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===Current lead=== |
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{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} |
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{{talk header|search=yes|bot=Lowercase sigmabot III|age=180}} |
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{{Race and intelligence talk page notice}} |
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{{trolling}} |
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{{ArticleHistory |
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| action1 = AFD |
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| action1date = 2005-06-14 |
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| action1link = Wikipedia:Votes_for_deletion/Race_and_intelligence |
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| action1result = kept | action1oldid = 14746008 |
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| action2 = PR |
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| action2date = 2005-06-24 |
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| action2link = Wikipedia:Peer review/Race and intelligence/archive1 |
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| action2result = reviewed |
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| action2oldid = 14796977 |
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| action3 = FAC |
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| action3date = 2005-07-18 |
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| action3link = Wikipedia:Featured_article_candidates/Race_and_intelligence/archive1 |
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| action3result = failed |
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| action3oldid = 18607122 |
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| action4 = GAN |
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| action4date = 2006-08-25 |
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| action4link = Talk:Race_and_intelligence/Archive_31 |
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| action4result = failed |
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| action4oldid = 71769667 |
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| action5 = AFD |
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| action5date = 2006-12-04 |
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| action5link = Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Race_and_intelligence_2 |
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| action5result = kept |
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| action5oldid = 91697500 |
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| action6 = AFD |
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| action6date = 2011-04-11 |
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| action6link = Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Race and intelligence (3rd nomination) |
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| action6result = kept |
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| action6oldid = 423539956 |
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| action7 = DRV |
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| action7date = 2020-02-24 |
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| action7link = Wikipedia:Deletion review/Log/2020 February 12 |
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| action7result = overturned |
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| action8 = AFD |
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| action8date = 2020-02-29 |
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| action8link = Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Race and intelligence (4th nomination) |
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| action8result = kept |
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| currentstatus = FGAN |
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}} |
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{{WikiProject banner shell|collapsed=yes|1= |
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{{WikiProject Psychology|class=C|importance=Mid}} |
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{{WikiProject Anthropology|class=c|importance=Mid}} |
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{{WikiProject Sociology|class=c|importance=Mid}} |
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{{WikiProject Skepticism|class=c|importance=Mid}} |
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{{WikiProject Ethnic groups|class=c|importance=Mid}} |
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{{WikiProject Politics|class=c|importance=Mid}} |
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{{WikiProject Culture|class=C|importance=Mid}} |
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{{WikiProject Biology|class=c|importance=Mid}} |
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}} |
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{{annual readership |scale=log}} |
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{{Press |
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| title = Topics that spark Wikipedia 'edit wars' revealed |
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| org = [[BBC News]] |
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| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-23354613 |
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| date = 18 July 2013 |
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| accessdate = 18 July 2013 |
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| author2 = Doug Gross |
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| title2 = Wiki wars: The 10 most controversial Wikipedia pages |
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| org2 = [[CNN]] |
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| url2 = http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/24/tech/web/controversial-wikipedia-pages/index.html |
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| date2 = July 24, 2013 |
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| quote2 = "Circumcision and "race and intelligence," both with obvious controversy attached, made the list, alongside a possibly more surprising page: a list of professional wrestlers on the roster of World Wrestling Entertainment." |
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| archiveurl2 = http://archive.is/ZRDW3 |
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| archivedate2 = July 27, 2013 |
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| accessdate2 = July 27, 2013 |
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'''Joanne Rowling''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|OBE|FRSL}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|əʊ|l|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|ROH|ling}});{{sfn|Smith|2002|p=241}} born 31 July 1965), better known by her [[pen name]] {{nowrap|'''J. K. Rowling'''}}, is a British author and philanthropist. She wrote ''[[Harry Potter]]'', a seven-volume [[fantasy]] series published from 1997 to 2007. The series has [[List of best-selling books#List of best-selling book series|sold over 600 million copies]], been [[Harry Potter in translation|translated]] into 84 languages, and spawned a [[Wizarding World|global media franchise]] including [[Harry Potter (films)|films]] and [[Harry Potter video games|video games]]. ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]'' (2012) was her first novel for adults. She writes ''[[Cormoran Strike]]'', an ongoing [[crime fiction]] series, under the alias '''Robert Galbraith'''. |
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| title3 = Wikipedia wars: inside the fight against far-right editors, vandals and sock puppets |
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| url3 = https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/03/12/wikipedia-wars-inside-fight-against-far-right-editors-vandals-and-sock-puppets |
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Born in [[Yate|Yate, Gloucestershire]], Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for [[Amnesty International]] in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the ''Harry Potter'' series. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, the birth of her first child, [[divorce]] from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'', was published in 1997. Six sequels followed, concluding with ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' (2007). By 2008, ''[[Forbes]]'' had named her the world's highest-paid author. |
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| org3 = [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |
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| author3 = Justin Ward |
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The novels follow a boy called<!-- per British English--> [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]] as he attends [[Hogwarts]] (a school for wizards), and battles [[Lord Voldemort]]. Death and the divide between [[good and evil]] are the central themes of the series. [[Harry Potter influences and analogues|Its influences]] include ''[[Bildungsroman]]'' (the coming-of-age genre), [[school story|school stories]], [[fairy tale]]s, and [[Christian mythology|Christian allegory]]. The series revived [[Fantasy literature|fantasy]] as a genre in the children's market, spawned a host of imitators, and inspired an [[Harry Potter fandom|active fandom]]. Critical reception has been more mixed. Many reviewers see Rowling's writing as conventional; some regard her portrayal of gender and social division as regressive. There were also [[Religious debates over the Harry Potter series|religious debates over the ''Harry Potter'' series]]. |
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| date3 = March 12, 2018 |
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| accessdate3 = March 17, 2018 |
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Rowling has won [[List of awards and nominations received by J. K. Rowling|many accolades]] for her work. She has received an [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] and was made a [[Order of the Companions of Honour|Companion of Honour]] for services to literature and philanthropy. ''Harry Potter'' brought her wealth and recognition, which she has used to advance philanthropic endeavours and political causes. She co-founded the charity [[Lumos (charity)|Lumos]] and established the Volant Charitable Trust, named after her mother. Rowling's charitable giving centres on medical causes and supporting at-risk women and children. In politics, she has donated to Britain's [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and opposed [[Scottish independence]] and [[Brexit]]. She has publicly expressed her opinions on [[Political views of J. K. Rowling#Transgender rights|transgender people and related civil rights]] since 2017. These views have been described as [[Transphobia|transphobic]] by critics and [[LGBT rights organization|LGBT rights organisations]]. They have divided [[feminists]], fuelled debates on [[freedom of speech]] and [[cancel culture]], and prompted declarations of support for transgender people from the literary, arts, and culture sectors.<!--This wording was arrived at via long and painstaking debate; please achieve consensus before altering it--> |
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| archiveurl3 = https://web.archive.org/web/20180312150230/https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/03/12/wikipedia-wars-inside-fight-against-far-right-editors-vandals-and-sock-puppets |
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| archivedate3 = March 12, 2018 |
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{{reflist}} |
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| quote3 = "In the article on “race and intelligence,” relatively equal weight is given to the two sides of the debate — hereditarian and environmentalist — though environmentalism is the mainstream perspective in psychology." |
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|author4 = Shuichi Tezuka |
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<hr /> |
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|title4 = Introducing Justapedia |
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=== Same words reordered, arranged as five paragraphs === |
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|date4 = December 11, 2023 |
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|org4 = [[Quillette]] |
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'''Joanne Rowling''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CH|OBE|FRSL}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|əʊ|l|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|ROH|ling}});{{sfn|Smith|2002|p=241}} born 31 July 1965), better known by her [[pen name]] {{nowrap|'''J. K. Rowling'''}}, is a British author and philanthropist. She wrote ''[[Harry Potter]]'', a seven-volume [[fantasy]] series published from 1997 to 2007. Born in [[Yate|Yate, Gloucestershire]], Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for [[Amnesty International]] in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the ''Harry Potter'' series. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, the birth of her first child, [[divorce]] from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'', was published in 1997. |
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|url4 = https://quillette.com/2023/12/11/introducing-justapedia/ |
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|lang4 = |
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The novels follow a boy called [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]] as he attends [[Hogwarts]] (a school for wizards), and battles [[Lord Voldemort]]. Death and the divide between [[good and evil]] are the central themes of the series. [[Harry Potter influences and analogues|Its influences]] include ''[[Bildungsroman]]'' (the coming-of-age genre), [[school story|school stories]], [[fairy tale]]s, and [[Christian mythology|Christian allegory]]. The series revived [[Fantasy literature|fantasy]] as a genre in the children's market, spawned a host of imitators, and inspired an [[Harry Potter fandom|active fandom]]. Six sequels followed, concluding with ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' (2007). By 2008, ''[[Forbes]]'' had named her the world's highest-paid author. ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]'' (2012) was her first novel for adults. She writes ''[[Cormoran Strike]]'', an ongoing [[crime fiction]] series, under the alias '''Robert Galbraith'''. |
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|quote4 = |
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|archiveurl4 = <!-- URL of an archived copy of the page, if the original URL becomes unavailable. --> |
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The Harry Potter series has [[List of best-selling books#List of best-selling book series|sold over 600 million copies]], been [[Harry Potter in translation|translated]] into 84 languages, and spawned a [[Wizarding World|global media franchise]] including [[Harry Potter (films)|films]] and [[Harry Potter video games|video games]]. Critical reception has been more mixed. Many reviewers see Rowling's writing as conventional; some regard her portrayal of gender and social division as regressive. There were also [[Religious debates over the Harry Potter series|religious debates over the ''Harry Potter'' series]]. Rowling has won [[List of awards and nominations received by J. K. Rowling|many accolades]] for her work. She has received an [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] and was made a [[Order of the Companions of Honour|Companion of Honour]] for services to literature and philanthropy. |
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|archivedate4 = <!-- do not wikilink --> |
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|accessdate4 = December 11, 2023 |
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She has publicly expressed her opinions on [[Political views of J. K. Rowling#Transgender rights|transgender people and related civil rights]] since 2017. These views have been described as [[Transphobia|transphobic]] by critics and [[LGBT rights organization|LGBT rights organisations]]. They have divided [[feminists]], fuelled debates on [[freedom of speech]] and [[cancel culture]], and prompted declarations of support for transgender people from the literary, arts, and culture sectors.<!--This wording was arrived at via long and painstaking debate; please achieve consensus before altering it--> |
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''Harry Potter'' brought her wealth and recognition, which she has used to advance philanthropic endeavours and political causes. She co-founded the charity [[Lumos (charity)|Lumos]] and established the Volant Charitable Trust, named after her mother. Rowling's charitable giving centres on medical causes and supporting at-risk women and children. In politics, she has donated to Britain's [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] and opposed [[Scottish independence]] and [[Brexit]]. |
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===Transgender people=== |
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{{Main|Political views of J. K. Rowling#Transgender rights}} |
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|archive = Talk:Race and intelligence/Archive %(counter)d |
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Rowling is a gender-critical feminist.{{sfn|Whited|2024|p=7}}{{sfn|Steinfeld|2020|pp=34–35}}{{sfn|Schwirblat|Freberg|Freberg|2022|pp=367–368}} She has often used Twitter and her blog to share thoughts on trans people, mostly in the context of proposed legal changes in Scotland that would make it easier to transition. She has said that "the majority of trans-identified people not only pose zero threat to others, but are vulnerable ... Trans people need and deserve protection",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gonzalez |first1=Sandra |title=J.K. Rowling explains her gender identity views in essay amid backlash |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/10/entertainment/jk-rowling/index.html |access-date=16 September 2023 |work=[[CNN]] |date=10 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Garrand |first1=Danielle |title=J.K. Rowling defends herself after accusations of making "anti-trans" comments on Twitter |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/j-k-rowling-defends-anti-trans-comments-twitter/ |access-date=16 September 2023 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=11 June 2020}}</ref> but she opposes gender self-recognition.{{sfn|Whited|2024|p=17}} She feels that some transwomen are a threat to women {{sfn|Duggan|2021|p=161}} and trans-positive messages can be a threat to children.{{sfn|Duggan|2021|p=161}} She has tweeted a list of transwomen, writing that they are "men, every last one of them". Many people, including some of the principal film stars connected with her work, have condemned her remarks,{{sfn|Pape|2022|p=238}} although sales of Harry Potter books grew by 28% after she made them.{{sfn|Pape|2022|p=238}} |
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<!-- History --> |
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Controversy over Rowling's gender-critical messaging has developed over time. Although it started in 2017{{sfn|Duggan|2021|pp=160–161)}}, it became more fraught in 2019 when she expressed support for [[Maya Forstater]],{{sfn|Whited|2024|pp=6-8}} whose employment contract with the London branch of the [[Center for Global Development]] was not renewed after she expressed gender-critical views.{{sfn|Pugh|2020|p=7}} Rowling went on to write that [[transgender]] people should live in "peace and security", but questioned women being "force[d] out of their jobs for stating that sex is real".<ref name=Stack2019/>{{efn|A tribunal ruled in 2021 that Forstater's gender-critical views were protected under the 2010 UK [[Equality Act 2010|Equality Act]].<ref name=Faulkner2021>{{cite news |first= Doug |last= Faulkner |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57426579 |title= Maya Forstater: woman wins tribunal appeal over transgender tweets |publisher= [[BBC News]] |date= 10 June 2021 |access-date= 26 March 2022}}</ref><ref name=Siddique2021>{{cite news |first= Haroon |last= Siddique |date= 10 June 2021 |title= Gender-critical views are a protected belief, appeal tribunal rules|url= https://www.theguardian.com/law/2021/jun/10/gender-critical-views-protected-belief-appeal-tribunal-rules-maya-forstater |work= [[The Guardian]] |access-date= 26 March 2022}}</ref>}} ''Harry Potter'' scholar Lana Whited writes that in the next six months "Rowling herself fanned the flames as she became increasingly vocal".{{sfn|Whited|2024|p=6}} In June 2020,{{sfn|Whited|2024|p=6}} Rowling mocked the phrase "[[people who menstruate]]",<ref name=Gross2020>{{Cite news|last=Gross|first=Jenny|date=7 June 2020|title=Daniel Radcliffe criticizes J.K. Rowling's anti-transgender tweets|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/arts/Jk-Rowling-controversy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607221400/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/07/arts/Jk-Rowling-controversy.html |archive-date=7 June 2020 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=6 January 2022 }}</ref> and tweeted that [[women's rights]] and "lived reality" would be "erased" if "sex isn't real".{{sfn|Duggan|2021|pp=14–15}}{{sfn|Pugh|2020|p=7}} |
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<!-- Reaction --> |
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Rowling's views have impacted her reputation. Fans turned away from her work, boycotted events, and publishers hesitated to accept her work.{{sfn|Whited|2024|p=8}} Criticism of Rowling's views has come from the ''Harry Potter'' fansites [[MuggleNet]] and [[The Leaky Cauldron (website)|The Leaky Cauldron]],{{sfn|Henderson|2022|p=224}} and the charities [[Mermaids (charity)|Mermaids]],<ref name=Petter2020>{{Cite web|last= Petter|first=Olivia|date=17 September 2020|title=Mermaids writes open letter to JK Rowling following her recent comments on trans people|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mermaids-jk-rowling-transphobia-transgender-sexual-abuse-domestic-letter-a9565176.html|access-date=26 March 2022|work=[[The Independent]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615235531/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/mermaids-jk-rowling-transphobia-transgender-sexual-abuse-domestic-letter-a9565176.html |archive-date=15 June 2020}}</ref> [[Stonewall (charity)|Stonewall]],<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/2021/11/the-battle-for-stonewall-the-lgbt-charity-and-the-uks-gender-wars | title=The battle for Stonewall: the LGBT charity and the UK's gender wars | work=[[New Statesman]]|first=Gaby |last=Hinsliff|date=3 November 2021 | access-date=24 November 2021}}</ref> and [[Human Rights Campaign]].<ref>{{cite news |first= Elise |last= Brisco |title=Dave Chappelle says he's 'Team TERF,' defends J.K. Rowling in new Netflix comedy special|url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/tv/2021/10/05/dave-chappelle-terf-defends-j-k-rowling-netflix-special/6002017001/ |work= [[USA Today]] |date= 8 October 2021|access-date= 29 March 2022}}</ref> [[LGBT]] charity the [[Wizarding World]] spoke out against her stance.<ref name=Waterson2020>{{Cite news|last= Waterson |first= Jim|title= Children's news website apologises to JK Rowling over trans tweet row|url= https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/jul/23/childrens-news-website-apologises-jk-rowling-trans-tweet-day|date= 23 July 2020 |access-date=26 March 2022|work=[[The Guardian]] |quote= Rowling's comments on gender were condemned by LGBT charities and the leading stars of her Harry Potter film franchise.}}</ref> [[Daniel Radcliffe]], [[Emma Watson]], [[Rupert Grint]], and [[Eddie Redmayne]] and others expressed support for the transgender community.{{sfn|Borah|2024|p=375}} [[GLAAD]] called Rowling's comments "cruel" and "inaccurate".<ref name= Yasharoff2020> {{cite news |last= Yasharoff |first=Hannah|url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2020/06/07/j-k-rowling-harry-potter-author-slammed-transphobic-comments/3169833001/ |title= J.K. Rowling reveals she's a sexual assault survivor; Emma Watson reacts to trans comments |work= [[USA Today]] |date= 10 June 2020 |access-date= 27 March 2022}}</ref> After [[Kerry Kennedy]] expressed "profound disappointment" in her views, Rowling returned the [[Ripple of Hope Award]] given to her by the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights organisation.<ref name=RFKAward>{{cite news |last=Flood|first=Alison |url= https://amp.theguardian.com/books/2020/aug/28/jk-rowling-robert-f-kennedy-human-rights-award-trans-views|title=JK Rowling returns human rights award to group that denounces her trans views |work=[[The Guardian]]|date=28 August 2020|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref> |
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<!-- Denial --> |
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Rowling rejects these characterisations and denies being transphobic.<ref name=RowlingReasons/><ref name= Breznican2023/> In an essay she posted to her website on June 10, 2020,<ref name=RowlingReasons>{{cite web|title=J.K. Rowling writes about her reasons for speaking out on sex and gender issues |url=https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/ |publisher=JK Rowling |date=10 June 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610182056/https://www.jkrowling.com/opinions/j-k-rowling-writes-about-her-reasons-for-speaking-out-on-sex-and-gender-issues/ |archive-date=10 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> she said her views on women's rights arose from her experience as a survivor of domestic abuse and [[sexual assault]].{{sfn|Duggan|2021|pp=160–161)}}<ref name=Shirbon2020>{{cite news |last1=Shirbon |first1=Estelle |title=J.K. Rowling reveals past abuse and defends right to speak on trans issues |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-rowling/j-k-rowling-reveals-past-abuse-and-defends-right-to-speak-on-trans-issues-idUSKBN23H2XI |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=10 June 2020 |access-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611200348/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-rowling/j-k-rowling-reveals-past-abuse-and-defends-right-to-speak-on-trans-issues-idUSKBN23H2XI |archive-date=11 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
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{{reflist}} |
Latest revision as of 11:19, 1 May 2024
Current lead
Joanne Rowling CH OBE FRSL (/ˈroʊlɪŋ/ ROH-ling);[1] born 31 July 1965), better known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author and philanthropist. She wrote Harry Potter, a seven-volume fantasy series published from 1997 to 2007. The series has sold over 600 million copies, been translated into 84 languages, and spawned a global media franchise including films and video games. The Casual Vacancy (2012) was her first novel for adults. She writes Cormoran Strike, an ongoing crime fiction series, under the alias Robert Galbraith.
Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, the birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997. Six sequels followed, concluding with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007). By 2008, Forbes had named her the world's highest-paid author.
The novels follow a boy called Harry Potter as he attends Hogwarts (a school for wizards), and battles Lord Voldemort. Death and the divide between good and evil are the central themes of the series. Its influences include Bildungsroman (the coming-of-age genre), school stories, fairy tales, and Christian allegory. The series revived fantasy as a genre in the children's market, spawned a host of imitators, and inspired an active fandom. Critical reception has been more mixed. Many reviewers see Rowling's writing as conventional; some regard her portrayal of gender and social division as regressive. There were also religious debates over the Harry Potter series.
Rowling has won many accolades for her work. She has received an OBE and was made a Companion of Honour for services to literature and philanthropy. Harry Potter brought her wealth and recognition, which she has used to advance philanthropic endeavours and political causes. She co-founded the charity Lumos and established the Volant Charitable Trust, named after her mother. Rowling's charitable giving centres on medical causes and supporting at-risk women and children. In politics, she has donated to Britain's Labour Party and opposed Scottish independence and Brexit. She has publicly expressed her opinions on transgender people and related civil rights since 2017. These views have been described as transphobic by critics and LGBT rights organisations. They have divided feminists, fuelled debates on freedom of speech and cancel culture, and prompted declarations of support for transgender people from the literary, arts, and culture sectors.
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 241.
Same words reordered, arranged as five paragraphs
Joanne Rowling CH OBE FRSL (/ˈroʊlɪŋ/ ROH-ling);[1] born 31 July 1965), better known by her pen name J. K. Rowling, is a British author and philanthropist. She wrote Harry Potter, a seven-volume fantasy series published from 1997 to 2007. Born in Yate, Gloucestershire, Rowling was working as a researcher and bilingual secretary for Amnesty International in 1990 when she conceived the idea for the Harry Potter series. The seven-year period that followed saw the death of her mother, the birth of her first child, divorce from her first husband, and relative poverty until the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published in 1997.
The novels follow a boy called Harry Potter as he attends Hogwarts (a school for wizards), and battles Lord Voldemort. Death and the divide between good and evil are the central themes of the series. Its influences include Bildungsroman (the coming-of-age genre), school stories, fairy tales, and Christian allegory. The series revived fantasy as a genre in the children's market, spawned a host of imitators, and inspired an active fandom. Six sequels followed, concluding with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (2007). By 2008, Forbes had named her the world's highest-paid author. The Casual Vacancy (2012) was her first novel for adults. She writes Cormoran Strike, an ongoing crime fiction series, under the alias Robert Galbraith.
The Harry Potter series has sold over 600 million copies, been translated into 84 languages, and spawned a global media franchise including films and video games. Critical reception has been more mixed. Many reviewers see Rowling's writing as conventional; some regard her portrayal of gender and social division as regressive. There were also religious debates over the Harry Potter series. Rowling has won many accolades for her work. She has received an OBE and was made a Companion of Honour for services to literature and philanthropy.
She has publicly expressed her opinions on transgender people and related civil rights since 2017. These views have been described as transphobic by critics and LGBT rights organisations. They have divided feminists, fuelled debates on freedom of speech and cancel culture, and prompted declarations of support for transgender people from the literary, arts, and culture sectors.
Harry Potter brought her wealth and recognition, which she has used to advance philanthropic endeavours and political causes. She co-founded the charity Lumos and established the Volant Charitable Trust, named after her mother. Rowling's charitable giving centres on medical causes and supporting at-risk women and children. In politics, she has donated to Britain's Labour Party and opposed Scottish independence and Brexit.
- ^ Smith 2002, p. 241.
Transgender people
Rowling is a gender-critical feminist.[1][2][3] She has often used Twitter and her blog to share thoughts on trans people, mostly in the context of proposed legal changes in Scotland that would make it easier to transition. She has said that "the majority of trans-identified people not only pose zero threat to others, but are vulnerable ... Trans people need and deserve protection",[4][5] but she opposes gender self-recognition.[6] She feels that some transwomen are a threat to women [7] and trans-positive messages can be a threat to children.[7] She has tweeted a list of transwomen, writing that they are "men, every last one of them". Many people, including some of the principal film stars connected with her work, have condemned her remarks,[8] although sales of Harry Potter books grew by 28% after she made them.[8]
Controversy over Rowling's gender-critical messaging has developed over time. Although it started in 2017[9], it became more fraught in 2019 when she expressed support for Maya Forstater,[10] whose employment contract with the London branch of the Center for Global Development was not renewed after she expressed gender-critical views.[11] Rowling went on to write that transgender people should live in "peace and security", but questioned women being "force[d] out of their jobs for stating that sex is real".[12][a] Harry Potter scholar Lana Whited writes that in the next six months "Rowling herself fanned the flames as she became increasingly vocal".[15] In June 2020,[15] Rowling mocked the phrase "people who menstruate",[16] and tweeted that women's rights and "lived reality" would be "erased" if "sex isn't real".[17][11]
Rowling's views have impacted her reputation. Fans turned away from her work, boycotted events, and publishers hesitated to accept her work.[18] Criticism of Rowling's views has come from the Harry Potter fansites MuggleNet and The Leaky Cauldron,[19] and the charities Mermaids,[20] Stonewall,[21] and Human Rights Campaign.[22] LGBT charity the Wizarding World spoke out against her stance.[23] Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson, Rupert Grint, and Eddie Redmayne and others expressed support for the transgender community.[24] GLAAD called Rowling's comments "cruel" and "inaccurate".[25] After Kerry Kennedy expressed "profound disappointment" in her views, Rowling returned the Ripple of Hope Award given to her by the Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights organisation.[26]
Rowling rejects these characterisations and denies being transphobic.[27][28] In an essay she posted to her website on June 10, 2020,[27] she said her views on women's rights arose from her experience as a survivor of domestic abuse and sexual assault.[9][29]
- ^ Whited 2024, p. 7.
- ^ Steinfeld 2020, pp. 34–35.
- ^ Schwirblat, Freberg & Freberg 2022, pp. 367–368.
- ^ Gonzalez, Sandra (10 June 2020). "J.K. Rowling explains her gender identity views in essay amid backlash". CNN. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Garrand, Danielle (11 June 2020). "J.K. Rowling defends herself after accusations of making "anti-trans" comments on Twitter". CBS News. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
- ^ Whited 2024, p. 17.
- ^ a b Duggan 2021, p. 161.
- ^ a b Pape 2022, p. 238.
- ^ a b Duggan 2021, pp. 160–161).
- ^ Whited 2024, pp. 6–8.
- ^ a b Pugh 2020, p. 7.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Stack2019
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Faulkner, Doug (10 June 2021). "Maya Forstater: woman wins tribunal appeal over transgender tweets". BBC News. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ Siddique, Haroon (10 June 2021). "Gender-critical views are a protected belief, appeal tribunal rules". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ a b Whited 2024, p. 6.
- ^ Gross, Jenny (7 June 2020). "Daniel Radcliffe criticizes J.K. Rowling's anti-transgender tweets". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 7 June 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
- ^ Duggan 2021, pp. 14–15.
- ^ Whited 2024, p. 8.
- ^ Henderson 2022, p. 224.
- ^ Petter, Olivia (17 September 2020). "Mermaids writes open letter to JK Rowling following her recent comments on trans people". The Independent. Archived from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
- ^ Hinsliff, Gaby (3 November 2021). "The battle for Stonewall: the LGBT charity and the UK's gender wars". New Statesman. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
- ^ Brisco, Elise (8 October 2021). "Dave Chappelle says he's 'Team TERF,' defends J.K. Rowling in new Netflix comedy special". USA Today. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
- ^ Waterson, Jim (23 July 2020). "Children's news website apologises to JK Rowling over trans tweet row". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2022.
Rowling's comments on gender were condemned by LGBT charities and the leading stars of her Harry Potter film franchise.
- ^ Borah 2024, p. 375.
- ^ Yasharoff, Hannah (10 June 2020). "J.K. Rowling reveals she's a sexual assault survivor; Emma Watson reacts to trans comments". USA Today. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
- ^ Flood, Alison (28 August 2020). "JK Rowling returns human rights award to group that denounces her trans views". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
- ^ a b "J.K. Rowling writes about her reasons for speaking out on sex and gender issues". JK Rowling. 10 June 2020. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Breznican2023
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Shirbon, Estelle (10 June 2020). "J.K. Rowling reveals past abuse and defends right to speak on trans issues". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
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