyubarsky]]) <ref>{{cite journal|last=Ramakrishnan|first=P.|title=History of powder metallurgy|journal=Indian Journal of History Science |volume=18|issue=1|pages=109–114|year=1983|url=http://www.dli.gov.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af7_109.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> |
||
*[[Metallography|Metallographic microscopy]] |
*[[Metallography|Metallographic microscopy]] |
||
==Military== |
==Military== |
||
Line 254: | Line 268: | ||
*[[Rocket-powered aircraft|Rocket fighter]] ([[Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1]]) |
*[[Rocket-powered aircraft|Rocket fighter]] ([[Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1]]) |
||
*'''[[Pressure suit]]''' |
*'''[[Pressure suit]]''' |
||
*[[Hovercraft tank]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Солянкин|first=А. Г.|last2=Павлов|first2=Михаил|last3=Павлов|first3=Иван|last4=Желтов|first4=Игорь|title=Отечественные бронированные машины. XX век|volume=1|year=2002|publisher=Экспринт|location=М.|isbn=5940380301}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Желтов|first=Игорь|title=Летающий танк профессора Левкова|magazine=Техника — молодёжи|year=2004|issue=2-2004|pages=58–59|url=http://zhurnalko.net/=nauka-i-tehnika/tehnika-molodezhi/2004-02--num60|issn=0320331X}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
|||
*'''[[Stealth aircraft]]''' (theory of modern stealth technology ([[Pyotr Ufimtsev]])) |
*'''[[Stealth aircraft]]''' (theory of modern stealth technology ([[Pyotr Ufimtsev]])) |
||
*[[Thrust vectoring]] (by [[Nikolai Kibalchich]] (proposal, 1881)) |
*[[Thrust vectoring]] (by [[Nikolai Kibalchich]] (proposal, 1881)) |
||
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===Artillery=== |
===Artillery=== |
||
*[[Licorne]] |
*[[Licorne]] |
||
*[[Railway gun]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Лебедев|first=П. Н.|title=Применение железных дорог к защите материка. Сочинение инженер-подполковника П. Лебедева|year=2011|origyear=1857|publisher=Типография Императорской Академии наук|location= |
*[[Railway gun]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Лебедев|first=П. Н.|title=Применение железных дорог к защите материка. Сочинение инженер-подполковника П. Лебедева|year=2011|origyear=1857|publisher=Типография Императорской Академии наук|location=СПб.|isbn=9785458118217}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Денисов|first=А. П.|last2=Перечнев|first2=Ю. Г.|title=Русская береговая артиллерия|year=1956|publisher=[[Voenizdat|Воениздат]]|location=М.|pages=81–82|chapter=Глава 4. Береговая артиллерия в Крымской войне 1853–1856 годов|chapterurl=http://militera.lib.ru/tw/denisov_perechnev/04.html}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
*[[Battery tower#Medieval and later use|Battery tower]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Nossov|first=Konstantin|last2=Dennis|first2=Peter|editor-last=Dennis|editor-first=Peter|title=Russian Fortresses 1480–1682|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=2006|series=Fortress Series|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=fzftK0dlZg8C|isbn=1841769169}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Battery tower#Medieval and later use|Battery tower]] |
|||
*[[Quick-firing gun]] (precursor ([[:ru:Мортирная батарея Нартова|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
*[[Quick-firing gun]] (precursor ([[:ru:Мортирная батарея Нартова|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
||
*[[Telescopic sight]] (by [[Andrei Nartov]]) |
*[[Telescopic sight]] (by [[Andrei Nartov]]) |
||
*[[Mortar (weapon)|Multibarreled mortar]] (modular multibarreled mortar (by [[Ivan Fedorovych|Ivan Fyodorov]])) <ref>{{cite book|last=Немировский|first=Евгений|editor-last=Чеканов|editor-first=Андрей|title=Иван |
*[[Mortar (weapon)|Multibarreled mortar]] (modular multibarreled mortar (by [[Ivan Fedorovych|Ivan Fyodorov]])) <ref>{{cite book|last=Немировский|first=Евгений|editor-last=Чеканов|editor-first=Андрей|title=Иван Фёдоров, около 1510–1583|series=Научно-биографическая литература|year=1985|publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Наука]]|location=М.}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
*'''[[Quick-firing gun|Modern quick-firing gun]]''' ([[Baranovsky cannon]] ([[:ru:Скорострельная пушка Барановского|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
*'''[[Quick-firing gun|Modern quick-firing gun]]''' ([[Baranovsky cannon]] ([[:ru:Скорострельная пушка Барановского|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
||
===Cold weaponry=== |
===Cold weaponry=== |
||
*[[Sovnya]] |
*[[Sovnya]] |
||
*[[Pernach]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Caza|first=Shawn|title=Medieval flanged maces|work=SMC Mediaeval Arms & Armour Web Site|year=2003|url=http://otlichnik.tripod.com/medmace3.html|accessdate=30-Apr-2010}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Pernach]] |
|||
*[[Bardiche]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Дмитрієнко|first=Марія|last2=Тоїчкін|first2=Денис|title=Холодна зброя як неодмінна складова розвитку людської цивілізації|journal=Спеціальні історичні дисципліни: питання теорії та методики |volume=12 |
*[[Bardiche]] <ref>{{cite journal|last=Дмитрієнко|first=Марія|last2=Тоїчкін|first2=Денис|title=Холодна зброя як неодмінна складова розвитку людської цивілізації|journal=Спеціальні історичні дисципліни: питання теорії та методики |volume=12|issue=2|year=2005|url=http://www.history.org.ua/JournALL/sid/12/2/22.pdf|format=PDF|page=427|issn=577021280}} {{uk icon}}</ref> |
||
*[[Shashka]] <ref group=N>A [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-8339305234510333885&ei=bMuASbPkF5aWiQL80MGmCw&q=circassian+shashka&emb=1 video report] about Circassian shashka.</ref> |
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*[[Shashka]] |
|||
*[[Boot knife]] <ref group=N>First mentioned in the [[Tale of Igor's Campaign]]. However, according to the [[Kitab al-I'tibar]], carrying a concealed knife in a boot was |
*[[Boot knife]] <ref group=N>First mentioned in the [[Tale of Igor's Campaign]]. However, according to the [[Kitab al-I'tibar]], carrying a concealed knife in a boot was a custom in the Middle East around the same time.</ref> |
||
*[[Bear spear]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Кирпичников|first=Анатолий|editor-last=Каргер|editor-first=Михаил|title=Древнерусское оружие|year= |
*[[Bear spear]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Кирпичников|first=Анатолий|editor-last=Каргер|editor-first=Михаил|title=Древнерусское оружие|year=1966–1971|volume=2|publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Наука]]|location=М.-Л.|pages=10–16|url=http://www.arheolog-ck.ru/Drevneruss_orugie_2.pdf}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
===Firearms=== |
===Firearms=== |
||
*[[Soviet laser pistol|Laser pistol]] <ref>{{cite book|title=Памятники науки и техники в музеях России|year=2005|publisher=Наука|location=М.|page=158|chapter=67. ''Углов В. И.'' Лазерный пистолет с пиротехнической лампой-вспышкой|isbn= |
*[[Soviet laser pistol|Laser pistol]] <ref>{{cite book|title=Памятники науки и техники в музеях России|year=2005|publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Наука]]|location=М.|page=158|chapter=67. ''Углов В. И.'' Лазерный пистолет с пиротехнической лампой-вспышкой|isbn=502033524Х}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
*'''[[Assault rifle]]''' ([[Fedorov Avtomat]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Williams|first=Anthony|title=Assault Rifles and their Ammunition: History and Prospects|date=6-Feb-2012|url=http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/Assault.htm|accessdate=4-Apr-2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Фёдоров|first=Владимир|author-link=Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov|title=Эволюция стрелкового оружия|page=221|volume=2|year=1939|publisher=[[Voenizdat|Воениздат]]|location=М.}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Болотин|first=Давид|title=История советского стрелкового оружия и патронов|publisher=Полигон|location=СПб.|year=1995|url=http://www.shooting-ua.com/dop_arhiv/dop_2/books/Istor_sovet_orujiya.pdf|isbn=5855030725}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref group=N>[[Fedorov Avtomat]] was the first fully automatic individual infantry weapon designed specifically for low-powered ammunition.</ref> |
|||
*'''[[Assault rifle]]''' ([[Fedorov Avtomat]]) <ref group=N>[[Cei-Rigotti]] was the first automatic battle rifle for standard infantry ammunition. [[Fedorov Avtomat]] was specifically designed for a lower-energy ammunition. [[Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov|Vladimir Fyodorov]] was first to reach conclusion that battle rifles must have full auto capability and cartridge of lower energy and caliber. [[StG 44|Sturmgewehrs]] were first assault rifles of modern type.</ref> |
|||
*'''[[Mortar (weapon)|Modern mortar]]''' (by [[Leonid Gobyato]] (co-inventor [[Roman Kondratenko]])) |
*'''[[Mortar (weapon)|Modern mortar]]''' (by [[Leonid Gobyato]] (co-inventor [[Roman Kondratenko]])) |
||
*[[Noiseless firearm]] <ref>[http://s001.radikal.ru/i195/1107/9e/c76ff30a7360.jpg Soviet Union Patent Application No. 57109]</ref> ([[:ru:Отсечка газов выстрела|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
*[[Noiseless firearm|Noiseless handgun]] <ref>[http://s001.radikal.ru/i195/1107/9e/c76ff30a7360.jpg Soviet Union Patent Application No. 57109]</ref> ([[:ru:Отсечка газов выстрела|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
||
*[[Underwater firearm|Underwater assault rifle]] ([[APS assault rifle|APS]]) |
*[[Underwater firearm|Underwater assault rifle]] ([[APS assault rifle|APS]]) |
||
*[[Amphibious assault rifle]] ([[ASM-DT]]) |
*[[Amphibious assault rifle]] ([[ASM-DT]]) |
||
*'''[[Unification of firearms]]''' (by [[Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov|Vladimir Fyodorov]]) <ref>{{cite book|last=Болотин|first=Давид|title=Советское стрелковое оружие|publisher=Воениздат|location=М.|year=1990|pages=22–40|isbn=5203006318}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Калашников|first=Михаил|author-link=Mikhail Kalashnikov|title=Записки конструктора-оружейника|publisher=Воениздат|location=М.|year=1992|chapter=Между нами, конструкторами|chapterurl=http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/kalashnikov_mt/06.html|isbn=5203012903}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
*'''[[Unification of firearms]]''' (by [[Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov|Vladimir Fyodorov]]) <ref>{{cite book|last=Болотин|first=Давид|title=Советское стрелковое оружие|publisher=[[Voenizdat|Воениздат]]|location=М.|year=1990|pages=22–40|isbn=5203006318}} {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Калашников|first=Михаил|author-link=Mikhail Kalashnikov|title=Записки конструктора-оружейника|publisher=[[Voenizdat|Воениздат]]|location=М.|year=1992|series=Военные мемуары|chapter=Между нами, конструкторами|chapterurl=http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/kalashnikov_mt/06.html|isbn=5203012903}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
*[[Noiseless firearm|Noiseless grenade launcher]] ([[Device D]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Popenker|first=Maksim|title=Device D|work=World Guns|url=http://world.guns.ru/grenade/rus/device-d-e.html|accessdate=7-Jul-2011}}</ref> |
*[[Noiseless firearm|Noiseless grenade launcher]] ([[Device D]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Popenker|first=Maksim|title=Device D|work=World Guns. Modern Firearms & Ammunition|url=http://world.guns.ru/grenade/rus/device-d-e.html|accessdate=7-Jul-2011}}</ref> |
||
*'''[[Squad automatic weapon]]''' ([[RPD]]) |
*'''[[Squad automatic weapon]]''' ([[RPD]]) |
||
*'''[[Automatic grenade launcher]]''' (by [[Yakov Taubin]] ([[:ru:Гранатомёт Таубина|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
*'''[[Automatic grenade launcher]]''' (by [[Yakov Taubin]] ([[:ru:Гранатомёт Таубина|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
||
*'''[[General purpose machine gun]]''' (by [[Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov|Vladimir Fyodorov]]) <ref>{{cite book|last=Калашников|first=Михаил|author-link=Mikhail Kalashnikov|title=Записки конструктора-оружейника|publisher=Воениздат|location=М.|year=1992|chapter=Чемодан со стволами|chapterurl=http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/kalashnikov_mt/09.html|page=136|isbn=5203012903}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
*'''[[General purpose machine gun]]''' (by [[Vladimir Grigoryevich Fyodorov|Vladimir Fyodorov]]) <ref>{{cite book|last=Калашников|first=Михаил|author-link=Mikhail Kalashnikov|title=Записки конструктора-оружейника|publisher=[[Voenizdat|Воениздат]]|location=М.|year=1992|series=Военные мемуары|chapter=Чемодан со стволами|chapterurl=http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/kalashnikov_mt/09.html|page=136|isbn=5203012903}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
===Gear=== |
===Gear=== |
||
*[[Yuft]] ([[:ru:Юфть|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
*[[Yuft]] ([[:ru:Юфть|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
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Line 299: | Line 314: | ||
*'''[[Peaked cap]]''' |
*'''[[Peaked cap]]''' |
||
*[[Gymnasterka|Gimnastyorka]] |
*[[Gymnasterka|Gimnastyorka]] |
||
*[[Pointillism|Pointillist camouflage]] (by [[Vladimir Baranov-Rossine]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Mausset|first=Marie-José|last2=Breuillaud-Limondin|first2=Pierre|title=Wladimir Baranoff-Rossiné|publisher=iENCHERES|url=http://www. |
*[[Pointillism|Pointillist camouflage]] (by [[Vladimir Baranov-Rossine]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Mausset|first=Marie-José|last2=Breuillaud-Limondin|first2=Pierre|title=Wladimir Baranoff-Rossiné|publisher=iENCHERES|url=http://www.iencheres.com/art/wbr/index.cfm}} {{en icon}} / {{fr icon}}</ref> |
||
*'''[[Gas mask|Activated charcoal gas mask]]''' (by [[Nikolai Zelinsky]], independently from [[James Bert Garner]]) |
*'''[[Gas mask|Activated charcoal gas mask]]''' (by [[Nikolai Zelinsky]], independently from [[James Bert Garner]]) |
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===Rocketry=== |
===Rocketry=== |
||
Line 307: | Line 322: | ||
*'''[[Anti-ballistic missile]]''' |
*'''[[Anti-ballistic missile]]''' |
||
*[[Railcar-launched ICBM]] |
*[[Railcar-launched ICBM]] |
||
*'''[[Vertical launching system]]''' <ref>{{cite book|last=Машенский|first=Сергей|title=Великолепная семёрка. Крылья "Беркутов". Большие противолодочные корабли проекта 1134Б и вертолёты Ка-25|publisher=Военная Книга|location=М.|series=Корабли советского флота|year=2007|isbn=9785902863144}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
|||
*'''[[Intercontinental ballistic missile]]''' (world's first true ICBM ([[R-7 Semyorka]])) |
*'''[[Intercontinental ballistic missile]]''' (world's first true ICBM ([[R-7 Semyorka]])) |
||
*'''[[Multiple rocket launcher|Modern multiple rocket launcher]]''' ([[Katyusha rocket launcher|BM-13 Katyusha]]) |
*'''[[Multiple rocket launcher|Modern multiple rocket launcher]]''' ([[Katyusha rocket launcher|BM-13 Katyusha]]) |
||
Line 317: | Line 333: | ||
*[[Gulyay-gorod]] (modular [[wagon fort]]) |
*[[Gulyay-gorod]] (modular [[wagon fort]]) |
||
*'''[[Military robot]]''' ([[Teletank]]) |
*'''[[Military robot]]''' ([[Teletank]]) |
||
*[[Main battle tank]] ( |
*[[Main battle tank]] (1911–1916 contributions to modern tank design by [[Aleksandr Porokhovschikov]] and [[Vasily Mendeleyev]] ([[:ru:Танк Менделеева|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
||
*'''[[Reactive armor]]''' |
*'''[[Reactive armor]]''' |
||
*'''[[Infantry fighting vehicle]]''' ([[BMP-1]]) <ref group=N>[[BMP-1]] was the first purpose-designed infantry fighting vehicle. The preceding [[Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30|Schützenpanzer 12-3]] is classified as an IFV in Western sources but does not meet Russian standards for such a vehicle.</ref> |
*'''[[Infantry fighting vehicle]]''' ([[BMP-1]]) <ref group=N>[[BMP-1]] was the first purpose-designed infantry fighting vehicle. The preceding [[Schützenpanzer Lang HS.30|Schützenpanzer 12-3]] is classified as an IFV in Western sources but does not meet Russian standards for such a vehicle.</ref> |
||
*'''[[Active protection system]]''' |
*'''[[Active protection system]]''' |
||
*[[Self-propelled laser system]] ([[Stilet]] ([[:ru:Стилет (лазерный комплекс)|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
*[[List of_applications for lasers#Military|Self-propelled laser system]] ([[Stilet]] ([[:ru:Стилет (лазерный комплекс)|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
||
*[[BMPT|Tank support fighting vehicle]] |
*[[BMPT|Tank support fighting vehicle]] |
||
*'''[[Multiple rocket launcher|Mobile rocket launcher system]]''' ([[Katyusha rocket launcher|BM-13 Katyusha]]) |
*'''[[Multiple rocket launcher|Mobile rocket launcher system]]''' ([[Katyusha rocket launcher|BM-13 Katyusha]]) |
||
Line 327: | Line 343: | ||
*[[Minelayer]] ([[Amur class minelayer (1898)]]) |
*[[Minelayer]] ([[Amur class minelayer (1898)]]) |
||
*[[Degaussing]] (by [[Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov|Anatoly Aleksandrov]], independently from [[Charles F. Goodeve]]) |
*[[Degaussing]] (by [[Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov|Anatoly Aleksandrov]], independently from [[Charles F. Goodeve]]) |
||
*[[Minesweeper (ship)|Minesweeper]] (first use of minesweepers as part of regular force) |
|||
*'''[[Missile boat]]''' |
*'''[[Missile boat]]''' |
||
*'''[[Rangefinder]]''' (by [[Vasily Petrushevsky]]) <ref>http://www.rulex.ru/01160307.htm {{ru icon}}</ref> |
*'''[[Rangefinder]]''' (by [[Vasily Petrushevsky]]) <ref>http://www.rulex.ru/01160307.htm {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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Line 336: | Line 351: | ||
==Nanotechnology== |
==Nanotechnology== |
||
*[[Berkovich tip]] |
*[[Berkovich tip]] |
||
*[[Carbon nanotubes]] <ref>{{cite journal|title=Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?|last=Monthioux|first=Marc|last2=Kuznetsov|first2=Vladimir|journal=Carbon |volume=44|issue=9|year=2006|page=1621|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000862230600162X|doi=10.1016/j.carbon.2006.03.019}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Радушкевич|first=Л. В.|last2=Лукъянович|first2=В. М.|title=О структуре углерода, образующегося при термическом разложении окиси углерода на железном контакте|journal=Журнал Физической Химии |volume=26|year=1952|pages=88–95|url=http://nanotube.msu.edu/HSS/2006/4/2006-4.pdf|format=PDF}} {{icon ru}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Carbon nanotubes]] |
|||
*[[Detonation nanodiamond]] |
*[[Detonation nanodiamond]] |
||
==Physics== |
==Physics== |
||
Line 346: | Line 361: | ||
*[[Tokamak]] |
*[[Tokamak]] |
||
*[[Microtron]] |
*[[Microtron]] |
||
*[[Nuclotron]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Kovalenko|first=Aleksandr|title=Nuclotron: first beams and experiments at the superconducting synchrotron in dubna|work=Nuclotron Overview|publisher=[[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research]]|url=http://nucloserv.jinr.ru/text/2004/nuclotron_overview.htm|accessdate=4-Dec-2010|}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Nuclotron]] |
|||
*[[Reflectron]] |
*[[Reflectron]] |
||
*[[Electric arc]] |
*[[Electric arc]] |
||
*[[Synchrotron]] (by [[Vladimir Veksler]] (co-inventor)) |
*[[Synchrotron]] (by [[Vladimir Veksler]] (co-inventor)) |
||
*[[Klystron#Reflex_klystron|Reflex klystron]] (by [[Nikolay Devyatkov|Nikolai Devyatkov]], 1939) <ref>{{cite web|last= |
*[[Klystron#Reflex_klystron|Reflex klystron]] (by [[Nikolay Devyatkov|Nikolai Devyatkov]], 1939) <ref>{{cite web|last=Балыко|first=Александр|title=К 100-летию выдающегося учёного современности академика Николая Дмитриевича Девяткова|work=Николай Дмитриевич Девятков|publisher=[[Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics|V. A. Kotelnikov Institute of Radio-engineering and Electronics]]|url=http://www.cplire.ru/alt/Devyatkov/ballyko.html|accessdate=2-Jun-2011}} {{ref-ru}}</ref> |
||
*[[Photomultiplier]] (by [[Leonid Kubetsky]]) <ref>{{cite journal|last=Lubsandorzhiyev|first=Bayarto|title=On the history of photomultiplier tube invention|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |volume=567|issue=1|pages=236–238|date=1 |
*[[Photomultiplier]] (by [[Leonid Kubetsky]]) <ref>{{cite journal|last=Lubsandorzhiyev|first=Bayarto|title=On the history of photomultiplier tube invention|journal=Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |volume=567|issue=1|pages=236–238|date=1-Nov-2006|doi=10.1016/j.nima.2006.05.221}}</ref> |
||
*[[Electron cooling]] |
*[[Electron cooling]] |
||
*[[Heterotransistor]] (by [[Zhores Alfyorov]] (with [[Herbert Kroemer]])) |
*[[Heterotransistor]] (by [[Zhores Alfyorov]] (with [[Herbert Kroemer]])) |
||
Line 357: | Line 372: | ||
*[[Synchrophasotron]] |
*[[Synchrophasotron]] |
||
*[[Shashlik (physics)]] |
*[[Shashlik (physics)]] |
||
*[[EPR spectroscopy]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Eaton|first=Gareth|last2=Eaton|first2=Sandra|last3=Salikhov|first3=Kev|title=Foundations of modern EPR|publisher=[[World Scientific]]|year=1998|pages=45–46|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1LdKSYIQtPYC&pg=PA45|isbn=9810232950}}</ref> |
|||
*[[EPR spectroscopy]] |
|||
*[[Cherenkov detector]] |
*[[Cherenkov detector]] |
||
*[[NMR spectroscopy]] (by [[Yevgeny Zavoisky]] (co-developer)) |
*[[NMR spectroscopy]] (by [[Yevgeny Zavoisky]] (co-developer)) |
||
*[[Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector]] |
*[[Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector]] |
||
==Recording== |
==Recording== |
||
[[File: |
[[File:FedStereo stereoscopic camera anaglyph.jpg|thumb|Stereo camera, another Russian invention.]] |
||
*[[3D holography]] |
*[[3D holography]] |
||
===Audio=== |
===Audio=== |
||
Line 369: | Line 384: | ||
*[[Piezoelectric microphone]] ([[Sergei Rzhevkin]], 1925) |
*[[Piezoelectric microphone]] ([[Sergei Rzhevkin]], 1925) |
||
===Photography=== |
===Photography=== |
||
*[[Stereo camera]] ([[Ivan Aleksandrovsky]], 1852) <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Кравец|editor-first=Сергей|encyclopedia=[[Great Russian Encyclopedia|Большая Российская энциклопедия]]|volume=1|publisher=БРЭ|location=М.|year=2005|isbn=585270329Х}}</ref> |
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*[[Stereo camera]] ([[Ivan Aleksandrovsky]], 1852) |
|||
*[[Wide-angle lens]] ([[Ivan Boldyrev]], 1878) |
*[[Wide-angle lens]] ([[Ivan Boldyrev]], 1878) |
||
*[[Kirlian photography]] |
*[[Kirlian photography]] |
||
*[[Focal-plane shutter|Instant focal-plane shutter]] ([[Sigizmund Yurkovsky]], 1882) |
*[[Focal-plane shutter|Instant focal-plane shutter]] ([[Sigizmund Yurkovsky]], 1882) |
||
*[[Daguerreotype|Electroplated daguerreotype]] ([[Aleksei Grekov]], 1840) |
*[[Daguerreotype|Electroplated daguerreotype]] ([[Aleksei Grekov]], 1840) |
||
*By [[Vyacheslav Sreznevsky]] ([[:ru:Срезневский, Вячеслав Измайлович|Russian wikipedia article]]), a prolific inventor in the field of photography <ref>{{cite book|last=Шершень|first=А. И.|title= |
*By [[Vyacheslav Sreznevsky]] ([[:ru:Срезневский, Вячеслав Измайлович|Russian wikipedia article]]), a prolific inventor in the field of photography <ref>{{cite book|last=Шершень|first=А. И.|title=Аэрофотосъёмка. Летносъёмочный процесс|publisher=Геодезиздат|year=1949|location=М.|chapter=Развитие аэрофотосъёмки в России|chapterurl=http://www.photohistory.ru/1207248190481659.html}} {{icon ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Срезневский Вячеслав Измайлович|year=1976|encyclopedia=Большая советская энциклопедия|edition=3|publisher=Советская энциклопедия|location=М.|url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/dict/bse/article/00074/11100.htm}} {{ru icon}}</ref> : |
||
:*[[Aerial photography|Aerial camera]] and photographic plates <small>(1886)</small> |
:*[[Aerial photography|Aerial camera]] and photographic plates <small>(1886)</small> |
||
:*[[Camera for solar eclipses]] <small>(1887)</small> |
:*[[Multispectral image|Camera for solar eclipses]] <small>(1887)</small> |
||
:*[[Expeditional photocamera]] <small>(1882)</small> |
:*[[Expeditional photocamera]] <small>(1882)</small> |
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:*[[Waterproofing|Watertight marine camera]] <small>(1886)</small> |
:*[[Waterproofing|Watertight marine camera]] <small>(1886)</small> |
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:*[[Photographic studio|Mobile photographic studio]] <small>(1875)</small> |
:*[[Photographic studio|Mobile photographic studio]] <small>(1875)</small> |
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===Video=== |
===Video=== |
||
*[[Underwater videography|Underwater movie camera]] ([[Fyodor Leontovich]], 1933) |
*[[Underwater videography|Underwater movie camera]] ([[Fyodor Leontovich]], 1933) <ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Нисский|first=А. В.|title=Подводная съёмка|encyclopedia=Фотокинотехника|year=1981|publisher=Советская энциклопедия|location=М.}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
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==Space exploration== |
==Space exploration== |
||
[[File:Space elevator structural diagram--corrected for scale+CM+etc.TIF|thumb|The idea of the space elevator appeared in 1895 when [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] envisioned a tower that would reach all the way into space, built from the ground up to an altitude of 35,790 kilometers above sea level (geostationary orbit). In 1959 [[Yuri Artsutanov]] suggested a more feasible proposal. He proposed using a geostationary satellite as the base from which to deploy the structure downward. By using a counterweight, a cable would be lowered from GSO to the surface of Earth, while the counterweight was extended from the satellite away from Earth, keeping the center of gravity of the cable motionless relative to Earth.]] |
[[File:Space elevator structural diagram--corrected for scale+CM+etc.TIF|thumb|The idea of the space elevator appeared in 1895 when [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] envisioned a tower that would reach all the way into space, built from the ground up to an altitude of 35,790 kilometers above sea level (geostationary orbit). In 1959 [[Yuri Artsutanov]] suggested a more feasible proposal. He proposed using a geostationary satellite as the base from which to deploy the structure downward. By using a counterweight, a cable would be lowered from GSO to the surface of Earth, while the counterweight was extended from the satellite away from Earth, keeping the center of gravity of the cable motionless relative to Earth.]] |
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''Dates in green |
''Dates in green – inventions made before [[Space Age|Space Era]]''. |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1756</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1756</sup></span> – [[Night vision telescope#Night glasses|Night vision telescope]] |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1762</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1762</sup></span> – [[Reflecting telescope#Off-axis designs|Off-axis reflecting telescope]] (by [[Mikhail Lomonosov]] (not published until 1827)) |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1895</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1895</sup></span> – [[Space elevator]] (proposal) |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1903</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1903</sup></span> – [[Spaceflight|Theoretical foundations of spaceflight]] (by [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]]) |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1919</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1919</sup></span> – [[Gravity assist]] (proposal, first application (1959)) |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1930</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1930</sup></span> – [[Radiosonde]] (by [[Pavel Molchanov]], independently from [[Robert Bureau]]) |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1931</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1931</sup></span> – [[Hypergolic propellant]] |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1931</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1931</sup></span> – [[Space suit]] |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1941</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1941</sup></span> – [[Maksutov telescope]] |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1947</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1947</sup></span> – [[Multistage rocket|Modern multistage rocket]] (by [[Mikhail Tikhonravov]] and [[Dmitry Okhotsimsky]]) |
||
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1949</sup></span> |
*<span style="color:green"><sup>1949</sup></span> – [[Staged combustion cycle (rocket)|Staged combustion cycle]] (proposal, first application (1963)) |
||
*<sup>????</sup> |
*<sup>????</sup> – [[Spectrograph|Feathering spectrograph]] (by [[Gavriil Adrianovich Tikhov|Gavriil Tikhov]]) |
||
*<sup>????</sup> |
*<sup>????</sup> – [[Electrically powered spacecraft propulsion|Electric propulsion]] (first application) {{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} |
||
*<sup>1957</sup> |
*<sup>1957</sup> – [[Spaceport]] |
||
*<sup>1957</sup> |
*<sup>1957</sup> – [[Orbital spaceflight|Orbital space rocket]] |
||
*<sup>1957</sup> |
*<sup>1957</sup> – [[Satellite]] |
||
*<sup>1957</sup> |
*<sup>1957</sup> – [[Space capsule]] |
||
*<sup>1958</sup> |
*<sup>1958</sup> – [[Air-augmented rocket]] |
||
*<sup>1961</sup> |
*<sup>1961</sup> – [[Space food]] |
||
*<sup>1961</sup> |
*<sup>1961</sup> – [[Human spaceflight]] |
||
*<sup>1961</sup> |
*<sup>1961</sup> – [[Reentry capsule]] |
||
*<sup>1962</sup> |
*<sup>1962</sup> – [[Space docking|Automated space docking]] |
||
*<sup>1963</sup> |
*<sup>1963</sup> – [[Plasma propulsion engine]] |
||
*<sup>1964</sup> |
*<sup>1964</sup> – [[Kardashev scale|Kardashyov scale]] |
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*<sup> |
*<sup>1964</sup> – [[Pulsed plasma thruster]] |
||
*<sup>1965</sup> |
*<sup>1965</sup> – [[Extra-vehicular activity]] |
||
*<sup> |
*<sup>1965</sup> – [[Molniya orbit|Molniya orbit satellite]] |
||
*<sup>1966</sup> |
*<sup>1966</sup> – [[Lander (spacecraft)|Lander spacecraft]] ([[Luna 9]]) |
||
*<sup>1966</sup> |
*<sup>1966</sup> – [[Orbiter]] ([[Luna 10]]) |
||
*<sup> |
*<sup>1966</sup> – [[Orbital module]] |
||
*<sup> |
*<sup>1967</sup> – [[Space toilet]] |
||
*<sup>1970</sup> |
*<sup>1970</sup> – [[Space probe]] |
||
*<sup>1970</sup> – [[Sample return mission|Robotic sample return]] |
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*<sup>1970</sup> |
*<sup>1970</sup> – [[Rover (space exploration)|Space rover]] |
||
*<sup>1971</sup> |
*<sup>1971</sup> – [[Space station]] |
||
*<sup>1971</sup> |
*<sup>1971</sup> – [[Hall effect thruster]] |
||
*<sup>1975</sup> |
*<sup>1975</sup> – [[Venera 9|Venus lander]] |
||
*<sup>1975</sup> |
*<sup>1975</sup> – [[Androgynous Peripheral Attach System]] |
||
*<sup>1978</sup> |
*<sup>1978</sup> – [[Unmanned resupply spacecraft]] |
||
*<sup>1982</sup> |
*<sup>1982</sup> – [[Space station#Modular|Modular space station]] |
||
*<sup>1992</sup> |
*<sup>1992</sup> – [[Space mirror]] |
||
*<sup>1995</sup> |
*<sup>1995</sup> – [[Submarine-launched spacecraft]] |
||
*<sup>1999</sup> |
*<sup>1999</sup> – [[Sea Launch]] (multinational cooperation) |
||
*<sup>2001</sup> |
*<sup>2001</sup> – [[Space tourism]] |
||
*<sup>2015</sup> |
*<sup>2015</sup> – [[Space debris#External removal|Space cleaner]] (planned) <ref>{{cite web|title=РФ построит корабль для уборки космического мусора|publisher=Электронное периодическое издание «Актуальные комментарии»|date=5 июля 2011|url=http://actualcomment.ru/news/26992/}} {{icon ru}}</ref> |
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==Sports and games== |
==Sports and games== |
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*[[Tetris]] |
*[[Tetris]] |
||
*[[Lapta (game)|Lapta]] |
*[[Lapta (game)|Lapta]] |
||
*[[Bandy]] |
*[[Bandy]] |
||
*[[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lukashev|first=Mikhail|title=Creation of Sambo|magazine=Physical Culture and Sport |publisher=[[Fizkultura i sport (publisher)|Fizkultura i sport]]|issue=9-1991, 10–1991|pages=36–39, 28–32|year=1991|issn=01305670|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20000106144025/http://glory.nsu.ru/projects/satbi/satbi-e/statyi/sambo.html}}</ref> |
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*[[Sambo (martial art)|Sambo]] |
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*[[Gorodki]] |
*[[Gorodki]] |
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*[[Preferans]] |
*[[Preferans]] |
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*[[Spirograph]] |
*[[Spirograph]] |
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*[[Yacht club]] ([[Neva Yacht Club]]) <ref>{{cite web|title=World's Oldest Yacht Clubs|work=Yachting Club of America|url=http://www.ycaol.com/internat.htm|accessdate=12-May-2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bogdanov|first=I. A|title=Yacht Clubs|work=Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg|publisher=Likhachyov Foundation|url=http://www.encspb.ru/en/article.php?kod=2804016491|accessdate=18-May-2008}}</ref> |
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*[[Yacht club]] ([[Neva Yacht Club]]) |
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*[[Orlov Trotter]] |
*[[Orlov Trotter]] |
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*[[Rocket boots]] |
*[[Rocket boots]] |
||
*[[Roller coaster]] (precursor ([[Russian Mountains]])) |
*[[Roller coaster]] (precursor ([[Russian Mountains]])) |
||
*[[Harness racing]] (first conducted by [[Grigory Orlov]] in 1776) |
*[[Harness racing]] (first conducted by [[Grigory Orlov]] in 1776) |
||
*[[ |
*[[Business chess]] |
||
*[[Abalakov thread]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Abalakov Thread|work=Needle Sports|url=http://www.needlesports.com/catalogue/content.aspx?con_id=ca1dfee1-4224-4679-a772-9cc30119a921|accessdate=16-Jul-2010}}</ref> |
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*[[Russian pyramid]] |
*[[Russian pyramid]] |
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*[[Chapayev (game)]] |
*[[Chapayev (game)]] |
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Line 449: | Line 466: | ||
*[[Aviamodelling sport]] |
*[[Aviamodelling sport]] |
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*[[Russian fist fighting]] |
*[[Russian fist fighting]] |
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*[[Spring-loaded camming device]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Middendorf|first=John|title=The Mechanical Advantage|work=Big Walls|year=1999|url=http://www.bigwalls.net/climb/mechadv/index.html|accessdate=20-May-2010}}</ref> |
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*[[Spring-loaded camming device]] |
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*[[Rhythmic gymnastics|Competitive rhythmic gymnastics]] |
*[[Rhythmic gymnastics|Competitive rhythmic gymnastics]] |
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==Transportation== |
==Transportation== |
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Line 459: | Line 476: | ||
*[[Electric bus]] (by [[Ippolit Romanov]]) |
*[[Electric bus]] (by [[Ippolit Romanov]]) |
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*[[Snowmobile]] ([[Aerosani]]) |
*[[Snowmobile]] ([[Aerosani]]) |
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*[[Snegobolotokhod]] (bolotokhod for snow and swamp terrain) |
*[[Bolotokhod|Snegobolotokhod]] (bolotokhod for snow and swamp terrain) |
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*[[Self-propelling carriage]] (precursors to bicycle and automobile (by [[Leonty Shamshurenkov]], 1752 and [[Ivan Kulibin]], 1780s)) |
*[[Self-propelling carriage]] (precursors to bicycle and automobile (by [[Leonty Shamshurenkov]], 1752 and [[Ivan Kulibin]], 1780s)) |
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*[[Bascule bridge|Modern bascule bridge]] |
*[[Bascule bridge|Modern bascule bridge]] |
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Line 465: | Line 482: | ||
*[[Horse-boat]] ([[:ru:Коноводное судно|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
*[[Horse-boat]] ([[:ru:Коноводное судно|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
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*Icebreakers: |
*Icebreakers: |
||
:*[[Icebreaker]] ([[Koch (boat)|Koch]]) <ref>{{cite web |last=Marchenko|first=Nataly|title=Navigation in ice conditions. Experience of Russian sailors|work=Svalbard Science Forum|date=21-Nov-2007|publisher=[[University Centre in Svalbard]]|url=http://ris.npolar.no/documents/Seminars/Lyr/Marchenko_N.pdf|format=PDF|accessdate=5-Jan-2008}}</ref> |
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:*[[Icebreaker]] ([[Koch (boat)|Koch]]) |
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:*[[Polar class ship|Polar icebreaker]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Кукушкин|first=Иван|last2=Андреев|first2=Александр|title="Ермак", линейный ледокол|work=Полярная Почта|year=2008|url=http://www.polarpost.ru/forum/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=595|accessdate=20-May-2010}} {{icon ru}}</ref> |
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:*[[Polar class ship|Polar icebreaker]] |
|||
:*[[Icebreaker|Modern icebreaker]] <ref>{{cite book|last=Веселов|first=Павел|title=Ледоколы|series=Морской Музей ТМ|chapter=Продлить навигацию|publisher=[[Tekhnika Molodezhi|Tekhnika Molodyozhi]]|pages=36–37|year=1993|chapterurl=http://filologdirect.narod.ru/history/2006_04_03.pdf|format=PDF}} {{icon ru}}</ref> |
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:*[[Icebreaker|Modern icebreaker]] |
|||
:*[[Nuclear icebreaker]] <ref>{{cite web|title=Nuclear icebreakers|work=Russian nuclear icebreakers fleet|publisher=[[Bellona Foundation]]|date=18-Jun-1997|url=http://bellona.org/english_import_area/international/russia/civilian_nuclear_vessels/icebreakers/30107|accessdate=20-May-2010}}</ref> |
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:*[[Nuclear icebreaker]] |
|||
:*[[Resonance method of ice destruction]] |
:*[[Resonance method of ice destruction]] |
||
*[[Insubmersibility]] |
*[[Insubmersibility]] |
||
===Rail transport=== |
===Rail transport=== |
||
*[[Monorail]] (precursor, by [[Ivan Elmanov]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Измеров|first=Олег|title=Впереди паровоза|work=Неизвестный отечественный монорельс|url=http://www.izmerov.narod.ru/monor/index.html|accessdate=11-May-2009}} {{icon ru}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Monorail]] (precursor, by [[Ivan Elmanov]]) |
|||
*[[Headlamp]] (by [[Pavel Yablochkov]]) |
*[[Headlamp]] (by [[Pavel Yablochkov]]) |
||
*[[Aerowagon]] (precursor of [[turbojet train]]) |
*[[Aerowagon]] (precursor of [[turbojet train]]) |
||
*Work trains <sup>[ refer to </sup><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Железнодорожный транспорт|editor-last=Конарев|editor-first=Николай|publisher= |
*Work trains <sup>[ refer to </sup><ref name="ZhD">{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Железнодорожный транспорт|editor-last=Конарев|editor-first=Николай|publisher=БРЭ|location=М.|year=1994|isbn=5852701157}} {{icon ru}}</ref><sup> for inventions listed below ]</sup> |
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:*[[Snowplow (work train)|Snowplow]] ([[:ru:Снегоочиститель (путевая машина)|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
:*[[Snowplow (work train)|Snowplow]] ([[:ru:Снегоочиститель (путевая машина)|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
||
:*[[Track liner]] ([[:ru:Рихтовочная машина|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
:*[[Track liner]] ([[:ru:Рихтовочная машина|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
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Line 489: | Line 506: | ||
*[[Children's railway]] |
*[[Children's railway]] |
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*[[Diesel locomotive]] (first successful mainline diesel locomotive, by [[Yury Lomonosov]]) |
*[[Diesel locomotive]] (first successful mainline diesel locomotive, by [[Yury Lomonosov]]) |
||
*[[Rail assembly line]] <ref |
*[[Rail assembly line]] <ref name="ZhD" /> ([[:ru:Звеносборочная поточная линия|Russian wikipedia article]]) |
||
*[[Deep column station]] |
*[[Deep column station]] |
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*[[Platform screen doors]] |
*[[Platform screen doors]] |
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*[[Railway electrification system]] |
*[[Railway electrification system]] |
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===Aviation=== |
===Aviation=== |
||
*[[BARS (aircraft)|BARS]] (hybrid of airplane, airship, helicopter and hovercraft) <ref>http://sdelano-u-nas.livejournal.com/965572.html</ref> |
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*[[Airliner]] ([[Sikorsky Ilya Muromets|Ilya Muromets]]) |
*[[Airliner]] ([[Sikorsky Ilya Muromets|Ilya Muromets]]) |
||
*[[Turbofan]] (by [[Arkhip Lyulka]], 1937–1941) <ref>Soviet Union Author's Certificate No. 312328/25.</ref> |
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*[[Ekranolet]] (hybrid of ekranoplan and airplane ([[:ru:Экранолёт|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
*[[Ekranolet]] (hybrid of ekranoplan and airplane ([[:ru:Экранолёт|Russian wikipedia article]])) |
||
*[[Turboprop]] (by [[Mikhail Nikolayevich Nikolsky|Mikhail Nikolsky]], 1914) <ref>Russian |
*[[Turboprop]] (by [[Mikhail Nikolayevich Nikolsky|Mikhail Nikolsky]], 1914) <ref>Russian Patent N°29245, 1914.</ref> |
||
*[[Ekranoplan]] |
*[[Ekranoplan]] |
||
*[[Thermoplan]] |
*[[Thermoplan]] |
||
*[[Flying wing]] (first practical design and flyable aircraft, by [[Boris Cheranovsky]]) |
|||
*[[Regional jet]] ([[Yakovlev Yak-40|Yak-40]]) |
*[[Regional jet]] ([[Yakovlev Yak-40|Yak-40]]) |
||
*[[Coaxial rotor]] |
*[[Coaxial rotor]] |
||
*[[Pulse jet engine]] <ref>{{cite web|last=Gwynn|first=John|title=The history of the Pulse Jet|work=The Water-Rocket Explorer|year=2003|url=http://waterocket.explorer.free.fr/vlflyingbomb.htm|accessdate=25-Mar-2012}}</ref> |
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*[[Helicopter#History|Model helicopter]] |
|||
*[[Helicopter#History|Model helicopter]] (by [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], 1754) |
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*[[Supersonic transport]] ([[Tupolev Tu-144|Tu-144]]) |
*[[Supersonic transport]] ([[Tupolev Tu-144|Tu-144]]) |
||
==Other== |
==Other== |
||
*[[U-stage]] (a.k.a. [[Yevgraf Fyodorov|Fyodorov's]] table) <ref>{{cite web|last=Schuh|first=Curtis|title=Fyodorov, Evgraf Stepanovich ( |
*[[U-stage]] (a.k.a. [[Yevgraf Fyodorov|Fyodorov's]] table) <ref>{{cite web|last=Schuh|first=Curtis|title=Fyodorov, Evgraf Stepanovich (1853–1919)|work=The Mineralogical Record|url=http://www.minrec.org/libdetail.asp?id=423|accessdate=15-Nov-2011}}</ref> |
||
*[[Searchlight]] (by [[Ivan Kulibin]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Гуриков|first=Владимир|title="Шлифовальных и оптических дел мастер" Иван Петрович Кулибин|publisher=[[:ru:Институт истории естествознания и техники им. С. И. Вавилова РАН| |
*[[Searchlight]] (by [[Ivan Kulibin]]) <ref>{{cite web|last=Гуриков|first=Владимир|title="Шлифовальных и оптических дел мастер" Иван Петрович Кулибин|publisher=[[:ru:Институт истории естествознания и техники им. С. И. Вавилова РАН|S. I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology]]|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100114124549/http://www.optika.ru/pressa/history/2-2002/index.php}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
*[[Orlov printing]] (by [[Ivan Ivanovich Orlov|Ivan Orlov]]) <ref>{{cite web|title=Орловская печать|publisher=[[Goznak]]|url=http://www.goznak.ru/production/secure-products/orlov/|accessdate=1-Nov-2011}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
*[[Orlov printing]] (by [[Ivan Ivanovich Orlov|Ivan Orlov]]) <ref>{{cite web|title=Орловская печать|publisher=[[Goznak]]|url=http://www.goznak.ru/production/secure-products/orlov/|accessdate=1-Nov-2011}} {{ru icon}}</ref> |
||
*[[Burglar alarm]] |
|||
*[[Smokejumping]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ford|first=Bruce|title=Russian Smokejumpers: The Pre-War Years|magazine=Smokejumper Magazine|publisher=[[National Smokejumper Association]] (USA)|date=July 2006|url=http://smokejumpers.com/main/smokejumper_magazine_item.php?articles_id=359&magazine_editions_id=32|accessdate=22-Nov-2011}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Smokejumping]] <ref>{{cite magazine|last=Ford|first=Bruce|title=Russian Smokejumpers: The Pre-War Years|magazine=Smokejumper Magazine|publisher=[[National Smokejumper Association]]|date=July 2006|url=http://smokejumpers.com/main/smokejumper_magazine_item.php?articles_id=359&magazine_editions_id=32|accessdate=22-Nov-2011}}</ref> |
|||
*[[Foam extinguisher]] |
*[[Foam extinguisher]] |
||
*[[Forensic facial reconstruction]] |
*[[Forensic facial reconstruction]] |
||
Line 541: | Line 563: | ||
|} |
|} |
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==Russian discoveries== |
==Russian discoveries== |
||
[[File:Nanotubos tipos.png|thumb|Carbon nanotubes.]] |
|||
{{Expand section|date=October 2011}} |
|||
*<sup>1761</sup> – [[Atmosphere of Venus]] |
|||
*[[Hafnium]] (claimed by [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] and [[Georges Urbain]] (independently)) |
|||
*<sup>1861</sup> – [[Formose reaction]] |
|||
*[[Ununhexium]] |
|||
*<sup>1872</sup> – [[Aldol reaction]] (by [[Aleksandr Borodin]], independently from [[Adolphe Wurtz]]) |
|||
*[[Ununquadium]] |
|||
*<sup>1890</sup> – [[Chemosynthesis]] |
|||
*[[Korotkoff sounds|Korotkov sounds]] |
|||
*<sup>1892</sup> – [[Viruses]] |
|||
*[[Carbon nanotubes]] |
|||
*<sup>1903</sup> – [[Cytoskeleton]] |
|||
*[[Detonation nanodiamond]] (by [[Yevgeny Zababakhin]], [[Vyacheslav Danilenko]] and others) |
|||
*<sup>1905</sup> – [[Korotkoff sounds|Korotkov sounds]] |
|||
*<sup>1911</sup> – [[Hafnium]] (claimed by [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] and [[Georges Urbain]] (independently)) |
|||
*<sup>1934</sup> – [[Cherenkov radiation]] |
|||
*<sup>1937</sup> – [[Superfluidity]] (by [[Pyotr Kapitsa]], with [[John F. Allen]] and [[Don Misener]]) |
|||
*<sup>1952</sup> – [[Carbon nanotubes]] |
|||
*<sup>1964</sup> – [[Rutherfordium]] |
|||
*<sup>1961</sup> – [[Lawrencium]] (co-discovered ([[Joint Institute for Nuclear Research|Dubna Nuclear Research Institute]] and [[Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory]])) |
|||
*<sup>1966</sup> – [[Nobelium]] |
|||
*<sup>1968</sup> – [[Dubnium]] |
|||
*<sup>1981</sup> – [[Quantum dot]] |
|||
*<sup>1999</sup> – [[Ununquadium]] |
|||
*<sup>2000</sup> – [[Ununhexium]] |
|||
*<sup>2002</sup> – [[Ununoctium]] (unconfirmed) |
|||
*<sup>2003</sup> – [[Ununtrium]] (unconfirmed) |
|||
*<sup>2003</sup> – [[Ununpentium]] (unconfirmed) |
|||
*<sup>2010</sup> – [[Ununseptium]] (unconfirmed) |
|||
==Technology records== |
==Technology records== |
||
[[File:Soyuz TMA-13 lift off with Expedition 18 crew from Baikonur Cosmodrome.jpg|thumb|Soyuz, the most successful means of space transportation.]] |
[[File:Soyuz TMA-13 lift off with Expedition 18 crew from Baikonur Cosmodrome.jpg|thumb|Soyuz, the most successful means of space transportation.]] |
||
— [[Tsar Bell]] (the largest and heaviest bell in the world) |
— [[Tsar Bell]] (the largest and heaviest bell in the world){{break}} |
||
— [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] (the longest railway in the world){{break}} |
— [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] (the longest railway in the world){{break}} |
||
— [[Moscow Metro]] (the world's most heavily used single operator metro system){{break}} |
— [[Moscow Metro]] (the world's most heavily used single operator metro system){{break}} |
||
— [[Leningrad Metro]] (the deepest subway in the world) |
— [[Leningrad Metro]] (the deepest subway in the world){{break}} |
||
— [[Druzhba pipeline]] (the longest oil pipeline system in the world) |
— [[Druzhba pipeline]] (the longest oil pipeline system in the world){{break}} |
||
— [[Proton rocket]] (the most used heavy lift launch system) |
— [[Proton rocket]] (the most used heavy lift launch system){{break}} |
||
— [[Soyuz rocket]] (the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world) <ref>{{cite web|title=Soyuz launch vehicle: The most reliable means of space travel|publisher=[[ESA]]|url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Delta_Mission/SEM8XK57ESD_0.html|accessdate=20-May-2010}}</ref>{{break}} |
— [[Soyuz rocket]] (the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world) <ref>{{cite web|title=Soyuz launch vehicle: The most reliable means of space travel|publisher=[[ESA]]|url=http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Delta_Mission/SEM8XK57ESD_0.html|accessdate=20-May-2010}}</ref>{{break}} |
||
— [[The Motherland Calls]] (the largest complex sculpture){{break}} |
— [[The Motherland Calls]] (the largest complex sculpture){{break}} |
||
— [[Lunokhod 2]] (longest distance of surface travel of any extraterrestrial vehicle) <ref>{{cite episode|title=Tank on the Moon|series=The Nature of Things with David Suzuki|serieslink=Nature of Things|network=CBC-TV|airdate=6-Dec-2007}}</ref>{{break}} |
— [[Lunokhod 2]] (longest distance of surface travel of any extraterrestrial vehicle) <ref>{{cite episode|title=Tank on the Moon|series=The Nature of Things with David Suzuki|serieslink=Nature of Things|network=CBC-TV|airdate=6-Dec-2007}}</ref>{{break}} |
||
— [[Arktika class icebreaker]] (the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker; the first surface ship to reach the North Pole) |
— [[Arktika class icebreaker]] (the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker; the first surface ship to reach the North Pole){{break}} |
||
— [[MIR (submersible)|MIR submersible]] (the first to reach the seabed under the North Pole; developed in cooperation with Finland) |
— [[MIR (submersible)|MIR submersible]] (the first to reach the seabed under the North Pole; developed in cooperation with Finland){{break}} |
||
— [[RD-170 (rocket engine)|RD-170 rocket engine]] (the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine) |
— [[RD-170 (rocket engine)|RD-170 rocket engine]] (the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine){{break}} |
||
— [[An-225]] (the largest fixed-wing aircraft){{break}} |
— [[An-225]] (the largest fixed-wing aircraft){{break}} |
||
— [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]] (the deepest borehole) |
— [[Kola Superdeep Borehole]] (the deepest borehole){{break}} |
||
— [[Mirny Mine]] (the largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation) |
— [[Mirny Mine]] (the largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation){{break}} |
||
— [[NS 50 Years Since Victory]] (the world's largest nuclear powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general) {{ |
— [[NS 50 Years Since Victory]] (the world's largest nuclear powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general) <ref>{{cite web|title=World's largest icebreaker|work=Ships Monthly|date=3-May-2007|url=http://www.shipsmonthly.com/auto/newsdesk/20070403154825ships.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070514155930/http://www.shipsmonthly.com/auto/newsdesk/20070403154825ships.html|archivedate=14-May-2007|deadurl=yes}}</ref>{{break}} |
||
— [[Russky Island Bridge]] (the longest cable-stayed bridge) |
— [[Russky Island Bridge]] (the longest cable-stayed bridge){{break}} |
||
— [[Truth drug|SP-117]] (allegedly the most potent truth drug) |
— [[Truth drug|SP-117]] (allegedly the most potent truth drug) |
||
===Weaponry records=== |
===Weaponry records=== |
||
:— [[Great Abatis Line]] (the largest fortification line of abatis type) |
:— [[Great Abatis Line]] (the largest fortification line of abatis type){{break}} |
||
:— [[Tsar Cannon]] (the largest-calibre bombard){{break}} |
:— [[Tsar Cannon]] (the largest-calibre bombard){{break}} |
||
:— [[Mosin-Nagant|Three-line rifle]] (the most produced rifle of the era) |
:— [[Mosin-Nagant|Three-line rifle]] (the most produced rifle of the era){{break}} |
||
:— [[Polikarpov Po-2]] (world's most produced biplane) |
:— [[Polikarpov Po-2]] (world's most produced biplane){{break}} |
||
:— [[Ilyushin Il-2]] (world's most produced combat aircraft) |
:— [[Ilyushin Il-2]] (world's most produced combat aircraft){{break}} |
||
:— [[T-34]] (the most successful tank design of World War II) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achtungpanzer.com/t34.htm|title=Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)|work=Achtung Panzer!|last=Parada|first=George|accessdate=17-Nov-2008}}</ref>{{break}} |
:— [[T-34]] (the most successful tank design of World War II) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.achtungpanzer.com/t34.htm|title=Panzerkampfwagen T-34(r)|work=Achtung Panzer!|last=Parada|first=George|accessdate=17-Nov-2008}}</ref>{{break}} |
||
:— [[T-54/55]] (world's most produced tank) |
:— [[T-54/55]] (world's most produced tank){{break}} |
||
:— [[MiG-15]] (world's most produced jet aircraft) |
:— [[MiG-15]] (world's most produced jet aircraft){{break}} |
||
:— [[AK-47]] (world's most produced assault rifle; more AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined){{break}} |
:— [[AK-47]] (world's most produced assault rifle; more AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined){{break}} |
||
:— [[MiG-21]] (world's most produced supersonic aircraft) |
:— [[MiG-21]] (world's most produced supersonic aircraft){{break}} |
||
:— [[S-75 Dvina]] (the most widely-deployed and -used air defense missile in history) |
:— [[S-75 Dvina]] (the most widely-deployed and -used air defense missile in history){{break}} |
||
:— [[RPG-7]] (world's most used anti-tank weapon) |
:— [[RPG-7]] (world's most used anti-tank weapon){{break}} |
||
:— [[Mil Mi-8]] (world's most-produced helicopter) |
:— [[Mil Mi-8]] (world's most-produced helicopter){{break}} |
||
:— [[Tsar Bomb]] (the most powerful weapon ever tested){{break}} |
:— [[Tsar Bomb]] (the most powerful weapon ever tested){{break}} |
||
:— [[TKB-022PM]] (best barrel length to overall length ratio) |
:— [[TKB-022PM]] (best barrel length to overall length ratio){{break}} |
||
:— [[KM ( |
:— [[KM (Ground effect vehicle)|KM "Caspian Monster"]] (the largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft){{break}} |
||
:— [[Mil Mi-12]] (the largest helicopter ever built) |
:— [[Mil Mi-12]] (the largest helicopter ever built){{break}} |
||
:— [[Kirov class battlecruiser]] (the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships currently in active operation in the world) |
:— [[Kirov class battlecruiser]] (the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships currently in active operation in the world){{break}} |
||
:— [[SS-18 Satan|R-36M]] (ICBM with the heaviest throw-weight) |
:— [[SS-18 Satan|R-36M]] (ICBM with the heaviest throw-weight){{break}} |
||
:— [[Typhoon class submarine]] (the largest submarine ever built) |
:— [[Typhoon class submarine]] (the largest submarine ever built){{break}} |
||
:— [[Tupolev Tu-160]] (the world's largest combat, supersonic, and variable-sweep aircraft built; the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft) |
:— [[Tupolev Tu-160]] (the world's largest combat, supersonic, and variable-sweep aircraft built; the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft){{break}} |
||
:— [[Novichok agent]] (allegedly the most deadly nerve agents ever made) <ref>{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Jonathan|title=War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to al-Qaeda|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=9781400032334}}</ref>{{break}} |
:— [[Novichok agent]] (allegedly the most deadly nerve agents ever made) <ref>{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Jonathan|title=War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to al-Qaeda|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=9781400032334}}</ref>{{break}} |
||
:— [[Beriev A-40]] (the largest amphibious flying boat) <ref>{{cite web|title=Бериев А-40 Альбатрос|work=Уголок неба |
:— [[Beriev A-40]] (the largest amphibious flying boat) <ref>{{cite web|title=Бериев А-40 Альбатрос|work=Уголок неба. Большая авиационная энциклопедия|url=http://www.airwar.ru/enc/sea/a40.html|accessdate=6-Nov-2011}} {{ru icon}}</ref>{{break}} |
||
:— [[Zubr class LCAC]] (world's largest hovercraft) <ref>{{cite web|title=Hellenic Command Amphibious Forces: Ships|year=2008|publisher=[[Hellenic Navy]]|url=http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/dad_ships_en.asp|accessdate=18-Apr-2009}}</ref>{{break}} |
:— [[Zubr class LCAC]] (world's largest hovercraft) <ref>{{cite web|title=Hellenic Command Amphibious Forces: Ships|year=2008|publisher=[[Hellenic Navy]]|url=http://www.hellenicnavy.gr/dad_ships_en.asp|accessdate=18-Apr-2009}}</ref>{{break}} |
||
:— [[Don-2N]] (the most powerful early-warning radar |
:— [[Don-2N]] (the most powerful early-warning radar){{break}} |
||
:— [[Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power]] (the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the world) |
:— [[Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power]] (the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the world) |
||
==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 22:31, 7 April 2012
Ancient inventions
Inventions which originated on the territory of the Russian Plain, Northern Russia, North Caucasus and Siberia from Mesolithic to the Bronze Age. This section also includes earliest known instances of things that rarely survive archaeological record.
- Wheel (middle of the 4th millennium BC)
- The question of which culture originally invented the wheeled vehicle remains unresolved and under debate. Some archaeologists attribute it to the Maykop culture of North Caucasus.[1]
- Chariot (approximately 2000 BC)
- The earliest fully developed true chariots known are from the chariot burials of the Andronovo sites of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture in modern Russia and Kazakhstan.[2]
- Domestication of the horse (around 4000-3500 BC)
- It is generally thought that horses were domesticated in the steppes of present-day Ukraine around 4000-3500 BCE.
- Distaff (beginning of the 2nd millennium BC)
- Parts of a distaff and ceramics with linum textile prints have been discovered during an excavation of a settlement on Modlona riven in Vologda region.[3]
- Trousers (Upper Paleolithic)
- There is some evidence of trousers being worn in the Upper Paleolithic. An example are the figurines found at the Siberian sites of Mal'ta and Buret'.[4] A discovery of human remains with fur-pants was made near Vladimir, dating to around 20,000 years ago.[5]
- Wooden bridge (middle of the 6th millenium BC)
- The discovery was made near Zabolotskoye Lake in Sergiyevo-Posadsky district. It is unclear yet whether the discovery was a bridge or a docking pier. The construction was created from birch logs with stone axes around 7500 years ago. The oldest presently-known wooden bridge was built around 6000 years ago in Switzerland.[6]
- Composite bow (around 3rd–2nd millennium BC)
- Composite bows may have been invented by the nomads of the Asiatic steppe, who may have based it on Northern Asian laminated bows.[7] There are arrowheads from the burials at Krivoye Lake (part of the Sintashta-Petrovka culture) about 2100–1700 BCE, but the bow that shot them has not survived. The final form of a composite bow known as the Scythian bow was developed by the Cimmerians of North Caucasus in the 9th century BC.[8]
- Wooden sculpture (middle of the 8th millennium BC)
- The world's oldest-known wooden sculpture is the Shigir Idol made during the Mesolithic period. The idol was discovered in 1894 approximately 100 km from Yekaterinburg. The radiocarbon dating gives it an age of 9,500 years. The sculpture is displayed in the Historic Exhibition Museum in Yekaterinburg.[9]
Agriculture and biotechnology
External image | |
---|---|
Rabbage, the first ever non-sterile hybrid obtained through the crossbreeding. |
- Sokha
- Grow light (by Andrei Famintsyn) [10][11]
- Beehive frame [12][13]
- Raphanobrassica [14]
- Winogradsky column
- Sunflower oil industry (by Daniil Bokarev (Russian wikipedia article)) [15][16]
- Caterpillar farm tractor [17][18]
Arts and music
- Zaum
- Montage (by Lev Kuleshov)
- Theremin
- Bone watch [19][20]
- Birch bark art [21]
- Constructivism
- Drum machine (Rhythmicon)
- Wooden watch (by Semyon Bronnikov) [22][19]
- Kuleshov Effect
- Musical carriage (by Yegor Kuznetsov) [23][24]
- Socialist realism
- Pure abstract art (by Vasily Kandinsky)
- ANS synthesizer [25]
- Optophonic piano [26]
- Welded sculpture [27]
- Stanislavsky's system
Chemistry
- Pobedit [28][29]
- Periodic table
- Chromatography
- Synthetic rubber (first commercially viable form of production (Polybutadiene)) [30][31]
- Fire fighting foam
- Synthetic detergent (by Grigory Petrov) [32][33]
- Nuclear desalination (BN-350 reactor)
- Theory of chemical structure
Communications
External image | |
---|---|
Kupriyanovich's 1958 mobile phone. More info (in Russian). |
- Thing (precursor to modern RFID technology)
- Interlace
- Crystodine [34][35]
- Pocket phone (by Leonid Kupriyanovich)
- Radio receiver [36]
- CRT television [37][38]
- Optical telegraph [39][N 1]
- Portable mobile phone (by Leonid Kupriyanovich)
Computing and information technology
- TRIZ
- RAR
- Integraph
- Acmeology (Russian wikipedia article)
- Russian abacus
- Personal computer (MIR)
- Flip-flop (electronics) (by Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich, independently from William Eccles and Frank Jordan) [40]
- Unit record equipment (by Semyon Korsakov)
- AVL tree datastructure
- Abstract state machine
- Modern ternary computer (Setun)
- Topological quantum computer
- Randomized webcam chatroom (Chatroulette)
- Computer for operations with functions
Cuisine
- Soups
- Botvinya (Ботвинья) · Kalya (Калья) · Malosol [41] · Okroshka · Rassolnik · Shchi · Solyanka · Tyurya (Тюря) · Ukha
- Meat, fish, dairy products
- Balyk · Chopsy [41] · Khinkal (Хинкал) · Litsuklibzhe · Porsa [42] · Shomokh [41] · Smetana · Stroganina (Строганина) · Tyram [41]
- Pies, wraps, pancakes
- Blini · Khingalsh · Khychin (Хычин) · Kulebyaka · Ochpochmak · Peremech (Перемяч) · Pirog · Pirozhki · Qabartma · Qistibi · Syrniki · Vatrushka
- Drinks, alcoholic beverages
- Baked milk [43] · Kefir · Kissel · Kvas [44][N 2] · Mors (Морс) · Medovukha · Russian vodka · Sbiten
- Snacks
- Other
- Borodinsky (bread) · Khrenovina (sauce) · Pelmeni (dumpling) [45] · Vareniki (dumpling)
Culture-specific inventions
Art
- Khokhloma
- Vologda lace (Russian wikipedia article)
- Kargopol toys
- Borok drawing (Russian wikipedia article)
- Dymkovo toys
- Mezen drawing (Russian wikipedia article)
- Matryoshka doll
- Miniature painting:
Architecture
- Vysotka
- Zvonnitsa
- Kokoshnik
- Bochka roof
- Onion dome
- Native styles:
- Neo-Russian [46]
- Constructivism
- Neo-Byzantine (developed)
- Late Muscovite
- Russian Revival
- Stalinist Empire
- Siberian Baroque (Russian wikipedia article)
- Middle Muscovite
- Naryshkin Baroque
- Postconstructivism
- Early Russian architecture
- North Caucasus architecture [47]
- Russian wooden architecture (Russian wikipedia article)
Music
- Gusli
- Bayan
- Gudok
- Domra
- Zhaleika
- Balalaika
- Szopelka
- Doshpuluur
- Treshchotka
- Atukh-Pondur [48]
- Russian guitar
- Dechig-Pondur [49]
- Vladimirsky rozhok
Clothing
- Lapti
- Kalfak (Russian wikipedia article)
- Sarafan
- Valenki
- Ushanka
- Boyar hat
- Kokoshnik
- Kosovorotka
- Orenburg shawl
Earth studies
- Radiosonde (by Pavel Molchanov, independently from Robert Bureau)
- Lightning detector
- Sounding weight probe [50]
- Manned drifting ice station
Energy
- Kalina cycle (by Aleksandr Kalina) [citation needed]
- Photoelectric cell (first solar cell based on the outer photoelectric effect (by Aleksandr Stoletov))
- Coal cutter-loader (Russian wikipedia article)
- Straight-flow boiler (Ramzin boiler)
- Mobile floating power station (by Nikolai Kukhto (Russian wikipedia article))
- Synthesis of hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis (by Dmitry Lachinov)
Oil and gas
- Gas lift (by Mikhail Tikhvinsky, 1914) [51]
- Turbodrill (by Matvei Kapelyushnikov, 1922) [52][53]
- Modern oil well
- Thermal cracking
- Pipeline transport
- Cylindric oil depot
Nuclear energy
- Nuclear power plant
- Fast-neutron reactor
- Lead-cooled fast reactor
- Pressurized water reactor [54]
- Nuclear power station barge (mass-produced)
Everyday life
- Anbur script
- AC transformer
- Decimal currency
- Light-emitting diode
- Electric street lights (Yablochkov candle)
- Multicolored printing press (Orlov Stamp)
Housing and structural engineering
- Izba
- Rebar
- Gridshell
- Lightning rod
- Tensile structure
- Foamed concrete (Russian wikipedia article)
- Thin-shell structure
- Screw drive elevator
- Hyperboloid structure
Food preparation, kitchenware
Mechanical engineering
- Lever press (by Ivan Nevedomsky, 1813) [57]
- Welding:
Medicine
- Air ioniser
- Blood bank
- EHF therapy (by Nikolai Devyatkov, Mikhail Golant and others)
- Turpentine bath
- Head transplant (first head transplant with full cerebral function (by Vladimir Demikhov))
- External fixation
- Plasmapheresis (by Vadim Yurevich) [58]
- Coding (therapy)
- Oxygen cocktail
- Field anesthesia
- Ilizarov apparatus
- MM-wave therapy
- Ultrasonic testing (by Sergei Sokolov (Russian wikipedia article))
- Radial keratotomy
- Bekhterev's Mixture
- Acoustic microscope (by Sergei Sokolov)
- Classical conditioning
- Distraction osteogenesis
- Cadaveric blood transfusion
- Anthropometric cosmetology
- Magnetic resonance imaging (by Vladislav Ivanov)
- Auscultatory blood pressure measurement
Metallurgy
- Bulat steel
- Aluminothermy
- Weldable titanium alloys (by Igor Gorynin)
- Modern powder metallurgy (by Pyotr Sobolevsky and Vasily Lyubarsky) [59]
- Metallographic microscopy
Military
Major innovations that became standard means of modern warfare are in bold.
- Systema
- Flamethrower (first use in modern era (Vasily Korchmin))
- Bistatic radar
- Railway troops (Russian wikipedia article)
- Radio rangefinder (Russian wikipedia article)
- Modern field kitchen (Anton Turchanovich)
- Modern field surgery (theoretical and practical foundations (Nikolai Pirogov))
- Explosively pumped flux compression generator
Air Force
- Aerobatics (theoretical and practical foundations (Pyotr Nesterov))
- Drag chute
- Rocket fighter (Bereznyak-Isayev BI-1)
- Pressure suit
- Hovercraft tank [60][61]
- Stealth aircraft (theory of modern stealth technology (Pyotr Ufimtsev))
- Thrust vectoring (by Nikolai Kibalchich (proposal, 1881))
- Drogue parachute (first application (Gleb Kotelnikov))
- Flying boat fighter (Grigorovich M-11)
- 3D thrust vectoring (Sukhoi Su-37)
- Strategic bomber (Ilya Muromets)
- Backpack parachute
- Helicopter ejection seat (first production helicopter (Kamov Ka-50))
- Helmet-mounted sight (Mikoyan MiG-29)
- Supermaneuverability (Sukhoi Su-27)
Artillery
- Licorne
- Railway gun [62][63]
- Battery tower [64]
- Quick-firing gun (precursor (Russian wikipedia article))
- Telescopic sight (by Andrei Nartov)
- Multibarreled mortar (modular multibarreled mortar (by Ivan Fyodorov)) [65]
- Modern quick-firing gun (Baranovsky cannon (Russian wikipedia article))
Cold weaponry
Firearms
- Laser pistol [69]
- Assault rifle (Fedorov Avtomat) [70][71][72][N 5]
- Modern mortar (by Leonid Gobyato (co-inventor Roman Kondratenko))
- Noiseless handgun [73] (Russian wikipedia article)
- Underwater assault rifle (APS)
- Amphibious assault rifle (ASM-DT)
- Unification of firearms (by Vladimir Fyodorov) [74][75]
- Noiseless grenade launcher (Device D) [76]
- Squad automatic weapon (RPD)
- Automatic grenade launcher (by Yakov Taubin (Russian wikipedia article))
- General purpose machine gun (by Vladimir Fyodorov) [77]
Gear
- Yuft (Russian wikipedia article)
- Kirza
- Gazyr (Russian wikipedia article)
- Sailor cap
- Budyonovka
- Peaked cap
- Gimnastyorka
- Pointillist camouflage (by Vladimir Baranov-Rossine) [78]
- Activated charcoal gas mask (by Nikolai Zelinsky, independently from James Bert Garner)
Rocketry
- Mobile ICBM
- Rocket warfare (contributions to theory and tactics by Aleksandr Zasyadko)
- Air-augmented rocket
- Anti-ballistic missile
- Railcar-launched ICBM
- Vertical launching system [79]
- Intercontinental ballistic missile (world's first true ICBM (R-7 Semyorka))
- Modern multiple rocket launcher (BM-13 Katyusha)
- Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
Military vehicles
- Aerosani
- Tachanka
- Flame tank (first practical design (KhT-26))
- Mobile banya
- Gulyay-gorod (modular wagon fort)
- Military robot (Teletank)
- Main battle tank (1911–1916 contributions to modern tank design by Aleksandr Porokhovschikov and Vasily Mendeleyev (Russian wikipedia article))
- Reactive armor
- Infantry fighting vehicle (BMP-1) [N 6]
- Active protection system
- Self-propelled laser system (Stilet (Russian wikipedia article))
- Tank support fighting vehicle
- Mobile rocket launcher system (BM-13 Katyusha)
- Minelayer (Amur class minelayer (1898))
- Degaussing (by Anatoly Aleksandrov, independently from Charles F. Goodeve)
- Missile boat
- Rangefinder (by Vasily Petrushevsky) [80]
- Armored cruiser (Russian cruiser General-Admiral (1873))
- Torpedo boat tender
- Submarine minelayer (Russian submarine Krab (1912))
- Ballistic missile submarine (Project 611)
Nanotechnology
Physics
- Laser (by Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov (co-inventors))
- Maser (by Nikolai Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov (co-inventors))
- Graser
- Collider (by Gersh Budker (co-inventor))
- Orbitrap
- Tokamak
- Microtron
- Nuclotron [83]
- Reflectron
- Electric arc
- Synchrotron (by Vladimir Veksler (co-inventor))
- Reflex klystron (by Nikolai Devyatkov, 1939) [84]
- Photomultiplier (by Leonid Kubetsky) [85]
- Electron cooling
- Heterotransistor (by Zhores Alfyorov (with Herbert Kroemer))
- Magnetotellurics
- Synchrophasotron
- Shashlik (physics)
- EPR spectroscopy [86]
- Cherenkov detector
- NMR spectroscopy (by Yevgeny Zavoisky (co-developer))
- Superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
Recording
Audio
- Graphical sound (Pavel Tager (1926) and Aleksandr Shorin (1927))
- Laser microphone
- Piezoelectric microphone (Sergei Rzhevkin, 1925)
Photography
- Stereo camera (Ivan Aleksandrovsky, 1852) [87]
- Wide-angle lens (Ivan Boldyrev, 1878)
- Kirlian photography
- Instant focal-plane shutter (Sigizmund Yurkovsky, 1882)
- Electroplated daguerreotype (Aleksei Grekov, 1840)
- By Vyacheslav Sreznevsky (Russian wikipedia article), a prolific inventor in the field of photography [88][89] :
- Aerial camera and photographic plates (1886)
- Camera for solar eclipses (1887)
- Expeditional photocamera (1882)
- Watertight marine camera (1886)
- Mobile photographic studio (1875)
Video
Space exploration
Dates in green – inventions made before Space Era.
- 1756 – Night vision telescope
- 1762 – Off-axis reflecting telescope (by Mikhail Lomonosov (not published until 1827))
- 1895 – Space elevator (proposal)
- 1903 – Theoretical foundations of spaceflight (by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky)
- 1919 – Gravity assist (proposal, first application (1959))
- 1930 – Radiosonde (by Pavel Molchanov, independently from Robert Bureau)
- 1931 – Hypergolic propellant
- 1931 – Space suit
- 1941 – Maksutov telescope
- 1947 – Modern multistage rocket (by Mikhail Tikhonravov and Dmitry Okhotsimsky)
- 1949 – Staged combustion cycle (proposal, first application (1963))
- ???? – Feathering spectrograph (by Gavriil Tikhov)
- ???? – Electric propulsion (first application) [citation needed]
- 1957 – Spaceport
- 1957 – Orbital space rocket
- 1957 – Satellite
- 1957 – Space capsule
- 1958 – Air-augmented rocket
- 1961 – Space food
- 1961 – Human spaceflight
- 1961 – Reentry capsule
- 1962 – Automated space docking
- 1963 – Plasma propulsion engine
- 1964 – Kardashyov scale
- 1964 – Pulsed plasma thruster
- 1965 – Extra-vehicular activity
- 1965 – Molniya orbit satellite
- 1966 – Lander spacecraft (Luna 9)
- 1966 – Orbiter (Luna 10)
- 1966 – Orbital module
- 1967 – Space toilet
- 1970 – Space probe
- 1970 – Robotic sample return
- 1970 – Space rover
- 1971 – Space station
- 1971 – Hall effect thruster
- 1975 – Venus lander
- 1975 – Androgynous Peripheral Attach System
- 1978 – Unmanned resupply spacecraft
- 1982 – Modular space station
- 1992 – Space mirror
- 1995 – Submarine-launched spacecraft
- 1999 – Sea Launch (multinational cooperation)
- 2001 – Space tourism
- 2015 – Space cleaner (planned) [91]
Sports and games
- Tetris
- Lapta
- Bandy
- Sambo [92]
- Gorodki
- Preferans
- Spirograph
- Yacht club (Neva Yacht Club) [93][94]
- Orlov Trotter
- Rocket boots
- Roller coaster (precursor (Russian Mountains))
- Harness racing (first conducted by Grigory Orlov in 1776)
- Business chess
- Abalakov thread [95]
- Russian pyramid
- Chapayev (game)
- Fire-fighting sport
- Parachuting sport
- Aviamodelling sport
- Russian fist fighting
- Spring-loaded camming device [96]
- Competitive rhythmic gymnastics
Transportation
- Troika
- Gyrocar
- Droshky
- Bolotokhod (amphibious ATV specially for swamp terrain (Russian wikipedia article))
- Electric bus (by Ippolit Romanov)
- Snowmobile (Aerosani)
- Snegobolotokhod (bolotokhod for snow and swamp terrain)
- Self-propelling carriage (precursors to bicycle and automobile (by Leonty Shamshurenkov, 1752 and Ivan Kulibin, 1780s))
- Modern bascule bridge
Maritime
- Horse-boat (Russian wikipedia article)
- Icebreakers:
Rail transport
- Monorail (precursor, by Ivan Elmanov) [101]
- Headlamp (by Pavel Yablochkov)
- Aerowagon (precursor of turbojet train)
- Work trains [ refer to [102] for inventions listed below ]
- Snowplow (Russian wikipedia article)
- Track liner (Russian wikipedia article)
- Ballast cleaner
- Ballast regulator
- Ballast compactor (Russian wikipedia article)
- Snow-removal train (Russian wikipedia article)
- Track geometry car (by Iosif Livchak, 1887)
- Ditch cleaning machine (Russian wikipedia article)
- Track cleaning machine (Russian wikipedia article)
- Electric tram
- String transport
- Children's railway
- Diesel locomotive (first successful mainline diesel locomotive, by Yury Lomonosov)
- Rail assembly line [102] (Russian wikipedia article)
- Deep column station
- Platform screen doors
- Railway electrification system
Aviation
- BARS (hybrid of airplane, airship, helicopter and hovercraft) [103]
- Airliner (Ilya Muromets)
- Turbofan (by Arkhip Lyulka, 1937–1941) [104]
- Ekranolet (hybrid of ekranoplan and airplane (Russian wikipedia article))
- Turboprop (by Mikhail Nikolsky, 1914) [105]
- Ekranoplan
- Thermoplan
- Flying wing (first practical design and flyable aircraft, by Boris Cheranovsky)
- Regional jet (Yak-40)
- Coaxial rotor
- Pulse jet engine [106]
- Model helicopter (by Mikhail Lomonosov, 1754)
- Supersonic transport (Tu-144)
Other
- U-stage (a.k.a. Fyodorov's table) [107]
- Searchlight (by Ivan Kulibin) [108]
- Orlov printing (by Ivan Orlov) [109]
- Burglar alarm
- Smokejumping [110]
- Foam extinguisher
- Forensic facial reconstruction
Inventions by Russian emigrants
|
: Tandem rotor helicopter (first to fly freely) : Continuous-wave-operating diode laser (with Zhores Alfyorov) : Kinescope · Iconoscope (with Semyon Katayev) : Electrical filament · Incandescent light bulb : Graphene (with Andrei Geim) |
Russian discoveries
- 1761 – Atmosphere of Venus
- 1861 – Formose reaction
- 1872 – Aldol reaction (by Aleksandr Borodin, independently from Adolphe Wurtz)
- 1890 – Chemosynthesis
- 1892 – Viruses
- 1903 – Cytoskeleton
- 1905 – Korotkov sounds
- 1911 – Hafnium (claimed by Vladimir Vernadsky and Georges Urbain (independently))
- 1934 – Cherenkov radiation
- 1937 – Superfluidity (by Pyotr Kapitsa, with John F. Allen and Don Misener)
- 1952 – Carbon nanotubes
- 1964 – Rutherfordium
- 1961 – Lawrencium (co-discovered (Dubna Nuclear Research Institute and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory))
- 1966 – Nobelium
- 1968 – Dubnium
- 1981 – Quantum dot
- 1999 – Ununquadium
- 2000 – Ununhexium
- 2002 – Ununoctium (unconfirmed)
- 2003 – Ununtrium (unconfirmed)
- 2003 – Ununpentium (unconfirmed)
- 2010 – Ununseptium (unconfirmed)
Technology records
— Tsar Bell (the largest and heaviest bell in the world)
— Trans-Siberian Railway (the longest railway in the world)
— Moscow Metro (the world's most heavily used single operator metro system)
— Leningrad Metro (the deepest subway in the world)
— Druzhba pipeline (the longest oil pipeline system in the world)
— Proton rocket (the most used heavy lift launch system)
— Soyuz rocket (the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world) [111]
— The Motherland Calls (the largest complex sculpture)
— Lunokhod 2 (longest distance of surface travel of any extraterrestrial vehicle) [112]
— Arktika class icebreaker (the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker; the first surface ship to reach the North Pole)
— MIR submersible (the first to reach the seabed under the North Pole; developed in cooperation with Finland)
— RD-170 rocket engine (the world's most powerful liquid-fuel rocket engine)
— An-225 (the largest fixed-wing aircraft)
— Kola Superdeep Borehole (the deepest borehole)
— Mirny Mine (the largest diamond mine in the world and the second largest human-made excavation)
— NS 50 Years Since Victory (the world's largest nuclear powered icebreaker, and the largest icebreaker in general) [113]
— Russky Island Bridge (the longest cable-stayed bridge)
— SP-117 (allegedly the most potent truth drug)
Weaponry records
- — Great Abatis Line (the largest fortification line of abatis type)
- — Tsar Cannon (the largest-calibre bombard)
- — Three-line rifle (the most produced rifle of the era)
- — Polikarpov Po-2 (world's most produced biplane)
- — Ilyushin Il-2 (world's most produced combat aircraft)
- — T-34 (the most successful tank design of World War II) [114]
- — T-54/55 (world's most produced tank)
- — MiG-15 (world's most produced jet aircraft)
- — AK-47 (world's most produced assault rifle; more AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined)
- — MiG-21 (world's most produced supersonic aircraft)
- — S-75 Dvina (the most widely-deployed and -used air defense missile in history)
- — RPG-7 (world's most used anti-tank weapon)
- — Mil Mi-8 (world's most-produced helicopter)
- — Tsar Bomb (the most powerful weapon ever tested)
- — TKB-022PM (best barrel length to overall length ratio)
- — KM "Caspian Monster" (the largest ekranoplan and the second largest fixed-wing aircraft)
- — Mil Mi-12 (the largest helicopter ever built)
- — Kirov class battlecruiser (the largest and heaviest surface combatant warships currently in active operation in the world)
- — R-36M (ICBM with the heaviest throw-weight)
- — Typhoon class submarine (the largest submarine ever built)
- — Tupolev Tu-160 (the world's largest combat, supersonic, and variable-sweep aircraft built; the heaviest takeoff weight of any combat aircraft)
- — Novichok agent (allegedly the most deadly nerve agents ever made) [115]
- — Beriev A-40 (the largest amphibious flying boat) [116]
- — Zubr class LCAC (world's largest hovercraft) [117]
- — Don-2N (the most powerful early-warning radar)
- — Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the world)
See also
- List of Russian artists
- List of Russian philosophers
- List of Russian inventors
- Timeline of largest projects in the Russian economy
- Timeline of Russian inventions and technology records
Notes
- Footnotes
- ^ With searchlight as medium, by Ivan Kulibin. The invention allowed the use of semaphore at night and during light fog, and extended the range between intermediate stations.
- ^ First mentioned in the Primary Chronicle. By the XVth century Russians already knew more than 500 variations of the recipe.
- ^ A video report about Circassian shashka.
- ^ First mentioned in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. However, according to the Kitab al-I'tibar, carrying a concealed knife in a boot was a custom in the Middle East around the same time.
- ^ Fedorov Avtomat was the first fully automatic individual infantry weapon designed specifically for low-powered ammunition.
- ^ BMP-1 was the first purpose-designed infantry fighting vehicle. The preceding Schützenpanzer 12-3 is classified as an IFV in Western sources but does not meet Russian standards for such a vehicle.
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